2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)真题

2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark.A.B.CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)HarlonCobenbelievesthatifyouareawriter,you'llfindthetime;andthatifcan'tfindthetime,thenwritingisn'tanpriorityandyou'renotawriter.Forhim,writingisa_1job-ajoblikeanyother.Hehas_2itwithplumbing.Pointingoutthataplumberdoesn'twakeupandsaythathecan'tworkwithpipestoday.3,likemostwritersthesedays,youareholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it'snot4_tofindthetimetowrite.Butit'snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness._5_thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly_6oftenhavetodootherworkto_7_theirwritingincome.AsHarlonCobenhassuggested,it'sa_8_ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you'llhaveto_9someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite11_theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12_theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You'llhavetomakesocialmediaan_13activityratherthana-daily,time-consuming_14There'IIprobablyhavetobelesssocialisingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It'sa_15learningcurve,anditwon'talwaysmakeyoupopular.There'sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting-andthat'sreading.Anywriteneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it'stheone17_supporter-somethingyoucannotdowithout.

Timeisfinite.Theolderyoumet,the_18_itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas19_aswecanthatmeansthatprioritisingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou'reawriter,thatmeans-_20-writing.I.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant2.A.combinedB.comparedC.confused0.confronted3.A.lfB.ThoughC.Once0.Unless4.A.EnoughB.strangeC.wrongD.easy5.A.AcceptB.ExplainC.Remember0.Suppose6.A.Well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chose7.A.donateB.generateC.supplement0.calculate8.A.causeB.purposeC.question0.condition9.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continue0.explore10.A.relationsB.iinterestsC.memories0.skills11.A.untilB.becauseC.while0.before12.A.putupwithB.makeupforC.hangontoD.cutdownon13.A.intelligentB.occasionalC.intensive0.emotional14.A.habitB.testC.decisionD.plan15.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny16.A.inplaceofB.inchargeofC.inresponsetoD.inadditionto17.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant18.A.dullerB.harderC.quieter0.quicker19.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productively0.gratefully2O.A.atmostB.inturnC.onaverageD.aboveallSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextlOnarecentsunnyday13000chickensroamoverLarryBrown's40windsweptacresinShiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butit'sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionUS.eggindustrybetsw川beitsnextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey'realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialhousegases.Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.'Tmexcitedaboutourprogress,"saysBrown,whoisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirdswastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements"allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers."Theeggindustry'spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.InbarelymorethananicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful.Itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.RegenerativeproductscouldbeahardsellbecausetheconceptistoughtodefinequicklysaysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswill3embracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults"reallycareabouttheplanet,"saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations."TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey'redoing."21Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.a.ataconsiderablylowcostbatthedemandofregularshopperscasareplacementfororganiceggsdonspeciallydesignedfarmsLarryBrawnisexcitedaboutitsprogressin.a.reducingthedamageofwormsbacceleratingthedisposalofwasteccreatingasustainablesystemdattractingcustomerstohisproductTheexampleoforganiceggsisusedinParagraph4tosuggest.athedoubtsovernaturalfoodsBthesetbacksintheeggindustrycthepotentialofregenerativeproductsdthepromotionalsuccessofsupermarketsItcanbeleanedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.aarereluctanttochangetheirdietbarelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggscarecuriousaboutnewfoodsdareamazedatagriculturaladvancesJohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantoneverregenerativeproduct'samarketprospectsbnutritionalvaluecstandarddefinitiond.moralimplicationText2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40have,orplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfofunretirees-thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe"unretirement"trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression."Theconceptofretirementisevolving,"saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade."It'snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement."Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.OlderAmericansarealsopercentageofretirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary2019,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10Uunretirees"areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpre-retireesshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisortosetlong-termfinancialgoals."Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring,"Weisssaid."It'snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan'tretire."ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.aoverhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforworkBtheoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungeroneconeinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirementdmoreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirementItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.Aretirementmaycauseproblemsforthembboredomcanberelievedafterretirementcthementalhealthofretireesisoverlookedd"unretirement"contributestotheeconomyRetirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.alaborshortagesbpopulationgrowthclongerlifeexpectancyDrisinglivingcostsMany"unretirees"areincreasingtheirsavingsby.AinvestingmoreinstocksBtakingupoddjobscgettingwell-paidworkdspendinglessWithregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare.a.unpreparedbunafraidcdisappointeddenthusiasticText3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,"darkpatterns"isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststoroachmotel,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithII,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,andincludeinthediscussthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany'suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoidingdigitaldeception.Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that"ensurethatcustomerwillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights."Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns-thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn'toptout."Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsobeaddressedonaselfregulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirements,butalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandard.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphstatdarkpatterns.AimproveuserexperienceBleakuserinformationforprofitcundermineusers'decision-makingDremindusersofhiddencosts.The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshowAtheirmajorflawsBtheircomplexdesignsctheirseveredamageDtheirstrongpresenceTohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.AlistentocustomerfeedbackBtalkwithrelevantteamscturntoindependentagenciesdrelyonprofessionaltrainingTheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.aguideusersthroughopt-outprocessesbprotectconsumersfrombeingtrickedcgrantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsDrestrictaccesstoproblematiccontentAccordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsisanewlegalrequirementsbbusinesses'self-disciplinecstrictregulatorystandsdconsumers'safetyawareness.Text4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableselfreports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituationasingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssessionsimpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudycoauthorEncSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:Studentsattitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemesternearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent."That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,"SchwitzgebelsaysPsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttobecannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:"Easycome,easygo".Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluenceclassmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,theVideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistantseatinghabitsandstudentsvideoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel-whohadpredictednoeffect-willbeeatinghiswords.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.a.hardtodetermineBnarrowlyinterpretedcdifficulttoignoredpoorlysummarizedWhichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeat-eating?AItiscommonamongstudents.BItisabehavioreasytomeasure.cItisimportanttostudents'health.Ditisahottopicinethicsclasses.EricSchwitzgebelspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors.aareseldomcriticaloftheirstudentsbarelesssociablethanotherprofessorsc.arenotsensitivetopoliticalissuesdarenotnecessarilyethicallybetterNinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis.apermanentbpredictablecuncertaindunrepeatableEricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudentschangeinbehavioracanbringpsychologicalbenefitsbcanbeanalyzedstatisticallycisaresultofmultiplefactorsDisasignofself-developmentPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn,therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)aMakeitahabitBDon'tgoitalonecStartlow,goslowdTalkwithyourdoctore.ListentoyourbodyfGothroughthemotionsgRoundoutyourroutineGettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit'simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity,"Toomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,"saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely. Don'ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,reduceactivityto%mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalksonotherdays,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually."Thisisn'tsomethingyoucandoovernight,"Denaysays.Butyou'llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway. Ifyou'rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately. Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecauseit'stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep. Evenifyoucan'tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithoutacluborracket,swinglikeyou'rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou'reinakayakorcanoe.Mimicyourfavoriteswimmingstrokes.Theactionwillremindyouofthejoytheactivitybroughtyoua