测绘工程专业英语：Section 14 Mine Surveying

Section14MineSurveyingMinesurveyingisadisciplineconcernedwithsurfaceandundergroundmeasurements,obtainingdataindigitalformandmakinggraphicalrepresentationforprospectingmineraldeposits,forexploitationofminesandtheirconstruction.Minesurveyingcameintobeingafewcenturiesagowhenextensivelydevelopingminingcalledforthedeterminationoftheboundariesoftheminingclaims.Theearlyperiodofminesurveyingmaybeconsideredastheartofrunningundergroundtraverses.However,asitdeveloped,minesurveyingbecameacomplexdisciplinethatincluded,apartfromtechniquesofminesurveying,theestimationoftheaccuracyofmeasurementsandcalculationsbasedonthemethodofleastsquaresandprobabilitytheory,theminesurveyinginstrumentation,thegeometryofmineralresources,studyoftectonics,shiftsandpressuresofrocks(geomechanics)etc.Alltheseaspectsofminesurveyinghavethesameobjectives,i.e.theprecisionofgeologicalexplorationaswellasthesafetyandefficiencyinworkingamine.Theimpetusreceived,bygeologicalexplorationandmininginthelastfewyearsresultsinalargerspectrumandcomplexityofthetaskstobefacedbyminesurveyors,calledalsomineralsurveyingbyintroducingsophisticatedequipment.Thereisatrendtocreatespecial-purposegroupstoconductonetypeofminesurveyingoperations.Certainprogresshasbeenmadeinthemethodsofminesurveying,specialmanualsandregulationshavebeenprepared,newsolutionsoftheproblemsoforientationandconstructionofreferencenetshavebeensuggested.Moreover,wearewitnessingtheadventofhigh-precisiontheodolitesandopticalrangefindersfordensificationofreferencenetsandtheintroductionofnewinstrumentsandnovelmethodsforsurveysofopenpits.Lasershaverecentlybecomeverypopulartogivelinesandgradesandcheckonthedirectionsofminesandprovidecontrolforsuchoperationsasmineshaftequipment,layingrailwaytracks,installingconveyors,puttingthroughpipelinesandothers.Itisespeciallyadvantageoustouselaserdevicesininclines.Amongothermoderninstrumentsaresmallminesurveygyrocompasses,opticalrangefinders,devicesformeasuringcurvaturesofborings,self-adjustinglevels,outfitsforphotogrammetricsurveysofnotonlyopenminepitsbutalsoundergroundworkingsandforofficetreatmentofthesesurveys.Codedtheodolitesarenowobtainablethatpermitfeedingmeasuredresultsdirectlytocomputersthuseliminatinganeedinpreviouslyworkingupthefielddatamanually.Therearespecialpurposeelectroniccomputers,deskcalculators,high-speedmicroprocessorsandothers.Referenceshouldbemadetonewtechniquesandinstrumentsforplottingminegraphicsandmaterialstobeusedforpreparingmineplansandlongitudinalandtransversesections.NewWordsandExpressionsdiscipline：学科，训练，纪律；惩罚，锻炼prospect：预期，勘测mineral：矿物（的）exploitation：开发，采掘，宣传，剥削claim：要求，申请，自称，索赔probability：概率，必然性instrumentation：仪器设备，仪器制造学comeintobeing：出现，产生Tectonics：（大地）构造学，建筑学Geomechanics：地质力学impetus：动力，刺激，冲击spectrum：光波，系列，领域complexity：复杂性，组合sophisticated：复杂的，尖端的，老练的conveyor：输送机witness：证明（人），目击（者），说明advent：出现，来临opticalrangefinder：光电测距仪densification：密化，压实，封严novel：新奇的，奇异的，小说pit：坑，井install：安装，建立，任命gyrocompass：陀螺罗盘仪outfit：装备，旅行用品，商号boring：钻探，打眼feed：喂，馈电，供给previously：在前，预先transverse：横向（的），长轴（的）

