SAT复习资料-OG官方解析Test 1-

SECTION1SampleEssay-Scoreof6Whatmotivatespeopletochangeisarelentlessandinnatedesireforself-improvement.Rarelyeverhashistoryseenamanorsocietykickback,relax,andsay―Wellthataboutdoesit.Notmuchelsetodohere!‖Withineverypersonisthepotentialtoachievegreatnessinsomeform;beitathletically,mentally,andspiritually.Thisinherentpotentialdemandsthatpeoplecontinuetoexploreandchangeboththeirenvironmentsandthemselvesthroughouttheirlife’scourse.Nevershouldamanbeidlefortoolong.Afteracknowledgingthechangesamanhasalreadymadetohisenvironment,thepursuitofself-improvementwillonceagainstirwithinhissoulandcallhimtoaction.Thisinternaldesire,thispursuitofchallengeandperfection,doesnotprohibitmanfrombeinghappywithhisstatusandachievements.Onthecontrary,thedeviceservesmoretoallowthemantoconstantlystriveforgreaterchange,newerinnovation.Whatmotivatespeopletochangeistheongoingneedtoredefinepeople’slivesandidentities–toelevatethemtohigherlevelsofeminenceandsuccess.Agoodexampleofthiscanbeseeninclinicalpsychology.Whenpatientsseektherapyfordifficultiesthathaveencumberedtheirdailyfunctioning,theymostoftenarrivefortreatmentvoluntarilyandwillingly-theyconsciouslyacceptthenecessityoftherapyandsoparticipatewithoutanyduress.Duringthecourseofclinicaltherapy,thepatient’sconcerns,anxieties,ideas,emotions,andfearsarebroughttolight.However,thecliniciandoesnottrytoalterthebeliefs,feeling,andsentimentsofhisclient;rather,hesimplyilluminatestheminordertoprovidethepatientwithanaccurateviewofhimself.Theprocess,ofraisingconcernsandideastothesurfaceofconsciousawareness,isknownasclarification.ModernpsychologyisafarthrowfromthepsychoanalysisofFreud’stime,inwhichpsychologistsattemptedto―interpret‖pre-andunconsciousfeelingsthathadbeenrepressedbythepatient.Becausecliniciansonlyclarify,andnotdissect,alter,orinterpretaclient’sinnerdesiresandemotions,theclienthimselfisresponsibleforinstitutingchange.Ifheistochange,hemustdictatethecourseoftherapy,andmaketheconsciouschoicetoimprovehimself.Thiswidelyusedapproachiscalled―clientcenteredtherapy.‖Iftheclient’sennuiorillfeelingsareduetosituationalfactorsorinternaldesigns(asopposetobiologicalchangesthatwouldqualifyforadiagnosisofpsychopathology(mentaldisorder,hemustchangethemonhisownaccordtoprecipitatechangewithinhimself.Thetherapistwillnot―cure‖himinanyway.Healonemustanswerthecallwithinhimselftorefineandredefinehisidentityandplaceinsociety.Thisneed,ofself-improvement,alsoinitiallybroughthimtothetherapist.Hewasabletorecognizethedisorderofhisenvironmentandacknowledgehisownnegativefeelings.Thisinturnbroughthimtotherapy,wherehewasguidedthroughaprocessofintrospectionthatultimatelyenabledhimtoimprovehimself,assuagehisanxieties,andrightfullycontinueonhislifelongpursuitofevengreaterachievements.SECTION21.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerD:Choice(Discorrect.―Setting‖meanstheplaceinwhichadramaoccurs.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread,―ThesettingofMariaIreneFornes’playMud—arealisticroomperchedonadirtpile—challengesconventionalinterpretationsofstagescenery.‖Stagesceneryisthekeycomponentofaplay’s―setting,‖andthissceneryor―setting‖isclearlyunconventional.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect.―Appeal‖meansattractionorinterest.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread,―TheappealofMariaIreneFornes’playMud—arealisticroomperchedonadirtpile—challengesconventionalinterpretationsofstagescenery.‖Itisnottheattractionoftheplaythatchallengesconventionalinterpretations;itisthe―setting‖oftheplaythatdoesso.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerB:Choice(Bisincorrect.The―plot‖istheplanofactionofaplay.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread,―TheplotofMariaIreneFornes’playMud—arealisticroomperchedonadirtpile—challengesconventionalinterpretationsofstagescenery.