《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文-Ch1课件

ThePracticeof

SocialResearchEarlBabbie

ChapmanUniversityThePracticeof

SocialResearc1Part1AnIntroduction

toInquiryPart1AnIntroduction

toInqui2Chapter1HumanInquiryandScienceChapter1HumanInquiryandSci3ChapterOutlineLookingforRealityTheFoundationsofSocialScienceSomeDialecticsofSocialResearchTheEthicsofSocialResearchChapterOutlineLookingforRea4HowWeKnowWhatWeKnowDirectExperienceandObservationPersonalInquiryTraditionAuthorityHowWeKnowWhatWeKnowDirect5LookingforRealityOurattemptstolearnabouttheworldareonlypartlylinkedtodirect,personalinquiryorexperience.Alargerpartcomesfromagreed-onknowledgethatothersgiveus,things“everyoneknows.”Thisagreementrealitybothassistsandhindersourattemptstofindoutforourselves.LookingforRealityOurattempt6SourcesofSecondhandKnowledgeBothprovideastartingpointforinquiry,butcanleadustostartatthewrongpointandpushusinthewrongdirection.TraditionAuthoritySourcesofSecondhandKnowledg7ScienceandInquiryEpistemologyisthescienceofknowing.Methodology(asubfieldofepistemology)mightbecalledthescienceoffindingout.ScienceandInquiryEpistemolog8QuestionHowdoindividualslearnalltheyneedtoknow?personalexperienceDiscoveryfromwhatotherstellusallofthesechoicesQuestionHowdoindividualslea9Answer:DIndividualslearnalltheyneedtoknowfrompersonalexperience,discoveryandfromwhatotherstellus.Answer:DIndividualslearnall10OrdinaryHumanInquiryHumansrecognizethatfuturecircumstancesarecausedbypresentones.Humanslearnthatpatternsofcauseandeffectareprobabilisticinnature.Humansaimtoanswer“what”and“why”questions,andpursuethesegoalsbyobservingandfiguringout.

OrdinaryHumanInquiryHumansr11Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsInaccurateobservationsMeasurementdevicesaddprecision.OvergeneralizationRepeatastudytomakesurethesameresultsareproducedeachtime.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsI12Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsSelectiveobservationMakeanefforttofindcasesthatdonotfitthegeneralpattern.IllogicalReasoningUsesystemsoflogicexplicitly.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsS13ViewsofRealityPremodern-Thingsareastheyseemtobe.Modern-Acknowledgmentofhumansubjectivity.Postmodern-Thereisnoobjectiverealitytobeobserved.ViewsofRealityPremodern-Th14ABookAllofthesearethesamebook,butitlooksdifferentwhenviewedfromdifferentlocations,perspectives,or“pointsofview.”ABookAllofthesearethesam15PointofViewWife’sPointofView.Thereisnoquestioninthewife’smindastowhoisrightandrationalandwhoisoutofcontrol.PointofViewWife’sPointofV16PointofViewHusband’sPointofView.Thehusbandhasaverydifferentperceptionofthesamesetofevents,ofcourse.PointofViewHusband’sPointo17QuestionInyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehaswhichviewofreality?correctpremodernmodernpostmodernScientificQuestionInyourdiscussionof18Answer:DInyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehasthepostmodernviewofreality.Answer:DInyourdiscussionof19QuestionYou'vegottenA'sonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyou’resureyou’regoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.You’vefallenpreyto:illogicalreasoning.inaccurateobservation.selectiveobservation.over-emphasisontradition.overgeneralization.QuestionYou'vegottenA'sont20Answer:AYou'vegottenA'sonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyou’resureyou’regoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.You’vefallenpreytoillogicalreasoning.Answer:AYou'vegottenA'son21FoundationsofSocialScienceThefoundationsofsocialsciencearelogicandobservation.Ascientificunderstandingoftheworldmustmakesenseandcorrespondtowhatweobserve.Bothareessentialtoscienceandrelatetothethreemajoraspectsofsocialscientificenterprise:theory,datacollection,anddataanalysis.FoundationsofSocialScienceT22FoundationsofSocialScienceTheory-Systematicexplanationfortheobservationsthatrelatetoaparticularaspectoflife.Datacollection-observationDataAnalysis-thecomparisonofwhatislogicallyexpectedwithwhatisactuallyobserved.FoundationsofSocialScienceT23SocialRegularitiesExamplesofPatternsinsociallife:Onlypeople18andoldercanvote.Onlypeoplewithalicensecandrive.SocialRegularitiesExamplesof24AggregatesThecollectiveactionsandsituationsofmanyindividuals.Focusofsocialscienceistoexplainwhyaggregatedpatternsofbehaviorareregularevenwhenindividualschangeovertime.AggregatesThecollectiveactio25Birthrates,UnitedStates:1980–20021982 15.91983 15.61984 15.6 1985 15.81986 15.61987 15.7 1988 16.01989 16.41990 16.71991 16.21992 15.81993 15.41994 15.01995 14.61996 14.41997 14.21998 14.31999 14.22000 14.42001 14.12002 13.9Birthrates,UnitedStates:198026QuestionSocialresearchaimstofind__________insociallife.answersknowledgepracticalityregularitytruthQuestionSocialresearchaimst27Answer:DSocialresearchaimstofindregularityinsociallife.Answer:DSocialresearchaims28AVariableLanguageVariable

Logicalgroupingsofattributes.

Attribute

Characteristicsorqualitiesthatdescribeanobject.AVariableLanguageVariable

Lo29AVariableLanguageIndependentvariable

Avariablethatispresumedtocauseordetermineadependentvariable.Dependentvariable

Avariablethatisassumedtodependonoriscausedbyanothervariable.AVariableLanguageIndependent30VariableLanguageVariableLanguage31RelationshipBetweenTwoVariablesRelationshipBetweenTwoVaria32EducationandRacialPrejudiceLevelofEducation

%sayingAfrican-AmericanshavelessinbornabilitytolearnLessthanhighschoolgraduate26%Highschoolgraduate10%Juniorcollege15%Bachelor’sdegree6%Graduatedegree3%EducationandRacialPrejudice33QuestionProfessorFremlerexaminedthefollowingcategoriesofmaritalstatus:married,nevermarried,widowed,separated,anddivorced.Thesecategoriesareknownasvariables.attributes.variablecategories.unitsofanalysis.theoreticalelements.QuestionProfessorFremlerexam34Answer:BProfessorFremlerexaminedthefollowingcategoriesofmaritalstatus:married,nevermarried,widowed,separated,anddivorced.Thesecategoriesareknownasattributes.Answer:BProfessorFremlerexa35ApproachestoSocialResearchIdiographic-Seekstofullyunderstandthecausesofwhathappenedinasingleinstance.Nomothetic—Seekstoexplainaclassofsituationsoreventsratherthanasingleone.ApproachestoSocialResearchI36IdiographicandNomotheticReasoninginEverydayLifeIdiographic:“He’slikethatbecausehisfatherandmotherkeptgivinghimmixedsignals.Thefactthathisfamilymovedseventimesbythetimehewas12yearsolddidn’thelp.Moreover,hisolderbrotherisexactlythesameandprobablyservedasarolemodel.”Nomothetic:“Teenageboysarelikethat.”IdiographicandNomotheticRea37ApproachestoSocialResearchInduction–Fromspecificobservationstothediscoveryofapatternamongallthegivenevents.Deduction-Fromapatternthatmightbelogicallyexpectedtoobservationsthattestwhetherthepatternoccurs.ApproachestoSocialResearchI38TheWheelofScienceTheWheelofScience39ApproachestoSocialResearchQualitativeData–Nonnumericaldata.QuantitativeData-Numericaldata.Makesobservationsmoreexplicitandmakesiteasiertoaggregate,compare,andsummarizedata.ApproachestoSocialResearchQ40ApproachestoSocialResearchPureResearch-Sometimesjustifiedintermsofgaining“knowledgeforknowledge’ssake.”AppliedResearch–Puttingresearchintopractice.ApproachestoSocialResearchP41EthicalGuidelinesofSocialResearchTwoBasicGuidelines:Participationshouldbevoluntary.Socialresearchmustbringnoharmtoresearchsubjects.EthicalGuidelinesofSocialR42QuickQuizQuickQuiz431.Thetwofoundationsofsciencearetraditionandobservation.observationandlogic.logicandtheory.theoryandobservation.logicandgeneralization.1.Thetwofoundationsofscie44Answer:BThetwofoundationsofscienceareobservationandlogic.Answer:BThetwofoundationso452.Sciencedealswithwhatshouldbeandnotwithwhatis.cansettledebatesonvalue.isexclusivelydescriptive.hastodowithdisprovingphilosophicalbeliefs.hastodowithhowthingsareandwhy.2.Science46Answer:ESciencehastodowithhowthingsareandwhy.Answer:ESciencehastodowit473.Whensocialscientistsstudyvariables,theyfocusonattributes.groups.people.characteristics.relationships.3.Whensocialscientistsstud48Answer:EWhensocialscientistsstudyvariables,theyfocusonrelationships.Answer:EWhensocialscientist494.___________elligenceexamtakingepistemologymethodology4.___________isthescience50Answer:CEpistemologyisthescienceofknowing.Answer:CEpistemologyisthe515.Whichofthefollowingaretrueoftraditionandauthority?theybothassisthumaninquirytheybothhinderhumaninquirybothaandbnoneofthesechoices5.Whichofthefollowingare52Answer:CWhichofthefollowingaretrueoftraditionandauthority:theybothassisthumaninquiryandtheybothhinderhumaninquiry.Answer:CWhichofthefollowin536.__________explanationsseektoexhausttheidiosyncraticcausesofaparticularconditionorevent.idiographiclatentmanifestnomothetic6.__________explanationsse54Answer:AIdiographicexplanationsseektoexhausttheidiosyncraticcausesofaparticularconditionorevent.Answer:AIdiographicexplanat55ThePracticeof

