Syntacticrelations句子关系专题知识专家讲座

4.4.3ModifiersModifierswhichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.(修饰成分具体地阐明了中心语具有选择性旳可体现特性.)ThemostcommonmodifiersofNsareadjectivephrasesandthoseofverbsareadverbphrasesandprepositionalphraseswhichdescribemannerandtime.4.4.3ModifiersModifierswhichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheads.(修饰成分具体地阐明了中心语具有选择性旳可体现特性.)ThemostcommonmodifiersofNsareadjectivephrasesandthoseofverbsareadverbphrasesandprepositionalphraseswhichdescribemannerandtime.第1页ModifierPositioninEnglishModifierpositionexamplePrecedetheheadPPAdvPAPfollowtheheadPrecedeorfollowtheheadaverycarefulgirlopenwithcarereadcarefully;carefullyreadModifierPositioninEnglishpositionModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionexampleaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionopenwithcareexampleaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionfollowtheheadopenwithcareexampleaverycarefulgirlPrecedetheheadAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionModifierModifierPositioninEnglishAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishpositionAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishexamplePrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishaverycarefulgirlPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierModifierPositioninEnglishopenwithcareaverycarefulgirlPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierPositioninEnglishreadcarefully;carefullyreadopenwithcareaverycarefulgirlPrecedeorfollowtheheadfollowtheheadPrecedetheheadAdvPPPAPModifierPositioninEnglish第2页TheExpandedXPRuleTheRule:XP→(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)ExplanationModifier:specifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsThisruleallowsamodifiertooccureitherbeforetheheadorafterit.TheExpandedXPRuleTheRule:XP→(Spec)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)ExplanationModifier:specifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsThisruleallowsamodifiertooccureitherbeforetheheadorafterit.第3页4.5Sentences(TheSRule)

TheSRule:S→NPVPExplanation:ThecombinationofanNPandVPyieldsasentence;Sdoesnothaveaninternalstructure,unlikeaphrase.Thisrulestandsforatraditionalbelief4.5Sentences(TheSRule)

TheSRule:S→NPVPExplanation:ThecombinationofanNPandVPyieldsasentence;Sdoesnothaveaninternalstructure,unlikeaphrase.Thisrulestandsforatraditionalbelief4.5Sentences(TheSRule)

TheSRule:S→NPVPExplanation:ThecombinationofanNPandVPyieldsasentence;Sdoesnothaveaninternalstructure,unlikeaphrase.Thisrulestandsforatraditionalbelief第4页StructuralistSchool(构造主义学派)

----Saussure(索绪尔)Saussure

:aSwisslinguistandsemioticianwhoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificantdevelopmentsbothinlinguisticsandsemioticsinthe20thcentury.Heiswidelyconsideredoneofthefathersof20th-centurylinguisticsandoneoftwomajorfathersofsemiotics.StructuralistSchool(构造主义学派)

----Saussure(索绪尔)Saussure

:aSwisslinguistandsemioticianwhoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificantdevelopmentsbothinlinguisticsandsemioticsinthe20thcentury.Heiswidelyconsideredoneofthefathersof20th-centurylinguisticsandoneoftwomajorfathersofsemiotics.第5页Syntacticrelations（句子关系）Syntacticrelations----thewaysinwhichwords,wordgroupsorphrasesformsentences.Threekindsofsyntacticrelations:

1.PositionalRelations(位置关系)

2.RelationsofSubstitutability(替代关系)

3.RelationsofCo-occurrence(共现关系)Syntacticrelations（句子关系）Syntacticrelations（句子关系）第6页1.Positionalrelation（位置关系）“Positionalrelation”,or“wordorder”,referstothesequentialarrangementtowordsinalanguage.ItisamanifestationofacertainaspectofwhatSaussurecalled“SyntagmaticRelations”（组合关系）,orofwhatotherlinguistscall“HorizontalRelations”（横向关系）or“ChainRelations”（链向关系）.

第7页

Syntagmaticrelations（组合关系）Asyntagmaticrelationshipisonewheresignsoccurinsequenceorparallelandoperatetogethertocreatemeaning.Thesequentialnatureoflanguagemeansthatlinguisticsignshavesyntagmaticrelationships.第8页TheSyntagmaticrelation----therelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.

horizontalrelations(横向关系)chainrelations(链状关系)

第9页ExampleforSyntagmatic1)Theboykickedtheball.2)Boytheballkickedthe.3)Theballkickedtheboy.第10页2.Relationsofsubstitutability

（替代关系）Relationsofsubstitutability----classesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsamesentencestructures.Saussurecalledthem“AssociativeRelations”（联想关系）.Otherpeoplecallthem“ParadigmaticRelations”（聚合关系).第11页ParadigmaticRelations(聚合关系)A

paradigmaticrelation

(associativerelations)----arelationthatholdsbetweenelementsofthesamecategory,i.e.elementsthatcanbesubstitutedforeachother.Theoppositionbetween‘paradigmatic’and‘syntagmatic’relationsisanimportant

dichotomy（一分为二）

ofstructuralistlinguistics.

verticalrelations（纵向关系）choicerelations（选择关系）

第12页ExampleforParadigmaticRelation第13页RelationshipsThetablebelowillustratessyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationships.Thehorizontalitemshavesyntagmaticrelationshipsastheyfollowonfromoneanother.Theverticalitemshaveparadigmaticrelationshipsasineachcolumn,itemscanbesubstitutedforoneanother.第14页3.RelationsofCo-occurrence

（共现关系）RelationsofCo-occurrence----wordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermitorrequiretheoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.Thusrelationsofco-occurrencepartlybelongtosyntagmaticrelationsandpartlytoparadigmaticrelations.第15页SyntacticRelations:ConclusionInSaussure'soriginaltheory,thesetworelationsareapplicable

ateveryleveloflinguisticanalysis.Thesequencewhichasignformswiththoseitisinasyntagmaticrelationissometimescalleda

STRUCTURE.Tousethewordinamorerestrictedsens