ArchitectureEnglish-2-建筑英语第二单元课件

建筑英语主讲：杜鹃ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS建筑英语主讲：杜鹃ARCHITECTUREENGLISH1UNITtwo

ArchitecturalhistoryThe

historyofarchitecture

tracesthechangesin

architecture

throughvarioustraditions,regions,overarchingstylistictrends,anddates.Thebranchesofarchitecturearecivil,

sacred,

naval,military

andlandscapearchitecture..UNITtwo

Architecturalhi2ArchitectureTimelineHowdidtheworld'sgreatbuildingsevolve?ArchitectureinPrehistoricTimesAncientEgypt(3,050BCto900BC)Classical(850BCto476AD)Byzantine(527to565AD)Romanesque(800to1200AD)GothicArchitecture(1100to1450AD

)Tobecontinued…

ArchitectureTimelineHowdidt3WorldMapWorldMap4TheBriefHistoryofWorldArchitectureI

世界建筑简史TheBriefHistoryofWorldArc5课文翻译Paragraph1

Architecture

isthepracticeofbuildingdesignanditsresultingproducts；customaryusagerefersonlytothosedesignsandstructuresthatareculturallysignificant.Architecturemustsatisfyitsintendeduses,mustbetechnicallysound,

andmustconveyaestheticmeaning.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse,surviving

notonlyasbeautifulobjects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofculture.建筑是修建设计的实践和最终产物；习惯用法仅指具有文化重要性的设计和结构。建筑必须要满足其使用目的，必须技术上可靠，而且必须传达美学意义。一些最为杰出的建筑物通常修建巧妙，以至于已经超出了其最初的使用目的，不仅仅作为一件美丽的物体存在，还记载了文化历史。Sound:adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的课文翻译Paragraph1

Architectur6课文翻译Paragraph2

ForWesternreaders,thearchitectureoftheancientworld,of

theOrient,andofthepre-ColumbianAmericasmaybedividedintotwogroups:indigenous

architectureand

classicalarchitecture.Indigenousarchitectureincludeswaysofbuildingthatappeartohavedevelopedindependentlyinisolated,localculturalconditions.ClassicalarchitectureincludesthesystemsandbuildingmethodsofGreeceandRome.对西方读者来说，源于古代、东方，以及哥伦布到达美洲以前的建筑可以分为两类：本土建筑和古典建筑。本土建筑包括看上去似乎在孤立的地方文化条件当中独立发展出的一些修建方式。古典建筑则涵盖了希腊和罗马的建筑方式及体系。课文翻译Paragraph2

ForWestern7课文翻译Paragraph3

Theoldestdesignedenvironmentsstableenoughtohaveleftarchitecturaltracesdatefromthefirstdevelopmentofcities.TheAssyriancityofKhorsabad,builtduringthereignofSargonIIandexcavatedasearlyas1842,becamethebasisforthestudyofMesopotamianarchitecture.Overalongperiod,theurbancultureofEgypterectedthemostawesomeoftheworld’sancientmonuments.Thelargestandbestpreservedpyramids-usedforroyaltombs-arethoseofKhufuandKhafreatGiza.最早的人造环境相当稳定，保留了自最早城市发展以来的建筑痕迹。霍萨巴德的亚述城建立于萨尔贡二世在位期间（公元前722-705年）并于1842年被发掘，成为了研究美索不达米亚建筑的基础。很长一段时间，埃及城市文明树立起世界古代遗址最令人敬畏的丰碑。现存最大最完整的金字塔—皇家墓葬—分别属于胡夫和吉萨的哈夫拉法老(Pharaoh)。课文翻译Paragraph3

Theoldest8MapofGizapyramid——PyramidofKhufu"referstotheGreatPyramid.MapofGizapyramid——9课文翻译Paragraph4