‖Thephrase―arealisticroomperchedonadirtpile‖describesa―setting,‖nota―plot.‖ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect.―Mood‖meansastateofmindorfeeling.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread,―ThemoodofMariaIreneFornes’playMud—arealisticroomperchedonadirtpile—challengesconventionalinterpretationsofstagescenery.‖Nothinginthesentenceindicatestheplay’s―mood.‖Choice(Eisincorrect.A―rehearsal‖isapracticerunofashowinpreparationforapublicperformance.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread,―TherehearsalofMariaIreneFornes’playMud—arealisticroomperchedonadirtpile—challengesconventionalinterpretationsofstagescenery.‖Itisthe―setting‖oftheplay,notapracticerun-throughoftheplay,thatchallengesconventionalinterpretationsofstagescenery.2.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerB:Choice(Biscorrect."Overabundance"meansanamountthatismorethanwhatisneeded,and"thrive"meanstogroworprosper.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Ironically,anaffluentsocietythatpurchasesmuchmorefoodthanitactuallyneedssuffersbecauseofthatoverabundance,sinceinconditionsofaffluencediseasesrelatedtoovereatingandpoornutritionseemtothrive."Inthissentence"thatoverabundance"refersbacktothephrase"morefoodthanitactuallyneeds."Itmakessensethatdiseasesrelatedtoovereatingwould"thrive,"orprosper,intheseconditions.Therelationshipbetweenthetwoclausesisfurthersignaledbytheword"ironically,"whichmeanstheoppositeofwhatwouldbeexpected.Itisironicthatanoverabundanceoffood,aconditionthatwouldappeartoresultingoodnutrition,actuallyleadstoanincreaseindiseasesrelatedtopoornutrition.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect."Lavishness"meansexcessivespending,and"adapt"meanstochangetofitnewcircumstances.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Ironically,anaffluentsocietythatpurchasesmuchmorefoodthanitactuallyneedssuffersbecauseofthatlavishness,sinceinconditionsofaffluencediseasesrelatedtoovereatingandpoornutritionseemtoadapt."Althoughthefirsttermfitsinwellwiththeoverallsenseofthesentence,thesecondtermdoesnot.Diseasesareknownto"adapt"orchangetofitmanydifferentcircumstances;itwouldnotbeironicorunexpectedforachangetooccurinthissituation.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect."Corpulence"meansobesityorexcessiveweight,and"vex"meanstoannoy.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Ironically,anaffluentsocietythatpurchasesmuchmorefoodthanitactuallyneedssuffersbecauseofthatcorpulence,sinceinconditionsofaffluencediseasesrelatedtoovereatingandpoornutritionseemtovex.""Corpulence"isatermthatrefersmoreproperlytopeoplethantosocialconditions,anddiseasesaregenerallymorelikelytocausemajordiscomfortthanminorannoyance.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect."Practicality"meansusefulnessorefficiency,and"awaken"meanstowakeuporbecomeactive.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Ironically,anaffluentsocietythatpurchasesmuchmorefoodthanitactuallyneedssuffersbecauseofthatpracticality,sinceinconditionsofaffluencediseasesrelatedtoovereatingandpoornutritionseemtoawaken."Althoughthesecondtermcouldfitinwellwiththeoverallmeaningofthesentence,thefirsttermisinappropriate.Buyingmorefoodthanisnecessaryisnot"practical"atall;itiswasteful.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eisincorrect."Commonness"meanstypicalbehavior,and"abound"meanstobepresentinlargenumbers.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Ironically,anaffluentsocietythatpurchasesmuchmorefoodthanitactuallyneedssuffersbecauseofthatcommonness,sinceinconditionsofaffluencediseasesrelatedtoovereatingandpoornutritionseemtoabound."Althoughthesecondtermcouldfitinwellwiththeoverallmeaningofthesentence,thefirsttermdoesnot.Asocietythatbuysmorethanisnecessaryisnotatypicalsociety;relativelyfewsocietiessufferfrom"overabundance."3.