《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文-Ch课件

Chapter2Paradigms,Theory,AndResearchChapter2Paradigms,Theory,An1ChapterOutlineIntroductionSomeSocialScienceParadigmsElementsofSocialTheoryTwoLogicalSystemsRevisitedDeductiveTheoryConstructionInductiveTheoryConstructionTheLinksBetweenTheoryandResearchChapterOutlineIntroduction2TheoryandResearchTheoryfunctionsthreewaysinresearch:Theoriespreventourbeingtakeninbyflukes.Theoriesmakesenseofobservedpatternsinwaysthatcansuggestotherpossibilities.Theoriescandirectresearchefforts,pointingtowardlikelydiscoveriesthroughempiricalobservation.TheoryandResearchTheoryfunc3QuestionWhichofthefollowingdotheoriesseektoprovide?personalexperiencediscoverycorrelationslogicalexplanationsQuestionWhichofthefollowing4Answer:DTheoriesseektoprovidelogicalexplanations.Answer:DTheoriesseektoprov5ParadigmsAmodelorframeworkforobservationandunderstanding,whichshapesbothwhatweseeandhowweunderstandit.Theconflictparadigmcausesustoseesocialbehavioroneway,theinteractionistparadigmcausesustoseeitdifferently.Wecanseenewwaysofseeingandexplainingthingswhenwestepoutsideourparadigm.ParadigmsAmodelorframework6SocialScienceParadigms:MacrotheoryMacrotheorydealswithlarge,aggregateentitiesofsocietyorwholesocieties.Strugglebetweeneconomicclasses,internationalrelationsSocialScienceParadigms:Macr7SocialScienceParadigms:MicrotheoryMicrotheorydealswithissuesatthelevelofindividualsandsmallgroups.Datingbehavior,jurydeliberations,studentfacultyinteractionsSocialScienceParadigms:Micr8SocialScienceParadigms:SocialDarwinismComte’sviewthatsciencewouldreplacereligionandmetaphysicsbybasingknowledgeonobservations.Comtecoinedpositivism,incontrasttowhatheregardedasnegativeelementsintheEnlightenment.SocialScienceParadigms:Soci9SocialScienceParadigms:ConflictMarxsuggestedsocialbehaviorcouldbeseenastheprocessofconflict:Attempttodominateothers.Attempttoavoiddomination.SocialScienceParadigms:Conf10SocialScienceParadigms:SymbolicInteractionism

Interactionsrevolvearoundindividualsreachingunderstandingthroughlanguageandothersystems.Canlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.SocialScienceParadigms:Symb11SocialScienceParadigms:EthnomethodologyPeoplearecontinuouslytryingtomakesenseofthelifetheyexperience.Onetechniqueistobreaktherulesandviolatepeople’sexpectations.SocialScienceParadigms:Ethn12SocialScienceParadigms:StructuralFunctionalismAsocialentity,suchasanorganization,canbeviewedasanorganism.Asocialsystemismadeupofparts,eachofwhichcontributestothefunctioningofthewhole.Thisviewlooksforthe“functions”servedbythevariouscomponentsofsociety.SocialScienceParadigms:Stru13SocialScienceParadigms:FeminismFocusesongenderdifferencesandhowtheyrelatetotherestofsocialorganization.Drawsattentiontotheoppressionofwomeninmanysocieties,andshedslightonallkindsofoppression.SocialScienceParadigms:Femi14Question___________arefundamentalframesofreference.perspectivestheoriesparadigmsmethodsQuestion___________arefunda15Answer:CParadigmsarefundamentalframesofreference.Answer:CParadigmsarefundam16Question_______________canlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.symbolicinteractionismconflicttheorystructuralfunctionalismfeministtheorynoneofthesechoicesQuestion_______________canle17Answer:ASymbolicinteractionismcanlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.Answer:ASymbolicinteractioni18Women’sWaysofKnowing5perspectivesonknowingthatchallengetheviewofinquiryasstraightforward:Silence:Somewomenfeelisolatedfromknowledge,theirlivesarelargelydeterminedbyexternalauthorities.Women’sWaysofKnowing5persp19Women’sWaysofKnowingReceivedknowledge:Womenfeelcomfortabletakinginknowledgefromexternalauthorities.Subjectiveknowledge:Opentothepossibilityofpersonal,subjectiveknowledge,includingintuition.Women’sWaysofKnowingReceive20Women’sWaysofKnowingProceduralknowledge:Learninghowtogainknowledgethroughobjectiveprocedures.Constructedknowledge:Womenviewknowledgeascontextual,experiencethemselvesascreatorsofknowledgeandvaluesubjectiveandobjectivewaysofknowing.Women’sWaysofKnowingProcedu21SocialScienceParadigms:CriticalRaceTheoryInthemid-1970s,civilrightsactivistsandsocialscientistsbeganthecodificationofaparadigmbasedonacommitmenttoracialjustice.TheconceptofinterestconvergencesuggeststhatlawswillonlybechangedtobenefitAfricanAmericansifthosechangesfurthertheinterestsofwhites.SocialScienceParadigms:Crit22AschExperimentPurposewastoseewhethersubjectswereswayedbypressuretogoalongwithanincorrectanswer.Initialexperiments,foundthatalittleover1/3ofsubjectswere.AschExperimentPurposewasto23ElementsofSocialTheoryTheoriesaresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.Aparadigmoffersawayoflooking,atheoryaimsatexplainingwhatwesee.Insocialresearch,observationreferstoseeing,hearing,and—lesscommonly—touching.ElementsofSocialTheoryTheor24ElementsofSocialTheorySocialscientistsusefacttorefertoaphenomenonthathasbeenobserved.Scientistsorganizemanyfactsunder“rules”calledlaws.Avariableisaspecialkindofconcept.Axiomsorpostulatesareassertions,takentobetrue,onwhichatheoryisgrounded.ElementsofSocialTheorySocia25ElementsofSocialTheoryPropositionsarespecificconclusions,derivedfromtheaxiomaticgroundwork,abouttherelationshipsamongconcepts.Ahypothesisisaspecifiedtestableexpectationaboutempiricalrealitythatfollowsfromamoregeneralproposition.Researchisdesignedtotesthypotheses.ElementsofSocialTheoryPropo26Question__________is/aresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.answersknowledgepracticalitytheoriestruthQuestion__________is/aresys27Answer:DTheoriesaresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.Answer:DTheoriesaresystemat28TraditionalModelofScienceTherearethreemainelementsinthetraditionalmodelofscience:TheoryOperationalization-Developingoperationaldefinitions,orspecifyingtheexactoperationsinvolvedinmeasuringavariable.Observation-Lookingattheworldandmakingmeasurementsofwhatisseen.TraditionalModelofScienceTh29OperationalDefinitionTheconcreteandspecificdefinitionofsomethingintermsoftheoperationsbywhichobservationsaretobecategorized.OperationalDefinitionTheconc30TheTraditionalImageofScienceThedeductivemodelofscientificinquirybeginswithasometimesvagueorgeneralquestion,whichissubjectedtoaprocessofspecification,resultinginhypothesesthatcanbetestedthroughempiricalobservations.TheTraditionalImageofScien31NullHypothesisInconnectionwithhypothesistestingandtestsofstatisticalsignificance,thathypothesisthatsuggeststhereisnorelationshipamongthevariablesunderstudy.Youmayconcludethatthevariablesarerelatedafterhavingstatisticallyrejectedthenullhypothesis.NullHypothesisInconnectionw32《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文-Ch课件33LinkingSocialScientificTheoryandResearchDeduction-Derivingexpectationsorhypothesesfromtheories.Induction-Developinggeneralizationsfromspecificobservations.LinkingSocialScientificTheo34DeductiveTheoryConstructionPickatopic.Specifyarange:Willyourtheoryapplytoallofhumansociallife,onlycertainages?Identifymajorconcernsandvariables.Findoutwhatisknownabouttherelationshipsamongthevariables.Reasonfromthosepropositionstothetopicyouareinterestedin.DeductiveTheoryConstructionP35InductiveTheoryConstructionsocialscientistsconstructatheorythroughtheinductivemethodbyobservingaspectsofsociallifeandseekingtodiscoverpatternsthatpointtorelativelyuniversalprinciples.BarneyGlaserandAnselmStrauss(1967)usedthetermgroundedtheoryforthismethod.Fieldresearch,directobservationofeventsinprogress,isfrequentlyusedtodeveloptheoriesthroughobservation.InductiveTheoryConstruction36QuickQuizQuickQuiz371.Thethreemainelementsofthetraditionalmodelofsciencearetheory,operationalization,observation.operationalization,hypothesistesting,theory.observation,experimentation,operationalization.theory,observation,hypothesistesting.experimentation,hypothesistesting,theory.1.Thethreemainelementsof38Answer:AThethreemainelementsofthetraditionalmodelofsciencearetheory,operationalization,observation.Answer:AThethreemainelemen392.Whichofthefollowingisthebestexampleofahypothesis?Thegreaterthelevelofeducation,thegreaterthetoleranceforalternativelifestyles.Socializationinchildhoodhasasignificantimpactonadolescentgender-roleidentity.Therearemorefemalethanmalecollegestudents.Religiosityequalsfrequencyofchurchattendanceandpraying.Actionsarebasedonperceivedcostsandrewards.2.Whichofthefollowingist40Answer:AThefollowingisthebestexampleofahypothesis:Thegreaterthelevelofeducation,thegreaterthetoleranceforalternativelifestyles.Answer:AThefollowingisthe413.Theparadigmthataccountsfortheimpactofeconomicconditionsonfamilystructuresissymbolicinteractionism.structuralfunctionalism.positivism.conflict.Exchange3.Theparadigmthataccounts42Answer:BTheparadigmthataccountsfortheimpactofeconomicconditionsonfamilystructuresisstructuralfunctionalism.Answer:BTheparadigmthatacc434.Whichofthefollowingisnotastepindeductivetheoryconstruction?Oraretheyallsteps?specifythetopicidentifythemajorconceptsandvariablesidentifypropositionsabouttherelationshipsamongthosevariablesreasonlogicallyfromthosepropositionstothespecifictopiconeisexaminingallaresteps4.Whichofthefollowingisn44Answer:BThefollowingisnotastepindeductivetheoryconstruction:identifythemajorconceptsandvariables.Answer:BThefollowingisnot45Chapter2Paradigms,Theory,AndResearchChapter2Paradigms,Theory,An46ChapterOutlineIntroductionSomeSocialScienceParadigmsElementsofSocialTheoryTwoLogicalSystemsRevisitedDeductiveTheoryConstructionInductiveTheoryConstructionTheLinksBetweenTheoryandResearchChapterOutlineIntroduction47TheoryandResearchTheoryfunctionsthreewaysinresearch:Theoriespreventourbeingtakeninbyflukes.Theoriesmakesenseofobservedpatternsinwaysthatcansuggestotherpossibilities.Theoriescandirectresearchefforts,pointingtowardlikelydiscoveriesthroughempiricalobservation.TheoryandResearchTheoryfunc48QuestionWhichofthefollowingdotheoriesseektoprovide?personalexperiencediscoverycorrelationslogicalexplanationsQuestionWhichofthefollowing49Answer:DTheoriesseektoprovidelogicalexplanations.Answer:DTheoriesseektoprov50ParadigmsAmodelorframeworkforobservationandunderstanding,whichshapesbothwhatweseeandhowweunderstandit.Theconflictparadigmcausesustoseesocialbehavioroneway,theinteractionistparadigmcausesustoseeitdifferently.Wecanseenewwaysofseeingandexplainingthingswhenwestepoutsideourparadigm.ParadigmsAmodelorframework51SocialScienceParadigms:MacrotheoryMacrotheorydealswithlarge,aggregateentitiesofsocietyorwholesocieties.Strugglebetweeneconomicclasses,internationalrelationsSocialScienceParadigms:Macr52SocialScienceParadigms:MicrotheoryMicrotheorydealswithissuesatthelevelofindividualsandsmallgroups.Datingbehavior,jurydeliberations,studentfacultyinteractionsSocialScienceParadigms:Micr53SocialScienceParadigms:SocialDarwinismComte’sviewthatsciencewouldreplacereligionandmetaphysicsbybasingknowledgeonobservations.Comtecoinedpositivism,incontrasttowhatheregardedasnegativeelementsintheEnlightenment.SocialScienceParadigms:Soci54SocialScienceParadigms:ConflictMarxsuggestedsocialbehaviorcouldbeseenastheprocessofconflict:Attempttodominateothers.Attempttoavoiddomination.SocialScienceParadigms:Conf55SocialScienceParadigms:SymbolicInteractionism

Interactionsrevolvearoundindividualsreachingunderstandingthroughlanguageandothersystems.Canlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.SocialScienceParadigms:Symb56SocialScienceParadigms:EthnomethodologyPeoplearecontinuouslytryingtomakesenseofthelifetheyexperience.Onetechniqueistobreaktherulesandviolatepeople’sexpectations.SocialScienceParadigms:Ethn57SocialScienceParadigms:StructuralFunctionalismAsocialentity,suchasanorganization,canbeviewedasanorganism.Asocialsystemismadeupofparts,eachofwhichcontributestothefunctioningofthewhole.Thisviewlooksforthe“functions”servedbythevariouscomponentsofsociety.SocialScienceParadigms:Stru58SocialScienceParadigms:FeminismFocusesongenderdifferencesandhowtheyrelatetotherestofsocialorganization.Drawsattentiontotheoppressionofwomeninmanysocieties,andshedslightonallkindsofoppression.SocialScienceParadigms:Femi59Question___________arefundamentalframesofreference.perspectivestheoriesparadigmsmethodsQuestion___________arefunda60Answer:CParadigmsarefundamentalframesofreference.Answer:CParadigmsarefundam61Question_______________canlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.symbolicinteractionismconflicttheorystructuralfunctionalismfeministtheorynoneofthesechoicesQuestion_______________canle62Answer:ASymbolicinteractionismcanlendinsightsintothenatureofinteractionsinordinarysociallife.Answer:ASymbolicinteractioni63Women’sWaysofKnowing5perspectivesonknowingthatchallengetheviewofinquiryasstraightforward:Silence:Somewomenfeelisolatedfromknowledge,theirlivesarelargelydeterminedbyexternalauthorities.Women’sWaysofKnowing5persp64Women’sWaysofKnowingReceivedknowledge:Womenfeelcomfortabletakinginknowledgefromexternalauthorities.Subjectiveknowledge:Opentothepossibilityofpersonal,subjectiveknowledge,includingintuition.Women’sWaysofKnowingReceive65Women’sWaysofKnowingProceduralknowledge:Learninghowtogainknowledgethroughobjectiveprocedures.Constructedknowledge:Womenviewknowledgeascontextual,experiencethemselvesascreatorsofknowledgeandvaluesubjectiveandobjectivewaysofknowing.Women’sWaysofKnowingProcedu66SocialScienceParadigms:CriticalRaceTheoryInthemid-1970s,civilrightsactivistsandsocialscientistsbeganthecodificationofaparadigmbasedonacommitmenttoracialjustice.TheconceptofinterestconvergencesuggeststhatlawswillonlybechangedtobenefitAfricanAmericansifthosechangesfurthertheinterestsofwhites.SocialScienceParadigms:Crit67AschExperimentPurposewastoseewhethersubjectswereswayedbypressuretogoalongwithanincorrectanswer.Initialexperiments,foundthatalittleover1/3ofsubjectswere.AschExperimentPurposewasto68ElementsofSocialTheoryTheoriesaresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.Aparadigmoffersawayoflooking,atheoryaimsatexplainingwhatwesee.Insocialresearch,observationreferstoseeing,hearing,and—lesscommonly—touching.ElementsofSocialTheoryTheor69ElementsofSocialTheorySocialscientistsusefacttorefertoaphenomenonthathasbeenobserved.Scientistsorganizemanyfactsunder“rules”calledlaws.Avariableisaspecialkindofconcept.Axiomsorpostulatesareassertions,takentobetrue,onwhichatheoryisgrounded.ElementsofSocialTheorySocia70ElementsofSocialTheoryPropositionsarespecificconclusions,derivedfromtheaxiomaticgroundwork,abouttherelationshipsamongconcepts.Ahypothesisisaspecifiedtestableexpectationaboutempiricalrealitythatfollowsfromamoregeneralproposition.Researchisdesignedtotesthypotheses.ElementsofSocialTheoryPropo71Question__________is/aresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.answersknowledgepracticalitytheoriestruthQuestion__________is/aresys72Answer:DTheoriesaresystematicsetsofinterrelatedstatementsintendedtoexplainsomeaspectofsociallife.Answer:DTheoriesaresystemat73TraditionalModelofScienceTherearethreemainelementsinthetraditionalmodelofscience:TheoryOperationalization-Developingoperationaldefinitions,orspecifyingtheexactoperationsinvolvedinmeasuringavariable.Observation-Lookingattheworldandmakingmeasurementsofwhatisseen.TraditionalModelofScienceTh74OperationalDefinitionTheconcreteandspecificdefinitionofsomethingintermsoftheoperationsbywhichobservationsaretobecategorized.OperationalDefinitionTheconc75TheTraditionalImageofScienceThedeductivemodelofscientificinquirybeginswithasometimesvagueorgeneralquestion,whichissubjectedtoaprocessofspecification,resultinginhypothesesthatcanbetestedthroughempiricalobservations.TheTraditionalImageofScien76NullHypothesisInconnectionwithhypothesistestingandtestsofstatisticalsignificance,thathypothesisthatsuggeststhereisnorelationshipamongthevariablesunderstudy.Youmayconcludethatthevariablesarerelatedafterhavingstatisticallyrejectedthenullhypothesis.NullHypothesisInconnectionw77《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文-Ch课件78LinkingSocialScientificTheoryandResearchDeduction-Derivingexpectationsorhypothesesfromtheories.Induction-Developinggeneralizationsfromspecificobservations.LinkingSocialScientificTheo79DeductiveTheoryConstructionPickatopic.Specifyarange:Willyourtheoryapplytoallofhumansociallife,onlycertainages?Identifymajorconcernsandvariables.Findoutwhatisknownabouttherelationshipsamongthevariables.Reasonfromthosepropositionstothetopicyouareinterestedin.DeductiveTheoryConstructionP80InductiveTheoryConstructionsocialscientistsconstructatheorythroughtheinductivemethodbyobservingaspectsofsociallifeandseekingtodiscoverpatternsthatpointtorelativelyuniversalprinciples.BarneyGlaserandAnselmStrauss(1967)usedthetermgroundedtheoryforthismethod.Fi