美国纽约州律师资格考试复习笔记 证据法

Evidence(33Qs)Issuesidentifiedinpractice:Judicialnotice:司法认知generallyknowninthejurisdictionorcapableofreadyandaccuratedetermination;incivilcase,conclusivelyestablished(mandatory);and,incriminal,maybetakenbyjury(discretionary)Impeachmentbycharacterforuntruthfulness(reputation/opinion,badact,priorconviction)rehabilitationIncivilfraudcase,priorfraudispermittedeitherforcharacterevidence(??)orforprovingintentBusinessrecords:judgemayexcludebusinessrecordsif(i)sourceofinformationlackstruthfulness,(ii)nofirst-handknowledge,(iii)purposedtoprovewhathappenedornot(forpotentiallitigation)(note:thisitem(iii)isokayinNY)Dyingdeclaration:incriminalcase,victimmustdiebecausedyingdeclarationisadmissibleonlyinhomicidecase(ifvictimisnotdead,nohomicidecase).WatchforattemptedmurderMiniReview:CharacterevidenceCriminalcase:Prosecutorcan’tintroducebadcharacterforthepurposeofprovingactioninconformitywithcharacter;Disallowedtointroducegoodcharactertoproveheactedinconformitywithgoodcharacter;IfDprovidedgoodcharacterevidence,Prosecutorisallowedtoshowbadcharacterevidence(reputationandopinion)andcross-examinationofcharacterwitnessbymeansofintrinsicevidenceof“specificact”Evidenceofothercrimesareinadmissibleforconformitypurpose,butlikelyadmissibleforMIMICpurpose;IfDtakesthestand,PmayimpeachDwithcharacterevidenceofuntruthfulness.Civilcase:Youcan’tintroducecharacterevidencetoshowconformity;Characterevidencemaybeintroducedforotherpurposes,suchasnegligenthiring/entrustment,defamation,fraud,andMIMIC…;Watchforthedifferencebetweencharacterevidenceandhabitevidence.ImpeachmentPriorinconsistentstatementExtrinsicevidenceallowedImpeachedwitnessmustbegivenopportunitytocomment,beforeoraftertheofferofsuchextrinsicevidenceBiasExtrinsicevidenceallowedWitnessmustbecross-examinedforthefactsshowingbias/interestpriortointroductionofextrinsicevidencePriorcrimeconviction(10yearslimitationforFRE)Involvingdishonesty/falsestatementOtherfelonybalancetestExtrinsicevidencebymeansofconvictionrecordPriorbadact–onlyintrinsicevidenceallowed,noaskingaboutarrestUntruthfulnessReputation/opinionSpecificevidenceonlybycross-examination,ifdenied,noextrinsicevidenceHearsay(note,partyadmissionisnonhearsayunderFRE)Method:hearsay?priorinconsistentstatement,priorconsistentstatement,effectuponpeople,verbalactexceptionPrioridentification(nonhearsayunderFRE)PresentsenseimpressionExcitedutteranceMedicaltreatmentstatementBizrecordsFormertestimonyDyingdeclarationPartyadmission:vicariousadmission(employee,partner,co-conspirator),adoptiveadmissionRelevance相关性LogicalRelevance(Probativeness)Standardofadmissibility–doestheevidencehaveanytendencytomakeamaterialfactmoreorlessprobablethanitwouldbewithouttheevidence(relatetotime/person/event)是不是和争议的人，事，或者时间有关Exceptionswhereadmissible–similaroccurrences相似事件通常具有较小的相关性PrioraccidentsorclaimsP’sprioraccidenthistory–inadmissible;EXCEPTProvecommonplan&schemeoffraud;or原告以前提出过类似的欺诈性/错误的诉讼请求WhencauseofP’sdamagesisinissue确定是否有因果关系D’spriorconditions–ONLYinvolvingthesameinstrumentalityorcondition,andoccurringundersubstantiallysimilarcircumstances,toprove:由同样条件引起的相似事故或者伤害ExistenceofadangerousconditionDhadpriornoticeCausationIntentisissue–drawinferenceofintentfrompriorconducte.g.genderdiscrimination意图或者思想状态Similarsalestoestablishvalue价值HabitEvidence–toinferapersonactedontheoccasionatissue特定性和经常性Dispositionevidence–NOTadmissiblePriorActevidence(propensity)–NOTadmissibleHabit–Admissible(keywords–always,invariably,automatically,instinctively)particularity;AND(b)frequency(judge’sdiscretionhowoftenisenough)NYDistinctions–HabitEvidenceNYDistinctions–HabitEvidence(moresuspicious)Personalhabitonissueofduecareinnegligent–INADMISSIBLEPersonalhabitinuseofproduct–Admissible(inproductsliabilitycase)IndustrialorBusinessRoutine(businesshabit)–admissible工商业惯例IndustrialCustomasStandardofcare(whatdoothersimilarcompanieddo)行业惯例JudicialDiscretionaryExclusion法官行使自由裁量权排除的相关性证据Probativevalueissubstantiallyoutweighedbydangerof–(1)dangerofunfairprejudice;(2)confusionofissues;(3)misleadingthejury;(4)unduedelay;(5)wasteoftime;(6)undulycumulativeNOT–unfairsurprise这个不是！！PublicPolicyBasedExclusion因为公共政策原因而被排除的证据LiabilityInsuranceNotadmissibletoshownegligence//abilitytopayEXCEPTIONSproveownershiporcontrol(whendisputed,getlimitinginstructions);OR证明所有权，控制权impeachment–biasduetointerest证明有无偏见或者利益关系--如保险理赔人员作为证人SubsequentRemedialMeasureNotadmissibletoshownegligence/culpableconduct/productordesigndefect/needforwarningEXCEPTIONSproveownershipofcontrol(whendisputed);ORrebutorimpeachaclaimthatprecautionswerenotfeasible(whenfeasibilityisdisputed)采取预防措施的可行性Subsequentremedialmeasuresby3rdparties–admissible弹劾证人--声称产品不可能更好NYDistinctions–SubsequentRemedialMeasures(StrictLiabilitycase)ManufacturingDefects–AdmissibletoestablishdefectivenessofproductwhenmadeBUT,designdefectORfailuretowarn–NOTadmissible(exceptforfeasibilitydispute)SettlementsCivilCasesNotadmissible–evidenceofasettlementofoffertosettle,toproveliabilityorweakenotherpartyNotadmissible–statementsoffactmadeincourseofsettlement不能分离事实Requirements(atthetimeofsettlementdiscussion)Theremustbeaclaim–ifsomeoneadmitsbeforeclaim,it’sadmissible;AND必须对方当事人有迹象已经提出了权利主张（并不需要很正式），否则就构成承认Theremustbeadisputeastoliabilityoramount必须对责任或者数额有争议–ifDadmitstofullliability,it’sadmissibleEXCEPT–forimpeachmentCriminalCases已经撤回的有罪承认Offertopleadguilty–Notadmissible(allcriminal&subsequentcivilcasesbasedonsamefacts)Withdrawnguiltyplea–Notadmissible(allcriminal&subsequentcivilcasesbasedonsamefacts)Pleaofnolocontendere(Nocontest)不反驳承认StatementsmadeduringthecourseofnegotiationNYDistinctions–WithdrawnguiltypleasAdmissibleinsubsequentcivillitigationbasedonsamefactsaspartyadmission.OffertopayMedicalExpenses可以分离事实Notadmissible–toproveculpableconductBUT,admissionsoffactaccompanyinganoffertopaymedicalexpensesareAdmissible伴随的事实可作为证据PriorSexualConductofVictimInanycivilorcriminalproceedinginvolvingsexualmisconduct,thefollowingisNOTadmissibleOpinionorreputationaboutthevictim’ssexualpropensity,orEvidenceofspecificsexualbehaviorofthevictimExceptionsSpecificsexualbehaviortoprovesomeoneotherthatDwasthesourceofsemenorinjury;用于证明是第三人而非被告是精液，伤害的来源Victim’ssexualactivitywithDifthedefenseofconsentisasserted;orWhereexclusionwouldviolateD’srightofdueprocess(placedincontroversybyvictim)NYDistinctions–PriorSexualConductNYDistinctions–PriorSexualConductConvictionofprostitutionwithinlast3yearsallowedCharacterEvidence品格证据PurposeofcharacterevidenceDirectevidence–person’scharacterisamaterialelementinthecivilcase(charactercanneverbeanelementincriminalcase)性格本身就是案件争议的事实Circumstantialevidence–inferconductinconformitywithcharacterattimeoflitigatedevent证明性格与特定行为相一致Impeachwitnesscredibility弹劾证人的可信性MethodofprovingcharacterSpecificactsOpiniontestimonyReputationtestimonyCivilCases