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eiscorrect."Therapeutic"meanshavinghealingorcuringpowers.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Becauseofthetherapeuticeffectsofthehotsprings,touristssufferingfromvariousailmentsflockedtothevillage’sthermalpools."Peoplesufferingfromanillnessnaturallytrytofindwaystogetbetter,sohotspringsthatareknowntocurediseasesoreasepainwouldsurelyattractpeoplewithvariousailments.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect."Succulent"meansjuicy.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Becauseofthesucculenteffectsofthehotsprings,touristssufferingfromvariousailmentsflockedtothevillage’sthermalpools."Springsorpoolsofwatercannotbeproperlyreferredtoassucculent.Theterm"succulent"usuallyreferstoplantsorfoodsthatarejuicy,nottopools,puddles,springs,orotherbodiesofwater.Choice(Bisincorrect."Redolent"meanssweetsmelling.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Becauseoftheredolenteffectsofthehotsprings,touristssufferingfromvariousailmentsflockedtothevillage’sthermalpools."Hotspringsarerarelydescribedassweetsmelling.However,ifsuchspringsexisted,theywouldnotjustattracttouristssufferingfromdiseases.Healthytouristswouldalsobedrawntothehotspringsbecauseoftheirsweetsmell.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect."Cerebral"meansbrainyorintellectual.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Becauseofthecerebraleffectsofthehotsprings,touristssufferingfromvariousailmentsflockedtothevillage’sthermalpools."Bodiesofwatercannotbeproperlyreferredtoascerebral."Cerebral"isatermusedtodescribepeopleoractivities.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect."Mandatory"meansrequired.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Becauseofthemandatoryeffectsofthehotsprings,touristssufferingfromvariousailmentsflockedtothevillage’sthermalpools."Adoctormighttellapatientthatbathingincertainhotspringsismandatory.However,theeffectsofthehotspringscouldnotbeproperlyreferredtoasmandatory.4.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerC:Choice(Ciscorrect."Provide"meanstosupplyormakeavailable,andan"investigation"iscarefulresearchoraninquiry.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Morevaluableandcomprehensivethananypreviouslyproposedtheoryofthephenomenon,Salazar’sresearchhasprovidedthebasisforallsubsequentinvestigationsinherfield."ThissentencemakesthereasonableclaimthatSalazar'simportantresearchhas"providedthebasisfor,"orsuppliedthefoundationfor,additionalresearchinthesamefield.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect."Undermine"meanstoweaken,andan"advancement"isanimprovement.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Morevaluableandcomprehensivethananypreviouslyproposedtheoryofthephenomenon,Salazar’sresearchhasunderminedthebasisforallsubsequentadvancementsinherfield."Althoughthesecondtermcouldfitwellintothesentence,thefirsttermcannot.IfSalazar'sresearchwastrulyvaluableandcomprehensive,itshouldhavehelpedtoadvance,notweaken,futureworkinthefield.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerB:Choice(Bisincorrect."Prepare"meanstomakeready,anda"debacle"isasuddendisaster.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Morevaluableandcomprehensivethananypreviouslyproposedtheoryofthephenomenon,Salazar’sresearchhaspreparedthebasisforallsubsequentdebaclesinherfield."Althoughthefirsttermfitsinwellwiththeoverallmeaningofthesentence,thesecondtermdoesnot.Salazar'sresearchissaidtobevaluableandcomprehensive.Thusitwillnotlogicallyleadtodisastersinherfield.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect."Dissolve"inthiscontextmeanstobreakapart,andan"experiment"isatestortrialdonetodiscoversomething.