SocialResearchEarlBabbie

ChapmanUniversityThePracticeof

SocialResearc56Part1AnIntroduction

toInquiryPart1AnIntroduction

toInqui57Chapter1HumanInquiryandScienceChapter1HumanInquiryandSci58ChapterOutlineLookingforRealityTheFoundationsofSocialScienceSomeDialecticsofSocialResearchTheEthicsofSocialResearchChapterOutlineLookingforRea59HowWeKnowWhatWeKnowDirectExperienceandObservationPersonalInquiryTraditionAuthorityHowWeKnowWhatWeKnowDirect60LookingforRealityOurattemptstolearnabouttheworldareonlypartlylinkedtodirect,personalinquiryorexperience.Alargerpartcomesfromagreed-onknowledgethatothersgiveus,things“everyoneknows.”Thisagreementrealitybothassistsandhindersourattemptstofindoutforourselves.LookingforRealityOurattempt61SourcesofSecondhandKnowledgeBothprovideastartingpointforinquiry,butcanleadustostartatthewrongpointandpushusinthewrongdirection.TraditionAuthoritySourcesofSecondhandKnowledg62ScienceandInquiryEpistemologyisthescienceofknowing.Methodology(asubfieldofepistemology)mightbecalledthescienceoffindingout.ScienceandInquiryEpistemolog63QuestionHowdoindividualslearnalltheyneedtoknow?personalexperienceDiscoveryfromwhatotherstellusallofthesechoicesQuestionHowdoindividualslea64Answer:DIndividualslearnalltheyneedtoknowfrompersonalexperience,discoveryandfromwhatotherstellus.Answer:DIndividualslearnall65OrdinaryHumanInquiryHumansrecognizethatfuturecircumstancesarecausedbypresentones.Humanslearnthatpatternsofcauseandeffectareprobabilisticinnature.Humansaimtoanswer“what”and“why”questions,andpursuethesegoalsbyobservingandfiguringout.