EarlyIndianstonearchitecture,whichwaselaboratelycarved,wasmorelikesculpturethanbuilding.AtsitessuchasElloraandAjanta,northeastofBombay,aregreatseriesofartificialcaves,sculptedoutofthesolidrockofcliffs.TheChinesehouse,builtinrectangularandsymmetricalfashion,reflectsatraditionalfocusonsocialorder.Japanesehousedesignismoreconcernedwithachievingasatisfyingrelationshipwithearth,water,rocks,andtrees.ThisapproachisepitomizedintheKatsuraDetachedPalace.早期的印度石建筑通过精心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建筑。在诸如孟买东北部的埃罗喇和阿謇陀景点就有大量的人工洞穴，于峭壁的岩石雕凿而成。中国房屋以长方形对称的结构方式修建，反映了以社会秩序为中心的传统。日本的房屋设计更注重达到与土地、水流、岩石以及树木和谐相处的关系。桂离宫（日本）便是这种方法的集中体现。epitomize:v.

概括；成为...的缩影；作为典范课文翻译Paragraph4

EarlyIndian10AjantaCave&KatsuraDetachedPalaceAjantaCave&KatsuraDetach11课文翻译Paragraph5-1

TheTeotihuacancultureofMexicocontainedtwoimmensepyramidsembeddedinwhatwasavastcity.TheMayancivilization’sgreatestbuildingperiodsfallwithinthe4th

tothe11th

century.TheMaya

createdimpressivestructuresthroughextensiveearthmoving.Theirboldarchitecturalsculptureiseitherintegralwiththestonemonumentsorisaddedasstuccoornamentation.墨西哥提奥帝华坎文化（公元前100年到公元700年）拥有两座巨型金字塔镶嵌于一座庞大的城市当中。玛雅文明最伟大的建筑时期是公元4世纪到公元11世纪。通过大范围的迁徙途中，玛雅人创造出了许多令人印象深刻的建筑物。他们粗犷的建筑雕刻中既有整体岩石雕琢也有涂以灰泥为装饰。课文翻译Paragraph5-1

12TheMayanPyramidandtheancientMayaRegionTheMayanPyramidandtheanci13课文翻译Paragraph5-2

TheIncaEmpirewascenteredinthePeruvian

Andesandflourishedfromabout1200to1533.Incamasonrycraftsmanshipisunexcelled;enormouspiecesofstoneweretransportedovermountainous

terrain

andfittedtogetherwithprecision.印加古国位于秘鲁安第斯山脉中心，繁荣于1200年至1533年这段时期。印加石匠们的技艺无可比拟；巨大的岩石穿过崇山峻岭被运来而且精确的被组装起来。masonry:n.砖石建筑；石工行业

terrain：n.地带；地形

课文翻译Paragraph5-2

TheI14▲课文翻译Paragraph6-1

ThebuildingsystemsandformsofancientGreeceandRomedirectlydeterminedthecourseofWesternarchitecture.FormsoftheGreektemple,thearchetypalshrineofalltime,

rangefromthetinyTempleofNikeApteros(427-424BC)ofabout6by9meter(about20by30ft),ontheAcropolis

inAthens,tothegiganticTempleofZeus(500?BC)atAgrigentoinSicily,whichcoveredmorethanonehectare(morethantwoacres).古代希腊和罗马的建筑体系以及建筑形式直接决定了西方建筑的进程。希腊庙宇的形式，即所有时期的典型神殿，范围从位于雅典卫城的小到6至9米的胜利女神神庙，到西西里岛阿格里琴托城里大到1公顷（相当于2英亩）的宙斯神庙。Shrine:n.

圣地；神龛；庙Acropolis:雅典卫城▲课文翻译Paragraph6-1

The15TempleofNikeApteros(winglessvictory)TempleofNikeApteros(win16AcropolisParthenonOldTempleofAthenaStatueof

AthenaPromachosTempleofAthenaNikePropylaeaErechtheionAcropolisParthenonOldTempleo17TempleofZeusTempleofZeus18▲课文翻译Paragraph6-2

TwoGreekarchitecturalordersdevelopedmoreorlessconcurrently.The

Doricorderpredominatedonthemainlandandinthewesterncolonies.TheacknowledgedDoricmasterpieceistheParthenon

（447-432BC），whichcrownstheAthensAcropolis.TheIonic

orderoriginatedinthecitiesontheislandsandcoastsofAsiaMinor.