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Morevaluableandcomprehensivethananypreviouslyproposedtheoryofthephenomenon,Salazar’sresearchhasdissolvedthebasisforallsubsequentexperimentsinherfield."Althoughthesecondtermmightfitinwellwiththeoverallmeaningofthesentence,thefirsttermdoesnot.Salazar'sresearchmightchallengepreviouswork,butitcannotlogicallybreakapartthebasisforfutureworkinthefield.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eisincorrect."Reinforce"meanstostrengthen,anda"misconception"isamisunderstanding.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Morevaluableandcomprehensivethananypreviouslyproposedtheoryofthephenomenon,Salazar’sresearchhasreinforcedthebasisforallsubsequentmisconceptionsinherfield."Thefirsttermcouldwellfitwiththeoverallmeaningofthesentence,butthesecondtermcannot.Salazar'sresearchwouldnotbeconsideredvaluableifitstrengthenedmisunderstandingsinherfield.5.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aiscorrect."Thwart"meanstopreventordefeat.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Dangerouslyhighwindsthwartedattemptstobeginthespaceshuttlemissiononschedule,delayingthelaunchbynearlyaweek."TheExplanationforIncorrectAnswerB:Choice(Bisincorrect."Forfeit"meanstogiveuporsurrendersomething.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Dangerouslyhighwindsforfeitedattemptstobeginthespaceshuttlemissiononschedule,delayingthelaunchbynearlyaweek."Theastronautslaunchingthespaceshuttlemight"forfeit"theirattemptsbecauseofhighwinds,butthewindscannotbesaidtohave"forfeited,"orgivenup,theattemptstolaunchtheshuttle.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect."Implement"meanstoaccomplishorcarryout.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Dangerouslyhighwindsimplementedattemptstobeginthespaceshuttlemissiononschedule,delayingthelaunchbynearlyaweek."Thehighwindsdidnothingtohelpaccomplishanon-timelaunchofthespaceshuttle.Infact,theypreventedthelaunchfromoccurringonschedule.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect."Discharge"meanstorelease.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Dangerouslyhighwindsdischargedattemptstobeginthespaceshuttlemissiononschedule,delayingthelaunchbynearlyaweek."Theattemptstolaunchthespaceshuttleonschedulewereinnowayreleasedbythehighwinds;infact,thewindspreventedtheseattempts.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eisincorrect."Redouble"meanstostrengthen.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Dangerouslyhighwindsredoubledattemptstobeginthespaceshuttlemissiononschedule,delayingthelaunchbynearlyaweek."Thehighwindsclearlydidnotstrengthentheattemptstolaunchthespaceshuttleonschedule,asthelaunchwasactuallydelayed.6.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerB:Choice(Biscorrect."Haranguing"meansgivingalong,criticalspeech,and"intemperate"meansexcessive.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"TheguestspeakeronOprahWinfrey’stalkshowoffendedtheaudiencebyfirstharanguingthemandthenrefusingtomoderatetheseintemperateremarks."Aspeechcriticizinganaudiencewouldsurelybeoffensive,andremarksofthistypewouldbeproperlydescribedas"intemperate"orexcessive.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect."Flattering"meanspraisingexcessively,and"commendable"meansworthyofpraise.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"TheguestspeakeronOprahWinfrey’stalkshowoffendedtheaudiencebyfirstflatteringthemandthenrefusingtomoderatethesecommendableremarks."Thefirsttermmightfitintothesentencebecauseflatterymayoffendpeoplebyitsinsincerity.Thesecondtermdoesnotmakesensewheninsertedintothesentence,however.Noaudiencememberwouldbeoffendedbyaperson'srefusaltomoderate"commendable"remarks,especiallythosedirectedattheaudience.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect."Praising"meanspointingoutthegoodfeaturesofsomeone,and"radical"meansextreme.