除非性格本身就是案件争议点，一般不允许使用Circumstantialevidence–NOTadmissibletoproveconductinconformity(evencivilcaseinvolvingcriminalconduct)Directevidence–admissiblewhereessentialelementofaclaimordefense(e.g.defamation,childcustody,negligenthiringorentrustment,deceit,assault/battery(forselfdefensepurpose));methods–Specificacts,Opinion,orReputation损害名誉权//有过失的委托//错误致死//决定监护权CriminalCases通常只能以名誉或意见证据的形式出现，不能用特定的行为//注意和质疑证人可信性区别DprovescharacterEvidencetoproveconductinconformityisNOTadmissibleduringprosecution’scase-in-chief(D’scharactertraitisneveranelement)BUT,Dmayintroduceevidenceofarelevantcharactertrait,whichopensthedoorforrebuttalMethods–Opinion&Reputation不能以过去特定行为证明NYDistinctions–CharacterwitnessincriminalcasesNYDistinctions–CharacterwitnessincriminalcasesOnlyREPUTATIONascircumstantialevidenceisallowed–bothforD&prosecutionProsecution’sRebuttal–whenDopensdoor(onlythroughcharacterwitness),prosecutionmay:Cross-examiningcharacterwitness(specificacts)–inquiringD’srelevantspecificacts(butcannotprovethemintrial)thatreflectadverselyonparticularcharactertraitintroducedbyD–toimpeachcharacterwitness;and/or可以就被告特定行为质证，但不能引入外部证据Callingitsowncharacterwitness(opinionorreputation)–tocontradictD’switnessNYDistinctions–ProsecutionrebuttalagainstcharacterwitnessNYDistinctions–ProsecutionrebuttalagainstcharacterwitnessCross-examining–canonlybegintoask“Haveyouheard”Callingownwitness–introduce(1)reputationevidence;and(2)introductionofpriorconvictionswhichreflectadverselyonthecharactertraitinissue.Victim’sCharacter–SELF-DefenseCaseDmayintroducevictim’sBADcharacter(opinionorreputation不能就特定行为)–opensdoorforprosecutionNYDistinctions–Victiminself-defensecriminalcaseNYDistinctions–Victiminself-defensecriminalcaseCharacterevidenceofvictimisNOTadmissibletoprovethatvictimwasthefirstaggressor.Prosecutionmayrebutbyshowing:Victim’sGoodcharacter;and/orD’sBadcharacterforthesametrait(opinionorreputation)Separateruleofrelevance–ifD,atthetimeofallegedself-defense,wasawareofthevictim’sviolentreputationorpriorspecificactsofviolence,suchawarenessmaybeproventoshowD’sstateofmind–fear–toinferthatDactedreasonablyinrespondingashedidtovictims’aggressionSpecificActsofMisconduct–fornon-characterpurposes特定的不当行为作为证据；不作为品格或性情使用PrioractsareadmissibleiftheyarerelevanttosomeissueotherthanD’scharacterordisposition(notdependentonD’sintroductionofcharacterevidencebecauseMIMICisnotcharacterevidence)Motive动机：吸毒需要赌资是抢银行的动机Intent主观意图Mistakeoraccident,absenceof错误不存在或者不是意外Identity(modusoperandi)身份：犯罪后留下的标志CommonSchemeorPlan犯罪准备；计划Criminalcase–onD’srequest,prosecutionmustgivepretrialnoticeofintenttointroduceMIMICevidenceRequirementsforadmissibility对其使用的要求SufficientevidencetosupportajuryfindingthatDcommittedtheprioract;ANDCourtmustweighprobativevaluev.prejudice(mustgivelimitinginstruction)PrioractsofsexualassaultorchildmolestationofD性骚扰案件或者性骚扰儿童的案件---可以用于证明被告具有某种犯罪倾向Insexualassaultorchildmolestationcase,evidenceofD’sprioractsofsuchconductisadmissibleforanyrelevantpurpose,includingdefendant’spropensityforsexcrimesNYDistinctions–sexualassaultorchildmolestationNYDistinctions–sexualassaultorchildmolestationDoesnotallowprioractsofsexualassaultorchildmolestation================================================================================Writings&DocumentaryEvidence书证Authentication确认：首先确认书证是否是所声称的书面文件Writingisnotadmissibleuntilauthenticated–proofmustbesufficienttosupportjuryfindingofgenuineness(jurymakestheultimatedeterminationoffact,i.e.,whethertheevidenceisauthentic)Method确认书证的外在方法PartyAdmission书证对其不利的一方当事人的承认WitnesspersonalknowledgeProofofhandwriting如果是声音的话，可以是因为诉讼的目的而去熟悉LayOpinion–basedonpersonalknowledgeofhandwriting(suchknowledgemustbeacquiredbeforetheproceedings)(note:knowledgeofvoice/soundmaybeacquiredaftertheproceedingscommence.)