漫谈英语写作技巧课件

英语漫谈才欢迎光临写作英语漫谈才欢迎光临写作1写作构思顺序

漫谈英语写作技巧2遣词造句布局谋篇漫谈英语写作技巧3谋篇

1、明确体裁2、审定主题3、保持切题1.DescriptiveNarrativeArgumentative2.Theme3.Relevance谋篇1、明确体裁2、审定主题3、保持切题141、学会分段（三分法）布局

2、保持内容的统一与连贯3、确定话题句4、循“序”展开段落3-divisionStructureUnityandCoherenceTopicSentencesOrder5、重视开头与结尾

BeginningAndEnding1、学会分段（三分法）布局2、保持内容的统一与连贯5造句

1、避免错误的结构形式

GrammarMotherTongueTransfer2、模仿地道的表达法

ImitationMechanicalTranslation3、做到句式多样化

VarietyofSentencePatterns造句1、避免错误的结构形式Grammar2、模仿6遣词

1、辨明同义词语的差异ShadesofSemanticDifference2、防止用词错误

GrammaticalandIdiomaticUse遣词1、辨明同义词语的差异Shadesof2、防7HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningHowtoMakeaGoodBeginning8HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWellbegunishalfdone.Gainattentionandinterest引起注意和兴趣importance,surprise,curiosity,relevance,questions,etc.Revealthetopic展示讲题clearandtothepointEstablishcredibility增加可信度knowledge,experience,sincerity,etc.Previewthebody预览主要内容definition,background,mainideas,etc.HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWe9GainingAttentionandInterest

Ireallyfeelobligedtowriteaboutalcoholism（酗酒）,becausethisdreaddiseaseisournation’snumberoneproblemandournumberthreekiller,rankingonlyafterheartdiseaseandcancerasacauseofdeath…StatingtheImportanceofYourtopic.GainingAttentionandInterest10GainingAttentionandInterest

Lastweekamanwhomyouallhaveheardofbeataninnocenthumanbeingsenseless（把一个无辜的人打得昏厥过去）.Hundredsofpeoplewatchedhimdoit,butnoonetriedtostophim.Hedidn’tdoitinself-defense,oroutofhateorrevenge.Hediditformoney.Surprisetheaudience.Themanisaprofessionalboxer.GainingAttentionandInterest11GainingAttentionandInterest

Eachofyouhasagift.Whatkindofgiftisit?It’snotaChristmasgiftorabirthdaygift.It’snotsomespecialtalentorskill.It’sagiftthatcouldsavealife─maybemorethanone.Ifyoudecidetogiveit,youlosenothing.Somepeopleburytheirgift.Othersburnit.Allbutoneofyouwhocompletedmyquestionnairewouldgladlyreceivethegift,butonly20percentofyouhavedecidedtogiveit.Thisgiftisthedonationofyourvitalorgans（捐献重要器官）whenyoudie.Arousethecuriosityofyouraudience.GainingAttentionandInterest12GainingAttentionandInterest

Thefortunatepeopleintheworld─theonlyfortunatepeopleintheworld,inmymind─arethosewhoseworkisalsotheirpleasure.Theclassisnotalargeone,notnearlysolargeasitisoftenrepresentedtobe.Authorsareperhapsoneofthemostimportantelementsinitscomposition…. ─WinstonChurchillRelatethetopictotheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest13GainingAttentionandInterest

Whatwasthefirstthingyoudidwhenyouwokeupthismorning?Didyoubrushyourteeth?Turnontheradio?Gropeforacupofcoffee?Afriendofminedidn’tdoanyofthosethings.Instead,hegrabbedthepaperandpenlyingnexttohisbedandwrotedowneverythinghecouldrememberabouthisdreams.Questiontheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest14Establishcredibility

Neverinthehistoryofsportshastherebeenaleisure-timephenomenonmorestrikingthantherecentAmericanloveaffairwiththegameoftennis.Itisestimatedthatover35millionAmericansplaytennisandthatthenumberisstillgrowing.Iamoneofthose35millionAmericans.Ihavebeenplayingtennisforalmosttenyears.WhileinhighschoolsIplayedcompetitivetennis.Ialsotaughttennisandworkedinatennisclub.Knowledge,experienceandsincerity.EstablishcredibilityN15HowtoMakeaGoodEndingHowtoMakeaGoodEnding16HowtoMakeaGoodEnd

“Greatistheartofbeginning,butgreateristheartofending.”─LongfellowSignaltheend发出结束信号crescendo(climax),diminuendo(fadingaway) 渐强、渐弱Reinforcethecentralidea强化中心思想summary,quotation,dramaticstatement,referringtotheintroduction,etc. 总结、引言、惊人之语、呼应开头等HowtoMakeaGoodEnd“Great17SignaltheEnd

Whenweallowfreedomtoring─whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity─wewillbeabletospeedupthatdaywhenallofGod’schildren,blackmenandwhitemen,JewsandGentiles,ProtestantsandCatholics,willbeabletojoinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,“Freeatlast!Freeatlast!ThankGodalmighty,wearefreeatlast!”MartinLutherKingCrescendo─climax