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"TheguestspeakeronOprahWinfrey’stalkshowoffendedtheaudiencebyfirstpraisingthemandthenrefusingtomoderatetheseradicalremarks."Anaudiencethatreceives"praise"isunlikelytotakeoffense,andsuchcommentsinanycasecannotbeviewedasextreme.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect."Enraging"meanscausingintenseanger,and"conciliatory"meanspeacemaking.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"TheguestspeakeronOprahWinfrey’stalkshowoffendedtheaudiencebyfirstenragingthemandthenrefusingtomoderatetheseconciliatoryremarks."Remarksthatcauseintenseangercannotbeproperlyreferredtoas"conciliatory,"orpeacemaking.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eisincorrect."Accommodating"meansdoingafavorfor,and"indulgent"meansexcessivelygenerous.Ifoneweretoinsertthesetermsintothetext,thesentencewouldread"TheguestspeakeronOprahWinfrey’stalkshowoffendedtheaudiencebyfirstaccommodatingthemandthenrefusingtomoderatetheseindulgentremarks.""Accommodating"speechisunlikelytooffendanaudience,andsuchremarkscannotbeproperlyreferredtoas"indulgent."7.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aiscorrect."Halting"meanshobblingorwalkingwithdifficulty.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewhoislimpingorstrugglingtowalkafteratiringhikewouldbeproperlydescribedaswalkingwitha"haltinggait."ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerB:Choice(Bisincorrect."Robust"meanshealthyorenergetic.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Bytheendofthelong,arduoushike,Chriswaswalkingwitharobustgait,limpingslowlybacktothecampsite."Apersonwhoislimpingafteradifficulthikecouldnotbesaidtobewalkingenergetically.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect."Constant"meanscontinuousorwithoutchangesinspeed.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Bytheendofthelong,arduoushike,Chriswaswalkingwithaconstantgait,limpingslowlybacktothecampsite."A"limp"isatypeofwalkthatisirregularorunsteady.Thusapersonwhoislimpingcannotbeproperlydescribedaswalkingwitha"constantgait."ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect."Prompt"meanswithoutdelay.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Bytheendofthelong,arduoushike,Chriswaswalkingwithapromptgait,limpingslowlybacktothecampsite."Alimpisatypeofwalkthatinvolvesconsiderabledelay.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eisincorrect."Facile"meanseasyoreffortless.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Bytheendofthelong,arduoushike,Chriswaswalkingwithafacilegait,limpingslowlybacktothecampsite."Becauselimpinginvolvespainordifficulty,apersonwhoislimpingcannotbeproperlydescribedaswalkingeffortlessly.8.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerD:Choice(Discorrect."Histrionic"meansexcessivelydramaticoremotional.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Actorsinmelodramasoftenemphasizedtensemomentsbybeinghistrionic,forexample,raisingtheirvoicesandpretendingtoswoon."Raisingone'svoiceorpretendingtofaintareexamplesoftheexaggeratedactionsknownas"histrionics."ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect."Imperious"meansdomineeringorbossy.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Actorsinmelodramasoftenemphasizedtensemomentsbybeingimperious,forexample,raisingtheirvoicesandpretendingtoswoon."Althoughimperiouspeoplemightraisetheirvoiceswhengivingorders,theywouldbeunlikelytopretend"toswoon,"orfaint.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerB:Choice(Bisincorrect."Inscrutable"meansdifficulttounderstand.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Actorsinmelodramasoftenemphasizedtensemomentsbybeinginscrutable,forexample,raisingtheirvoicesandpretendingtoswoon."Theexaggeratedmovementsdescribedinthissentencewouldmakeacharacter'semotionseasiertounderstand,notmoredifficult.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect."Convivial"meansfestiveorfun-loving.