Section15TheFactorsAffectingRockDisplacementRockdisplacement(disturbance)isaffectedbythephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofrocksandbythemodeoftheiroccurrence,thetiltofthelode,thedepthoftheoccurrenceoftherocks,thethicknessoftheseambeingextracted,thepresenceandthicknessofoverburdenandsurfacerelief.Moreover,itisaffectedbytheextentthemassrockhasbeenunderworkedandbytheextractionmethods.Thephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofrocksandmodeoftheiroccurrence.Thestateoftherocksislargelyresponsibleforthewaytheyaredisplaced.So,infriablerocksthatmanifestpooradhesionthedisplacementoccursrapidlyandaffectsimmediatelythesurfacewhereledge-shapedfissuresoftenform.AtypicalexamplemaybeprovidedbytheMoscowRegioncoalfieldwhereroofsubsidencecausedbyminingoperationsatadepthof50mto40m,reachedthesurfacewithin2to3hours.Plasticrock,e.g.clayshale,enhanceoriginationofplasticdeformations.Displacementoccursuniformlyandsmoothlyfollowingtheadvanceoftheworkingface.Settlementatthesurfacealsooccurssmoothlygivingrisetominordamagetosurfacestructures.Theangleofdip(tilt)ofaseamisacrucialfactorgoverninggroundmovementbothinqualitativeandquantitativeterms.Theangleofdipisintimatelylinkedtothecharacterofthemovementoftheoverlyingstrata.Amarkeddisplacementofrockstrataischaracteristicofasteepdip.Ontheotherhand,theprincipaltypeofdeformationsinahorizontalormildlyinclinedseamisabendofstrata.Asteepdipcorrespondstothehorizontalcomponentofthedisplacementdominating,amilddiptotheverticalcomponentdominating.Anincreaseddipofalodeleadstoachangeinthedisplacementbasinwithrespecttotheworked-outspace.Inotherwords,thedisplacementbasinshiftstowardthedirectionofthestrike.Theangleofdipisassociatedwiththedistributionofthemosthazardouszonesinthedisplacementbasin.Thedepthofaworkingappreciablyaffectsthemagnitudeofdisplacement,durationandrateatwhichitrevealsitself.Atagreaterdepthofaworkingthemagnitudeofdisplacementdecreases.Thislatertakesonasmoothercharacterwhichislesshazardousforsurfacestructures.Yetamarkeddecreaseinsurfacesubsidencewithagreaterdepthofminingoperationsisobservedtooccurtoadefinitedepth.So,accordingtothefindingsofPolishscientists,depthsofminingoperationsgreaterthan800to1000mThethicknessoftheseambeingextracted.Theeffectofaseam'sthicknessdiffersfromthatofminingdepth.Thethickertheseambeingextractedthemorepronouncedisgroundmovementandthelargerthehorizontalandverticaldeformations.Ifaseamhasamarkeddepththezoneofsmoothsagmaybenon-existentaltogetherandsurfacesubsidenceoccursascavingfollowbyterraceformation.Groundmovementaboveaseamofminorthicknesstypicallyoccursassubsidenceoftheupperstrata,thecave-inzonedevelopsinaminorwayintheimmediatevicinityofthevoid.Thepresenceandthicknessoftheoverburdenandthesurfacerelief.Ifsufficientlythick,theoverburdenhasanadvantageouseffectongroundmovementsinceitsmoothsdownthenon-uniformityofdisplacementthatoccursinthebedrocks.Theremaybecases,however,whenathickoverburdencanexertaharmfuleffectonminingobjects.Underconditionsofbedrockdisplacementpointsmigratefollowingapathalmostnormaltothestrata.Thedisplacementinoverburdenofanappreciabledepthisdirectedfromtheedgestothecenterofthedisplacementbasin.ThisphenomenonwasfirstnoticedintheChelRockdisturbancebyoldworkings.Numerousinsituobservationsconductedinvariouscoalfieldshaveshownthatminingoperationsbeneatharockmassdisturbedbypreviousworkingsenhancegroundmovement.Asaresultthereisanincreaseindeformationmagnitudes,intherateandnon-uniformityofsurfacedisplacement.Theactivizationprocessofdisplacementisduetothefollowingcauses:(1)primaryunderworkingformsvoidsintheoverlyingstrataresultantfromsagginginlayersofrocks.Repeatedunderworkinglargelyeliminatesthesaggingandcausesthedisturbedrockmasstobebettercompacted;(2)primaryunderworkingattheexpenseofopeningupoldfissuresandformationofnewfissuresimpairstherockmassstrength.Thatiswhyrepeatedunderworkingenhancesdisplacementrates,sincegroundmovementoccursinarockmasswithloweredstrength.Repeatedund