Itfeaturedcapitalswithspiralvolutes,slendershafts,andelaboratebases.TheCorinthian

order,alaterdevelopment,introducedIoniccapitalsdetailedwithacanthusleaves.希腊的两大结构几乎在同一时期发展起来。多立克柱式在大陆和西方殖民的占主导地位。帕特农神庙被公认是多立克柱型建筑风格的代表作，使雅典卫城达到了顶峰。爱奥尼柱式起源于岛屿和小亚细亚沿岸的城市。它以螺旋涡形的柱头，细长的柱身以及精致的底座而著称。科林斯柱式风格，较晚出现，采用毛莨叶形装饰的爱奥尼式柱顶。▲课文翻译Paragraph6-2

TwoGr19ParthenonParthenon20ParthenonParthenon21DoricorderCornice:檐口Frieze：檐壁，横饰带Architrave：额枋Capital：柱头，柱顶Shaft：柱身Stylobate:基座Triglyph：三拢版；三槽间饰带Metope:垅间壁；柱间壁DoricorderCornice:檐口22IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣饰Entablature:檐部,柱顶盘Column:立柱Rakingcornice:斜挑檐Moldings:(檐口)线脚Abacus:（圆柱）顶板Volute:涡形；螺旋型；Flute:（柱上的）凹槽Fillet:平缘，木摺Base:柱础IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣饰23CorinthianorderDentil:齿状装饰Boss:浮雕，圆形突出物，凸饰Rosette:圆形花饰Acanthus

leaf:毛茛叶CorinthianorderDentil:齿状装饰24课文翻译Paragraph7-1

Romebecameapowerful,well-organizedempire,markedbygreatengineeringworks-roads,canals,bridges,andaqueducts.TwoRomaninventionsallowedforgreaterarchitecturalflexibility:thedomeandthegroinvault-formedbytheintersectionoftwoidenticalbarrelvaultsoverasquareplan.罗马成为实力强大，组织完善的王国，以大量的工程作品著称：道路、运河、桥梁以及高架渠。两组罗马特色的发明使得建筑更加灵活起来：穹顶以及通过两个独立筒形拱顶交叉于一个正方形设计上的交叉拱顶。课文翻译Paragraph7-1

Romeb25课文翻译Paragraph7-2

TheRomansalsointroducedthecommemorativeortriumphalarchandtheColosseumorstadium.Romewasnoteworthyforgrandioseurbandesign,demonstratedthroughtheforum,completewithbasilica,temple,andotherfeatures.ThemostremarkableforumisHadrian’sVilla(125-132)nearTivoli.罗马人还创造了作为纪念而建造的凯旋门、用于公开讨论的广场和露天竞技场。罗马值得注意的有宏伟的城市设计，用于集会的广场，完美的教堂，庙宇以及其他特色建筑。最著名的广场是位于提沃利的哈德良寝宫。Forum于1460年进入英语，源自古典拉丁语的forum，意为公共场所、市场。在这里指古罗马城镇的广场,当时是古罗马的城市中心，包括一些罗马最古老与最重要的建筑。现指论坛。Agora：原意为市集，泛指古希腊以及古罗马城市中经济、社交、文化的中心。通常地处城市中心，为露天广场。城市男性居民聚集在那里进行商业交易。此外，Agora还是居民谈论政治、谈论哲学以及相互结识的场所，以至于古罗马时代Agora被称为Forum。课文翻译Paragraph7-2

Th26RomeTriumphalArch&

Colosseum&RomanForum

RomeTriumphalArch&Colosseu27RomanAgora&Hadrian’sVillaRomanAgora&Hadrian’sVilla28课文翻译Paragraph8