OrdinaryHumanInquiryHumansr66Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsInaccurateobservationsMeasurementdevicesaddprecision.OvergeneralizationRepeatastudytomakesurethesameresultsareproducedeachtime.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsI67Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsSelectiveobservationMakeanefforttofindcasesthatdonotfitthegeneralpattern.IllogicalReasoningUsesystemsoflogicexplicitly.Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutionsS68ViewsofRealityPremodern-Thingsareastheyseemtobe.Modern-Acknowledgmentofhumansubjectivity.Postmodern-Thereisnoobjectiverealitytobeobserved.ViewsofRealityPremodern-Th69ABookAllofthesearethesamebook,butitlooksdifferentwhenviewedfromdifferentlocations,perspectives,or“pointsofview.”ABookAllofthesearethesam70PointofViewWife’sPointofView.Thereisnoquestioninthewife’smindastowhoisrightandrationalandwhoisoutofcontrol.PointofViewWife’sPointofV71PointofViewHusband’sPointofView.Thehusbandhasaverydifferentperceptionofthesamesetofevents,ofcourse.PointofViewHusband’sPointo72QuestionInyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehaswhichviewofreality?correctpremodernmodernpostmodernScientificQuestionInyourdiscussionof73Answer:DInyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehasthepostmodernviewofreality.Answer:DInyourdiscussionof74QuestionYou'vegottenA'sonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyou’resureyou’regoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.You’vefallenpreyto:illogicalreasoning.inaccurateobservation.selectiveobservation.over-emphasisontradition.overgeneralization.QuestionYou'vegottenA'sont75Answer:AYou'vegottenA'sonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyou’resureyou’regoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.You’vefallenpreytoillogicalreasoning.Answer:AYou'vegottenA'son76FoundationsofSocialScienceThefoundationsofsocialsciencearelogicandobservation.Ascientificunderstandingoftheworldmustmakesenseandcorrespondtowhatweobserve.Bothareessentialtoscienceandrelatetothethreemajoraspectsofsocialscientificenterprise:theory,datacollection,anddataanalysis.FoundationsofSocialScienceT77FoundationsofSocialScienceTheory-Systematicexplanationfortheobservationsthatrelatetoaparticularaspectoflife.Datacollection-observationDataAnalysis-thecomparisonofwhatislogicallyexpectedwithwhatisactuallyobserved.FoundationsofSocialScienceT78SocialRegularitiesExamplesofPatternsinsociallife:Onlypeople18andoldercanvote.Onlypeoplewithalicensecandrive.SocialRegularitiesExamplesof79AggregatesThecollectiveactionsandsituationsofmanyindividuals.Focusofsocialscienceistoexplainwhyaggregatedpatternsofbehaviorareregularevenwhenindividualschangeovertime.AggregatesThecollectiveactio80Birthrates,UnitedStates:1980–20021982 15.91983 15.61984 15.6 1985 15.81986 15.61987 15.7 1988 16.01989 16.41990 16.71991 16.21992 15.81993 15.41994 15.01995 14.61996 14.41997 14.21998 14.31999 14.22000 14.42001 14.12002 13.9Birthrates,UnitedStates:198081QuestionSocialresearchaimstofind__________insociallife.answersknowledgepracticalityregularitytruthQuestionSocialresearchaimst82Answer:DSocialresearchaimstofindregularityinsociallife.Answer:DSocialresearchaims83AVariableLanguageVariable

Logicalgroupingsofattributes.

Attribute

Characteristicsorqualitiesthatdescribeanobject.AVariableLanguageVariable

Lo84AVariableLanguageIndependentvariable

Avariablethatispresumedtocauseordetermineadependentvariable.Dependentvariable

Avariablethatisassumedtodependonoriscausedbyanothervariable.AVariableLanguageIndependent85VariableLanguageVariableLanguage86RelationshipBetweenTwoVariablesRelationshipBetweenTwoVaria87EducationandRacialPrejudiceLevelofEducation

%sayingAfrican-AmericanshavelessinbornabilitytolearnLessthanhighschoolgraduate26%Highschoolgraduate10%Juniorcollege15%Bachelor’sdegree6%Graduatedegree3%EducationandRacialPrejudice88QuestionProfessorFremlerexaminedthefollowingcategoriesofmaritalstatus:married,nevermarried,widowed,separated,anddivorced.Thesecategoriesareknownasvariables.attributes.variablecategories.unitsofanalysis.theoreticalelements.QuestionProfessorFremlerexam89Answer:BProfessorFremlerexaminedthefollowingcategoriesofmaritalstatus:married,nevermarried,widowed,separated,anddivorced.Thesecategoriesareknownasattributes.Answer:BProfessorFremlerexa90ApproachestoSocialResearchIdiographic-Seekstofullyunderstandthecausesofwhathappenedinasingleinstance.Nomothetic—Seekstoexplainaclassofsituationsoreventsratherthanasingleone.ApproachestoSocialResearchI91IdiographicandNomotheticReasoninginEverydayLifeIdiographic:“He’slikethatbecausehisfatherandmotherkeptgivinghimmixedsignals.Thefactthathisfamilymovedseventimesbythetimehewas12yearsolddidn’thelp.Moreover,hisolderbrotherisexactlythesameandprobablyservedasarolemodel.”Nomothetic:“Teenageboysarelikethat.”IdiographicandNomotheticRea92ApproachestoSocialResearchInduction–Fromspecificobservationstothediscoveryofapatternamongallthegivenevents.Deduction-Fromapatternthatmightbelogicallyexpectedtoobservationsthattestwhetherthepatternoccurs.ApproachestoSocialResearchI93TheWheelofScienceTheWheelofScience94ApproachestoSocialResearchQualitativeData–Nonnumericaldata.QuantitativeData-Numericaldata.Makesobservationsmoreexplicitandmakesiteasiertoaggregate,compare,andsummarizedata.ApproachestoSocialResearchQ95ApproachestoSocialResearchPureResearch-Sometimesjustifiedintermsofgaining“knowledgeforknowledg