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Actorsinmelodramasoftenemphasizedtensemomentsbybeingconvivial,forexample,raisingtheirvoicesandpretendingtoswoon."Althoughpeopleinfestivemoodsmightraisetheirvoicesinjoyorlaughter,theydonothaveatendencytopretendtoswoon.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eisincorrect."Solicitous"meanscaringaboutotherpeople'sneeds.Ifoneweretoinsertthistermintothetext,thesentencewouldread"Actorsinmelodramasoftenemphasizedtensemomentsbybeingsolicitous,forexample,raisingtheirvoicesandpretendingtoswoon."Solicitouspeopledonottypicallyraisetheirvoicesorpretendtoswoon;theyaremuchmorelikelysimplytoaskpeoplewhattheywouldlikeorneed.9.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eiscorrect.Beingabletounderstandsignlanguage,tosolvepuzzles,touseobjectsastools,touselanguage,andtorecognizeoneselfinamirrorareallthingscommonlyassociatedwithhumansand,infact,thingsthathavesometimesbeenthoughttobeuniquelyhuman.TheauthorofPassage1stronglysuggeststhatdolphinshavethoseabilities,too.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect.ThepointthattheauthorofPassage1istryingtomakebymentioningvariousactivitiesisthattheseactivitiesenvironment.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerB:Choice(Bisincorrect.Thenatureofthestudiesreportedinlines2-8ofPassage1makesitlikelythatthestudieswereperformedondolphinsthatwereincaptivity.Butthereisnoindicationthattheanimalsinvolvedinthosestudiesfailedtothrive.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect.Passage1focusesonactivitiesthatarethoughttoindicatethelevel—notthetype—ofintelligencethatdolphinsmighthave.UnliketheauthorofPassage2,theauthorofPassage1doesnotseemtothinkthatdolphinshaveauniquetypeofintelligence.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect.Thekindsofactivitiesthatarementionedinlines2-8ofPassage1couldallbedonequiteseriously.Theycouldalsobedoneplayfullyordoneinamixtureofthesetwomodes.Theseactivities,therefore,donotspecificallysuggestthatananimalcarryingthemoutwouldbeuncommonlyplayful.10.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnswerB:Choice(Biscorrect.ThelastsentenceofPassage1makesacomparisonoflevelsofintelligence,butaccordingtotheauthorofPassage2,suchcomparisons"maynotbeespeciallyhelpful"(lines21-22.TheauthorofPassage2doesnotthinkthatintelligenceisasingleuniformabilitythatdifferentspecieshappentohaveindifferentamounts.Passage2suggeststhattherearedifferentkindsofintelligence,andthatthekindofintelligenceacreaturehasisappropriatetothatcreature'swayoflife.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerA:Choice(Aisincorrect.AlthoughtheauthorofPassage2mightagreethatintelligenceisdifficulttomeasure,suchameasurementisreallybesidethepoint.TheauthorofPassage2doesnotthinkthatintelligenceisasingleuniformabilitythatdifferentspecieshappentohaveindifferentamounts.Passage2suggeststhattherearedifferentkindsofintelligence,andthatthekindofintelligenceacreaturehasisappropriatetothatcreature'swayoflife.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerC:Choice(Cisincorrect.TheauthorofPassage2maythinkthatsomeofthestudiesalreadyconductedwerewrongheadedandconceptuallyflawed,butthereisnoindicationofanydoubtabouttheobjectivityofthosestudies.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerD:Choice(Disincorrect.Asfarasdolphinintelligenceinrelationtodolphinactivitiesisconcerned,theauthorofPassage2isonlypreparedtosaythatdolphinintelligenceisappropriate"forthedolphin'swayoflife."Theauthordoesnotspeculateaboutthelevelofintelligencerequiredforthatwayoflife.ExplanationforIncorrectAnswerE:Choice(Eisincorrect.ThelastsentenceofPassage1talksaboutdolphins'awarenessoftheirownindividuality.SoitwouldnotbesensiblefortheauthorofPassage2torespondtothissentencebyarguingthatlittleisknownaboutdophins'socialbehavior.11.ANSWERSANDEXPLANATIONSExplanationforCorrectAnsw