Inthe4th

century,RomanEmperorConstantine

theGreatconvertedtoChristianityandcreatedaChristianempire,promptingthebuildingofmanynewchurches.ThesurvivingbasilicasinRomethatmostclearlyevoketheEarlyChristiancharacterincludeSant’AgneseFuorileMuraandSantaSabina(422-432).Byzantinechurches,domedanddecoratedwithmosaics,proliferatedthroughouttheByzantineEmpire;mostnotableistheHagiaSophia(532-537),builtbyEasternemperorJustinianIatConstantinople.公元4世纪，罗马国王康斯坦丁大帝皈依了基督教，并且建立了国教为基督教的王国，兴建了许多新式教堂建筑。巴西利卡式教堂在罗马延续了下来，极明显地促进了早期基督教风格的发展，包括圣阿格涅斯和圣萨比纳教堂。拜占庭风格的教堂有穹顶并装饰有马赛克并在拜占庭帝国迅速大量的产生；最著名的有圣索菲亚大教堂（532-537年），由东罗马帝国国王查士丁尼一世在君士坦丁堡修建。课文翻译Paragraph8

Int29Sant’AgneseFuorileMuraSant’AgneseFuorileMura30Byzantinechurch—HagiaSophiaByzantinechurch—HagiaSophi31课文翻译Paragraph9

ThebasilicanplanwaselaboratedinRomanesquearchitecture.SomegreatestmonasticRomanesquechurchesdidnotsurvivetheFrenchRevolution(1789-1799)buthasbeenreconstructedindrawings.ItsdesigninfluencedRomanesqueandGothicchurchesinBurgundyandbeyond.巴西利卡式建筑风格在罗马式建筑风格中变得复杂起来。一些最伟大的罗马修道院在法国大革命期间没能幸免于难，但是人们根据绘画作品进行了重建。其设计对位于勃艮地以及更远地区的罗马和哥特式教堂产生了影响。Monastic：n.僧侣；修道士adj.修士的；修道院的课文翻译Paragraph9

Thebasil32课文翻译Paragraph10

Atthebeginningofthe12th

century,RomanesquewastransformedintoGothicarchitecture.AlthoughthechangewasaresponsetoagrowingrationalisminChristiantheology,itwasalsotheresultoftechnicaldevelopmentsinvaulting.About1100,thebuildersofDurhamCathedralinEnglandinventedanewmethodthatgaveanewgeometric

articulation-theribbedvault.12世纪早期，罗马建筑演变成了哥特式建筑。尽管这种改变回应了在基督教神学理论中成长起来的理性主义，它也是拱形结构技术发展的结果。大约在1100年，英国都汉姆大教堂的修建者们创造了一种新的几何连接方法，即肋拱。geometric

：adj.几何学的；几何学图形的articulation:

n表达；接合；连接；课文翻译Paragraph10

Atthe33DurhamCathedralDurhamCathedral34课文翻译Paragraph11

Otherdevelopmentswerethepointedarchandvault,andtheflyingbuttress,whichallowedconstructionofmoreelegant,higher,andapparentlylighterstructures.ThemajorFrenchGothiccathedralsincludethoseatParis（seeNotre-Dame）,Chartres,Reims,andAmiens.TheEnglishGothiccathedralsincludeCanterbury,Lincoln,YorkMinster,andExeter.其他新发明主要是尖券和尖拱，以及飞券，他们使得建筑物更加美观，高大，而且结构明显更加轻巧。法国主要的哥特式大教堂包括位于巴黎，夏特尔，兰斯，以及亚眠等地的教堂。英国哥特式教堂包括坎特伯雷，林肯市，约克以及艾克赛特大教堂。CathédraleNotre-Dame:n.(巴黎)圣母院课文翻译Paragraph11

Otherde35PointedArchandVault&FlyingButrressPointedArchandVault&Flyi36CathédraleNotre-DameCathédraleNotre-Dame37建筑英语主讲：杜鹃ARCHITECTUREENGLISHArchitectureSchoolofSIAS建筑英语主讲：杜鹃ARCHITECTUREENGLISH38UNITtwo