不能仅因为诉讼目的去熟悉笔迹ExpertOpinion–comparedwithgenuinesamples(exemplar)Jurycomparison–jurycompareswithgenuinesampleAncientDocument–presumptionofauthenticationAtleast20yearsold;NYDistinctions–NYDistinctions–AncientDocumentRequires30yearsFaciallyfreeofsuspicion;ANDFoundinplaceofnaturalcustodyReplyLetterDoctrine–documentcanbeauthenticatedbyevidencethatitwasreceivedinresponsetoapriorcommunicationtotheallegedauthorSelf-AuthenticatingDocuments–presumptionofauthentication自我确认的书证Officialpublications公共文件Certifiedcopiesofpublicrecords(e.g.,carregistrationform)orbusinessrecordsNewspaperorperiodicalTradeinscriptionsandlabels[thiscanbeofferedascircumstantialevidenceofownership,manufacturer…norequirementofBERforsuchpurpose]Acknowledgeddocument–notarizeddocumentCommercialpaper商业文件CertifiedgenuineforeignpublicdocumentsAuthenticationofPhotographs对照片的确认Witnesstestifiesonthebasisofpersonalknowledgethat“fairandaccuraterepresentation”ofobjectsorpeople–neednotbethephotographer.Photographinthissenseisjustlikeanillustrativedrawingormap.Unattendedcamera–showproperlyinstalled,properremovaloffilm,showchainofcustody.Videotapeandtapeareadmissiblelikephotograph,buttheirauthenticationshouldfollowtherequirements.Othermechanicalrecords其他仪器测量结果(similartovideotape)–(i)theprocessorsystemisaccurateinitsresults;(ii)operatedbyqualifiedpeopleandproperlyoperated(ifoperationisnecessary);(iii)notampering篡改inthechainofcustodyBestEvidenceRule(OriginalDocumentRule)最佳证据规则Definitionapartyseekingtoprovethecontentsofawriting,musteitherproducetheoriginalwritingorprovideanacceptableexcuseforitsabsenceOnlyappliestowritings–includingsoundrecordings,X-ray,films包括录音，照片，X光Ifexcuseisacceptable–mayintroducesecondaryevidence(e.g.oraltestimonyoracopy)一定情况下允许二手资料WhentheBestEvidenceRuleappliesWritingisLegallyOperativeDocument–writingitselfcreatesrightsandobligations(deed,mortgage)Ifnotfollowinginitema,wherewitnessistestifyingtofactslearnedsolelyfromreadinginawritingWhenNOTapplyFacttobeprovedexistsindependentofnon-legallyoperativewritingwhenawitnesswithpersonalknowledgetestifies(e.g.birthdate–norequirementofbirthcertificate)Writingiscollateraltolitigatedissue涉及争议事实的附属事实CertifiedcopiesofPublicRecord公共文件SummariesofVoluminousRecord–providedthatoriginalrecordswouldbeadmissibleandavailableandtheoriginal/duplicatesshallbemadeavailableforexaminationorcopying.文件摘要Whatqualifiesasthe“originalwriting”WritingitselfDuplicates文件副本与原本可以作为证据被同等程度的采纳–anycounterpartproducedbyanymechanicalmeansthataccuratelyreproducedtheoriginal(e.g.,photocopy,carboncopy)–duplicateisadmissibletosameextentasoriginal(aprint-outofsaveddatainacomputeristreatedasoriginal)UNLESSagenuinequestionisraisedastoauthenticityoforiginal,ORitwouldbeunfairtoadmittheduplicate(e.g.,blurry)NYDistinctions–NYDistinctions–DuplicatesOnlyphotographiccopies,made,keptorrecordedinordinarycourseofbusiness,notforlitigationHandwrittencopyisNEITHERanoriginalnorduplicateExcusesfornon-productionoforiginal(persuadedbypreponderanceofevidence)可以不提供原始文件的几种例外情形Lostorcannotbefoundwithduediligence遗失且找不到Originalheldbyadversarywho,afterduenotice,failstoproducetheoriginalDestroyedwithoutbadfaithCannotbeobtainedwithlegalprocessWitness&TestimonialEvidenceCompetencyofWitnessRequirementsCommunicablepersonalknowledgeTakeoathorgiveanaffirmationNYDistinctions–OathObligationNYDistinctions–OathObligationCivilCase–ALLtestimonymustbesworn(includingchildren)CriminalCase–Childunderageof9andanyonewithmentaldefect,whodoesnotunderstandnatureofoathmaytestifyBUT,thisunsworntestimonyneedscorroborationforconvictionDeadMan’sStatute死者条例---针对民事案件Incivilaction,aninterestedpartyisincompetenttotestifyinsupportofherowninterestagainsttheestateofadecedentconcerningcommunicationsortransactionsbetweentheinterestedpartyandthedecedentThereisnofederaldeadman’sstatute,thiswitnessordinarilynotincompetent;BUT,mustapplyastate’sdeadman’sstatutewheresubstantivelawappliesindiversitycasesRequirementsCivilAction;Witnessmusthaveadirectstakeinthelitigation;Witnessmustbetestifyingforhisinterest(notagainstit);Witnessmustbetestifyingagainstthedecedent,orhisrepresentatives;Testimonyconcernsapersonaltransactionorcommunicationwiththedecedent–theinterestedsurvivorisn’tbarredfromtestifyingagainsteverythingthat’srelevant,butonlyastomannerswhichthedecedentcouldcontradictifhewerealive(inotherwords,ifhecouldn’tcontradictyouwhenhewasalive,youcantestifyaboutitwhenhe’sdead)Unlesswaiver–whichusuallyoccurswhenthetestimonyofthedecedentsomehowgetsbeforethejurythroughadepositionofthedecedenttakenbeforehediedNYDistinctions–DeadMan’sStatute(AutomobileException)NYDistinctions–DeadMan’sStatute(AutomobileException)DeadManStatuteNOTapplicabletofactsofautomobileaccidentcasebasedonnegligenceAninterestedsurvivormaytestifyaboutthefactsofnegligence,orcontributorynegligenceinanaccidentarisingoutoftheoperationofanautomobile,airplane,orboat;BUTtheexceptiondoesnotextendtoconversationwithdecedentFormofExaminationofWitness质证Kindofquestionsasked–largelymatterofjudicialdiscretion(e.g.narrativequestionsmaybeallowed)LeadingQuestions诱导性问题GenerallyNOTallowedondirectexamination;BUTallowedForpreliminaryintroductorymatters前提事实Youthfulorforgetfulwitness年幼或者易遗忘的证人Hostilewitness–witnessisadversepartyorsomeoneundercontrolofadverseparty有敌意的有利益冲突的证人Generallyallowedoncross-examinationWritingsinAidofOralTestimonyRefreshingRecollection唤起记忆(Presentrecollectionrevived)Anywriting(oranyothertangibleitem)oritemmaybeusedtorefreshawitness’memory;thenwitnessmusttestifyfrompresentrecollection–BestEvidenceRulenotapplicableforrefresherWitnesscanNOTreadfromthewritingwhiletestifyingSafeguardsagainstabuse–adversaryhasrightto:Inspectthememory-refresherUseitoncross-examinationIntroduceintoevidence对方可以把提示物引入证据(asanexhibit)NohearsayproblemPastRecollectionRecorded过去回忆的备忘录(Pastrecollectionrecorded)OnlywritingthatmeetsfoundationalrequirementsmaybeusedWitnessfailstorefreshmemoryevenshownthewritingWitnesshadpersonalknowledgeatformertimeWritingwaseithermadebywitness,oradoptedbywitnessStatementmusthavebeenmadeoradoptedwheneventwasfreshinwitness’smemoryWitnesscanvouch保证foraccuracyofwritingwhenmadeoradoptedWritingitselfisreadintoevidence(writingitselfcannotbeintroducedasevidence–unlessbyopposingparty)以朗读的方式，书面文件本身不能作为证据（除非是另一方当事人提出）[NY:itcanbeshowntothejuryandintroducedintoevidenceasexhibitbytheofferingparty.]HearsayExceptionOpinionTestimony意见证据LayWitness非专家证人通常不能给出意见证据Opinion–admissibleif(e.g.emotionsofothers,handwriting,intoxication,speedofcar):Rationallybasedonthewitness’sperception(personalknowledge);Helpfultojuryindecidingafactinissue;ANDNotbasedonscientific/technical/otherspecializedknowledgeExpertWitnessOpinion(mustdescribeingeneralterms)–admissibleifQualifications–educationorexperience(neednotbeformal–e.g.skillwitness);ProperSubjectMatter–scientific/technical/otherspecializedknowledgehelpfultojury;ProperBasisofOpinion–opinionbasedon“reasonabledegreeofprobabilityorreasonablecertainty”AND3permissibledatasourcesPersonalKnowledgeEvidenceintrialrecord,madeknowntoexpertbyhypotheticalquestionFactsoutsiderecordifatypereasonablyrelieduponbyexpertsintheparticularfieldReliability–sufficientlyreliable(TRAPfactors)TestingofprinciplesormethodologyRateoferrorAcceptancebyotherexpertsinsamedisciplinePeerreviewandpublicationNYDistinctions–Reliability(GeneralAcceptanceRule)NYDistinctions–Reliability(GeneralAcceptanceRule)Principles/methodologymustbegenerallyacceptedasreliablebyrelevantprofessionalcommunityOpiniononUltimateIssues案件争议的最基本问题--基本可以CivilCase–opiniontestimonypermissibleforultimateissueCriminalCase–expertcanNOTgivedirectopiniononthementalintentofDinissue如果被告人的精神状况是犯罪构成的要件时，专家证人不得宣布被告有没有精神病。LearnedTreatise权威著作inAidofExpertTestimony(HearsayException)Relevantportionsonlyreadintoevidence只能以朗读的方式，不能展示给陪审团(andNOTintroducedinasexhibit)in:Directexaminationofparty’sownexpert–assubstantiveevidenceCrossexaminationofopponent’sexpert–both(a)assubstantiveevidence&(b)toimpeachNYDistinctions–LearnedTreatises(NOThearsayexception)NYDistinctions–LearnedTreatises(NOThearsayexception)Directexaminationofownparty’sexpert–onlyusedasbasisofopinion(NOTsubstantiveE)Crossexaminationofopponent’sexpert–onlybeusedtoimpeachexpert’scredibility(NOTsubstantiveE)Reliableauthority权威著作mustbeestablishedbyOpponent’sexpertadmits;orOwnexperttestifies;orCourttakesjudicialnoticeCross-Examination交叉质证Partyhasrighttocross-examineanyopposingwitnesswhotestifiesattrialRestrictionsonScope–subjecttodiscretionofjudgewasteoftime,undueharassment,embarrassmentMatterswithinthescopeofdirectexamination(broughtoutindirectexaminationorbyinference);andMattersthattestwitness’scredibility(perception,memory,honesty)Credibility–Impeachment弹劾证人//注意:被告也能成为证人！一旦被告作证，控方就可以弹劾其可信性：注意和品格证据区别GeneralImpeachmentcastingofanadversereflectiononthecredibilityofthewitness,includinghisperception,memoryandhonestyCanimpeacheitherbycross-examinationofthetargetwitnessorbyextrinsicevidence交叉质证或者使用外部证据BolsteringOwnWitness支持自己的证人NOTalloweduntilafterwitness’scredibilityhasbeenattackedEXCEPTION–priorstatementofidentification(HearsayException)ComesinassubstantiveevidencePriorstatementofidentificationmustbemadebytrialwitnessincourtANDsubjecttocross-examination需要是法庭证人并经过交叉质证NYDistinctions–NYDistinctions–StatementofIdentificationOnlyincriminalcasesImpeachmentofOwnWitness–permittedwithoutlimitationNYDistinctionsNYDistinctions–ImpeachmentofOwnWitnessIncriminalcase,permittedonlywhentestimonyofthewitnessdidaffirmativelydamagethecaseofthecallingparty(notmerelyacloudoncredibility)ImpeachmentMethodsPriorInconsistentStatements之前的不符陈述ExtrinsicevidenceallowedFoundation–witnessmustbegivenopportunitytoexplainordenytheinconsistentstatement必须给予否认或者解释的机会Exceptions(HearsayException)–canbeusedassubstantiveevidence可以作为实体证据的例外情形Priorinconsistentstatementgivenunderoath,ANDaspartofformaltrial,hearing,proceeding,deposition---legalproceedingPriorpartyadmissionsBias,InterestorMotivetoMisrepresent偏见，利益ExtrinsicevidencepermittedFoundation–witnessmustbeaskedoncross-examinationaboutfactsshowingbiasorinterestbeforeextrinsicevidenceisallowed在使用外在证据前，必须先质证Methodtoovercomeexclusionaryrules–e.g.liabilityinsurance,settlementconferences,arrests(trumpsotherexclusion)SensoryDeficiencies感官退化NOfoundationrequirement–Extrinsicevidenceallowed,noneedtogetintrinsicevidencefirstConvictionofCrime证人被定罪TypesofconvictionAnycrime(felonyormisdemeanor)involvingdishonestyorfalsestatement–canbeusedagainstanywitness;OR法官不能排除Felonynotinvolvingdishonestyorfalsestatement–trialjudgehasdiscretion法官有裁量权Note:indictmentisnotsufficientConvictionmustbewithin10yearsoftrial从刑满释放的那天开始计算！！！NYDistinctionNYDistinction–ConvictionofCrimeAnycrimecanbeusedtoimpeach–nobalancingBUT,CriminalDefendant–bativevalueonissueofcredibilityExtrinsicevidence(recordofjudgment)allowed,butnotmore.NOfoundationrequirementBadActs不良品行--法官有裁量权排除Specificacts(e.g.lying,deceit,NOTarrests),whichareprobativeoftruthfulnesscanbeusedincross-examinationMusthavegoodfaithbasis;必须有合理理由相信，被告曾实行该行为Admissibilityliesincourt’sdiscretionNotallowedtoprovebadactbyextrinsicevidence–boundbyanydenialNYDistinctionNYDistinction–BadActsBroaderstandardallowsinquiryintoimmoral,vicious,orillegalactsthateffectcredibility.Cross-examinationONLY–NOextrinsicevidenceallow不能引入外部证据（物证/证人证言，只能质证!!!!NOfoundationrequirement(notapplicable)Trialjudgehasdiscretionindecidingwhetherawitnesscanbeimpeachedbyabadact.OnMBEatleast,arrestsarenotbadacts.被逮捕不算不良品行BadReputationorOpinionforTruthfulness不良的关于诚实方面的意见和名声Extrinsicevidenceallowed;Callcharacterwitnesstotestify(inNYreputationevidenceonly)NOfoundationrequirementRehabilitation–canshow恢复证人的可信性GoodReputationforTruthfulnessCanusewhenunderdirectattackonthewitness–(d)(e)(f)OtherwitnessesmaybecalledtotestifythatimpeachedwitnesshasgoodcharacterPriorConsistentStatement一般不允许，只有下面这种特定情况Usetorebutachargeofrecentfabricationorimproperinfluenceormotive–statementmustbemadebeforethemotivetofabricatearose使用动机形成前的前后一致的陈述HearsayException–becomessubstantiveevidence可以成为实体证据,notmerelytorehabilitateNYDistinctionNYDistinction–PriorConsistentStatementAdmissibleonlytorehabilitate.NOTE:differencebetweencharacterevidence&impeachmentevidence注意两者区别！！Methodsofprovingcharacterwhencharacteris“inissue”–extrinsicevidenceisAllowedImpeachingcredibilityofawitnessbyevidenceofcharacter–mayNOTbeprovedbyextrinsicevidenceTypesofProofOccasionsforUseofProofInitialinformationaboutcredibilityDirectExaminationCrossExaminationConvictionsuntruthfulnessOOOOpinion/ReputationuntruthfulnessOOOSpecificActsuntruthfulnessOXOOpinion/ReputationtruthfulnessXOOSpecificActstruthfulnessXXOPrivilege免于作证的特权GeneralFederalactionbasedonfederallaw–applycommonlawforprivilegeFederaldiversityactionapplyingstatesubstantivelaw–applyStatePrivilegeLaw;StateLawonCompetency;DeadMan’sStatutes;StateBurdensofProofLawAttorney-ClientPrivilege律师客户特权communicationbetweenanattorneyandclient,madeduringprofessionalconsultation,areprivilegedfromdisclosureElementsConfidentialcommunications–notintendedtobedisclosedtothirdpartiesNOprivilegetounderlyinginformation,pre-existingdocument,orphysicalevidence#Note:wordsandactsintendingtoconveymessage(exhibitionofphysicalcharacteristic)arecommunications)#Note:pre-existingdocuments,especiallythosepreparedvoluntarily