2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(二)

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试

题⑵PartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.uNotchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit“carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdon“tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits；oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothehippocampus,they”retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads."Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,“saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind“andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto“decide,justasourpresidentcallshimself“theDecider.” "Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities."Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwef,reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways：analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.uThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem-thatanyonecandoanything,“explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2022bookuThisYearIWill "andMs.Markova,>sbusinesspartner."That"saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou“regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence."Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing.A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeableTheresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe A.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided"ruts"(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connectionsMs.Markova“scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting?preventsnewhabitsformbeingformednolongeremphasizescommonnessmaintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodelcomplieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystemRyanmostprobablyagreethatideasarebornofarelaxingmindinnovativenesscouldbetaughtdecisivenessderivesfromfantasticideascuriosityactivatescreativemindsText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom-oratleastconfirmthathe“sthekid"sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore-andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan6Q000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular：paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily"sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical, uThereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,“saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather“slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon”trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK"s.easyavailabilityflexibilityinpricingsuccessfulpromotionpopularitywithhouseholdsPTKi