ArchitecturalhistoryThe

historyofarchitecture

tracesthechangesin

architecture

throughvarioustraditions,regions,overarchingstylistictrends,anddates.Thebranchesofarchitecturearecivil,

sacred,

naval,military

andlandscapearchitecture..UNITtwo

Architecturalhi39ArchitectureTimelineHowdidtheworld'sgreatbuildingsevolve?ArchitectureinPrehistoricTimesAncientEgypt(3,050BCto900BC)Classical(850BCto476AD)Byzantine(527to565AD)Romanesque(800to1200AD)GothicArchitecture(1100to1450AD

)Tobecontinued…

ArchitectureTimelineHowdidt40WorldMapWorldMap41TheBriefHistoryofWorldArchitectureI

世界建筑简史TheBriefHistoryofWorldArc42课文翻译Paragraph1

Architecture

isthepracticeofbuildingdesignanditsresultingproducts；customaryusagerefersonlytothosedesignsandstructuresthatareculturallysignificant.Architecturemustsatisfyitsintendeduses,mustbetechnicallysound,

andmustconveyaestheticmeaning.Thebestbuildingsareoftensowellconstructedthattheyoutlasttheiroriginaluse,surviving

notonlyasbeautifulobjects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofculture.建筑是修建设计的实践和最终产物；习惯用法仅指具有文化重要性的设计和结构。建筑必须要满足其使用目的，必须技术上可靠，而且必须传达美学意义。一些最为杰出的建筑物通常修建巧妙，以至于已经超出了其最初的使用目的，不仅仅作为一件美丽的物体存在，还记载了文化历史。Sound:adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的课文翻译Paragraph1

Architectur43课文翻译Paragraph2

ForWesternreaders,thearchitectureoftheancientworld,of

theOrient,andofthepre-ColumbianAmericasmaybedividedintotwogroups:indigenous

architectureand

classicalarchitecture.Indigenousarchitectureincludeswaysofbuildingthatappeartohavedevelopedindependentlyinisolated,localculturalconditions.ClassicalarchitectureincludesthesystemsandbuildingmethodsofGreeceandRome.对西方读者来说，源于古代、东方，以及哥伦布到达美洲以前的建筑可以分为两类：本土建筑和古典建筑。本土建筑包括看上去似乎在孤立的地方文化条件当中独立发展出的一些修建方式。古典建筑则涵盖了希腊和罗马的建筑方式及体系。课文翻译Paragraph2

ForWestern44课文翻译Paragraph3

Theoldestdesignedenvironmentsstableenoughtohaveleftarchitecturaltracesdatefromthefirstdevelopmentofcities.TheAssyriancityofKhorsabad,builtduringthereignofSargonIIandexcavatedasearlyas1842,becamethebasisforthestudyofMesopotamianarchitecture.Overalongperiod,theurbancultureofEgypterectedthemostawesomeoftheworld’sancientmonuments.Thelargestandbestpreservedpyramids-usedforroyaltombs-arethoseofKhufuandKhafreatGiza.最早的人造环境相当稳定，保留了自最早城市发展以来的建筑痕迹。霍萨巴德的亚述城建立于萨尔贡二世在位期间（公元前722-705年）并于1842年被发掘，成为了研究美索不达米亚建筑的基础。很长一段时间，埃及城市文明树立起世界古代遗址最令人敬畏的丰碑。现存最大最完整的金字塔—皇家墓葬—分别属于胡夫和吉萨的哈夫拉法老(Pharaoh)。课文翻译Paragraph3

Theoldest45MapofGizapyramid——PyramidofKhufu"referstotheGreatPyramid.MapofGizapyramid——46课文翻译Paragraph4

EarlyIndianstonearchitecture,whichwaselaboratelycarved,wasmorelikesculpturethanbuilding.AtsitessuchasElloraandAjanta,northeastofBombay,aregreatseriesofartificialcaves,sculptedoutofthesolidrockofcliffs.TheChinesehouse,builtinrectangularandsymmetricalfashion,reflectsatraditionalfocusonsocialorder.Japanesehousedesignismoreconcernedwithachievingasatisfyingrelationshipwithearth,water,rocks,andtrees.ThisapproachisepitomizedintheKatsuraDetachedPalace.早期的印度石建筑通过精心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建筑。在诸如孟买东北部的埃罗喇和阿謇陀景点就有大量的人工洞穴，于峭壁的岩石雕凿而成。中国房屋以长方形对称的结构方式修建，反映了以社会秩序为中心的传统。日本的房屋设计更注重达到与土地、水流、岩石以及树木和谐相处的关系。桂离宫（日本）便是这种方法的集中体现。epitomize:v.

概括；成为...的缩影；作为典范课文翻译Paragraph4

EarlyIndian47AjantaCave&KatsuraDetachedPalaceAjantaCave&KatsuraDetach48课文翻译Paragraph5-1

TheTeotihuacancultureofMexicocontainedtwoimmensepyramidsembeddedinwhatwasavastcity.TheMayancivilization’sgreatestbuildingperiodsfallwithinthe4th

tothe11th

century.TheMaya

createdimpressivestructuresthroughextensiveearthmoving.Theirboldarchitecturalsculptureiseitherintegralwiththestonemonumentsorisaddedasstuccoornamentation.墨西哥提奥帝华坎文化（公元前100年到公元700年）拥有两座巨型金字塔镶嵌于一座庞大的城市当中。玛雅文明最伟大的建筑时期是公元4世纪到公元11世纪。通过大范围的迁徙途中，玛雅人创造出了许多令人印象深刻的建筑物。他们粗犷的建筑雕刻中既有整体岩石雕琢也有涂以灰泥为装饰。课文翻译Paragraph5-1

49TheMayanPyramidandtheancientMayaRegionTheMayanPyramidandtheanci50课文翻译Paragraph5-2

TheIncaEmpirewascenteredinthePeruvian

Andesandflourishedfromabout1200to1533.Incamasonrycraftsmanshipisunexcelled;enormouspiecesofstoneweretransportedovermountainous

terrain

andfittedtogetherwithprecision.印加古国位于秘鲁安第斯山脉中心，繁荣于1200年至1533年这段时期。印加石匠们的技艺无可比拟；巨大的岩石穿过崇山峻岭被运来而且精确的被组装起来。masonry:n.砖石建筑；石工行业

terrain：n.地带；地形

课文翻译Paragraph5-2

TheI51▲课文翻译Paragraph6-1

ThebuildingsystemsandformsofancientGreeceandRomedirectlydeterminedthecourseofWesternarchitecture.FormsoftheGreektemple,thearchetypalshrineofalltime,

rangefromthetinyTempleofNikeApteros(427-424BC)ofabout6by9meter(about20by30ft),ontheAcropolis

inAthens,tothegiganticTempleofZeus(500?BC)atAgrigentoinSicily,whichcoveredmorethanonehectare(morethantwoacres).古代希腊和罗马的建筑体系以及建筑形式直接决定了西方建筑的进程。希腊庙宇的形式，即所有时期的典型神殿，范围从位于雅典卫城的小到6至9米的胜利女神神庙，到西西里岛阿格里琴托城里大到1公顷（相当于2英亩）的宙斯神庙。Shrine:n.

圣地；神龛；庙Acropolis:雅典卫城▲课文翻译Paragraph6-1

The52TempleofNikeApteros(winglessvictory)TempleofNikeApteros(win53AcropolisParthenonOldTempleofAthenaStatueof

AthenaPromachosTempleofAthenaNikePropylaeaErechtheionAcropolisParthenonOldTempleo54TempleofZeusTempleofZeus55▲课文翻译Paragraph6-2

TwoGreekarchitecturalordersdevelopedmoreorlessconcurrently.The

Doricorderpredominatedonthemainlandandinthewesterncolonies.TheacknowledgedDoricmasterpieceistheParthenon

（447-432BC），whichcrownstheAthensAcropolis.TheIonic

orderoriginatedinthecitiesontheislandsandcoastsofAsiaMinor.

Itfeaturedcapitalswithspiralvolutes,slendershafts,andelaboratebases.TheCorinthian

order,alaterdevelopment,introducedIoniccapitalsdetailedwithacanthusleaves.希腊的两大结构几乎在同一时期发展起来。多立克柱式在大陆和西方殖民的占主导地位。帕特农神庙被公认是多立克柱型建筑风格的代表作，使雅典卫城达到了顶峰。爱奥尼柱式起源于岛屿和小亚细亚沿岸的城市。它以螺旋涡形的柱头，细长的柱身以及精致的底座而著称。科林斯柱式风格，较晚出现，采用毛莨叶形装饰的爱奥尼式柱顶。▲课文翻译Paragraph6-2

TwoGr56ParthenonParthenon57ParthenonParthenon58DoricorderCornice:檐口Frieze：檐壁，横饰带Architrave：额枋Capital：柱头，柱顶Shaft：柱身Stylobate:基座Triglyph：三拢版；三槽间饰带Metope:垅间壁；柱间壁DoricorderCornice:檐口59IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣饰Entablature:檐部,柱顶盘Column:立柱Rakingcornice:斜挑檐Moldings:(檐口)线脚Abacus:（圆柱）顶板Volute:涡形；螺旋型；Flute:（柱上的）凹槽Fillet:平缘，木摺Base:柱础IonicorderPediment:山花;三角楣饰60CorinthianorderDentil:齿状装饰Boss:浮雕，圆形突出物，凸饰Rosette:圆形花饰Acanthus

leaf:毛茛叶CorinthianorderDentil:齿状装饰61课文翻译Paragraph7-1

Romebecameapowerful,well-organizedempire,markedbygreatengineeringworks-roads,canals,bridges,andaqueducts.TwoRomaninventionsallowedforgreaterarchitecturalflexibility:thedomeandthegroinvault-formedbytheintersectionoftwoidenticalbarrelvaultsoverasquareplan.罗马成为实力强大，组织完善的王国，以大量的工程作品著称：道路、运河、桥梁以及高架渠。两组罗马特色的发明使得建筑更加灵活起来：穹顶以及通过两个独立筒形拱顶交叉于一个正方形设计上的交叉拱顶。课文翻译Paragraph7-1

Romeb62课文翻译Paragraph7-2

TheRomansalsointroducedthecommemorativeortriumphalarchandtheColosseumorstadium.Romewasnoteworthyforgrandioseurbandesign,demonstratedthroughtheforum,completewithbasilica,temple,andotherfeatures.ThemostremarkableforumisHadrian’sVilla(125-132)nearTivoli.罗马人还创造了作为纪念而建造的凯旋门、用于公开讨论的广场和露天竞技场。罗马值得注意的有宏伟的城市设计，用于集会的广场，完美的教堂，庙宇以及其他特色建筑。最著名的广场是位于提沃利的哈德良寝宫。Forum于1460年进入英语，源自古典拉丁语的forum，意为公共场所、市场。在这里指古罗马城镇的广场,当时是古罗马的城市中心，包括一些罗马最古老与最重要的建筑。现指论坛。Agora：原意为市集，泛指古希腊以及古罗马城市中经济、社交、文化的中心。通常地处城市中心，为露天广场。城市男性居民聚集在那里进行商业交易。此外，Agora还是居民谈论政治、谈论哲学以及相互结识的场所，以至于古罗马时代Agora被称为Forum。课文翻译Paragraph7-2

Th63RomeTriumphalArch&

Colosseum&RomanForum

RomeTriumphalArch&Colosseu64RomanAgora&Hadrian’sVillaRomanAgora&Hadrian’sVilla65课文翻译Paragraph8

Inthe4th

century,RomanEmperorConstantine

theGreatconvertedtoChristianityandcreatedaChristianempire,promptingthebuildingofmanynewchurches.ThesurvivingbasilicasinRomethatmostclearlyevoketheEarlyChristiancharacterincludeSant’AgneseFuorileMuraandSantaSabina(422-432).Byzantinechurches,domedanddecoratedwithmosaics,proliferatedthroughouttheByzantineEmpire;mostnotableistheHagiaSophia(532-537),builtbyEasternempe