SignaltheEndWhen18SignaltheEnd

AndsoIaskyoutorememberthestarvingandneglectedandfrightenedchildrenaroundtheworld.Rememberthemasyougoaboutyourdailylife,comfortableandsafe.Rememberthemwhenyoucurlup（蜷卧）underyourdowncomforter（羽绒被）onacoldwinternight.RememberthemwhenyousitdowntoahugeThanksgivingdinner（感恩节晚宴）.Rememberthem.Diminuendo:Anti-climaxSignaltheEndAndso19ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Myfriendisbackinschool,participatinginactivitiessheneverdidbefore─andenjoyingit.I’mhappyandproudtosaysheisstillfightingforherlifeandevenhappiershefailedtokillherself.OtherwiseIwouldnotbeheretodaytryingtohelpyou.Yousee,Iammy“friend”,andI’mmorethangladtosay,I’vemadeit.Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea20ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery（以受束缚、被奴役为代价）?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Idonotknowwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemeliberty,orgivemedeath. （不自由，毋宁死）Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea21ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Ifweignoreairpollution,itwillloomeverlarger（变得更为严重）.InthewordsofMorrisJones,aprofessorofairpollutioncontrol,“Itisnowtimetoendthisplague（祸患）.Itistimetolookbeyondnarrowvestedinterests（既得利益）,toawakefromslumberingtoolong（从沉睡中醒来）andsaveourselves.Wehadbetteractnow.Itwillsoonbetoolate.”Endwithaquotation.ReinforcetheCentralIdea22ReinforcetheCentralIdeaBeginning:IamspeakingnotasaBriton,notasaEuropean,notasamemberofawesterndemocracy,butasahumanbeing,amemberofthespeciesMan,whosecontinuedexistenceisindoubt.Theworldisfullofconflicts.Ending:

Iappeal,asahumanbeingtohumanbeings:rememberyourhumanity,andforgettherest.Ifyoucandoso,thewayliesopentoanewParadise;ifyoucannot,nothingliesbeforeyoubutuniversaldeath.

BertrandRussellRefertothebeginning.ReinforcetheCentralIdeaB23英语语篇思维模式

EnglishTextualPatternsofThinking

漫谈英语写作技巧24英语语篇思维模式主要有以下三种：

1.问题解决型（Problem-SolutionPattern）2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）3.比较匹配型(MatchingPattern)

漫谈英语写作技巧25

1.问题解决型（Problem-SolutionPattern）顺序：（1）说明情况；（2）出现问题；（3）作出反应；（4）结果或评价。Iwassendingatelegramtoafriendofmine.（情况）

IfoundIdidn’thaveenoughmoneytopayforit.（问题）

Itooktwoimportantwordsoffmytelegram. （反应）IfinallysentthetelegrambutIwasunhappy.

（结果/评价）

顺序：（1）说明情况；（2）出现问题；Iwass26

2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）

表现形式：（1）先概括后举例(Generalization-Example)（2）先给整体轮廓，后加具体细节

(Preview-Detail)表现形式：（2）先给整体轮廓，后加具体细节27

3.比较匹配型(MatchingPattern)

这种思维模式经常被用来比较两个事物的异同，通过比较突出语篇的中心思想。

28各种文体的写作要点漫谈英语写作技巧29描写文的写作要点

按描写对象分：人物描写(Describingaperson)地点或场景描写(Describingaplaceorascene)物品描写(Describinganobject)图表描写(Describingapicture,agraphorachart)按描写方法分：白描(Straightforwarddescription)工笔(Meticulousdescription)主观描写(Subjectivedescription)客观描写(Objectivedescription)描写文的写作要点按描写对象分：30叙述文的写作要点

确定宗旨(Decidingonanaimtobeattainedora messagetobeconveyed)交代背景(Providingthesettingoftheaction, namelytime,placeandcharacters)安排结构(Organizingthenarration,usuallyin chronologicalorderorbycreating suspension)形成高潮(Reachingaclimax,usuallythrough conflicts)保持视角(Maintainingaconsistentpointofview, thatis,narratingfromtheperspective ofoneparticularperson,usuallythe author)叙述文的写作要点确定宗旨(Decidingonan31议论文的写作要点

正确鲜明的论点(Asoundandclear-cutproposition)充分有力的论据(Sufficientandforcibledata)逻辑严密的论证(Logicalandconvincing argumentation)归纳法(Induction,reasoningfromspecificto general)演绎法(Deduction,reasoningfromgeneralto specific)比较法(Comparison,reasoningfromspecificto specific)议论文的写作要点正确鲜明的论点(Asoundand32三分法结构3-divisionStructure漫谈英语写作技巧33布局三分法的实际运用(1)

Title:BetterUnderstandingBetweenParentandChildOpeningsentence:

NowadaysthereisoftenamisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildOutline:

1.Presentsituation:lackofcommunicationbetweenparentandchild2.PossiblereasonsDifferentlikesanddislikesMisunderstandingOthers3.SuggestionsForparentsForchildren布局三分法的实际运用(1)Title:BetterU34布局三分法的实际运用(2)

Title:

OnMakingFriendsOpeningsentence:

Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Outline:

1.Theneedforfriends2.TrueFriendship3.MyPrincipleinmakingfriends布局三分法的实际运用(2)Title:OnMakin35布局三分法的实际运用(3)

Title:GoodHealthOpeningsentence:

Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.Outline:1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractice布局三分法的实际运用(3)Title:GoodHea36布局三分法的实际运用(4)

Title:

WheretoLive–intheCityorintheCountryOpeningsentence:

Manypeopleappreciatetheconvenienceofthecity.Outline:1.Advantagesofeach2.Disadvantagesofeach3.Mypreference布局三分法的实际运用(4)Title:Whereto37NativeLanguageTransfer漫谈英语写作技巧38TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer (负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy. 类推会产生错误。PositiveTransfer

（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis. 分析能减少错误。

KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.

对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。TwoTypesofTransferNegative39NegativeTransfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰)

Causes:analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母语先知结构的类推运用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯NegativeTransfer(负迁移):Inter40ExamplesofNegativeTransfer1.Heonlyeattwomealaday.

Morphologicaltransfer（词形迁移）NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer41ExamplesofNegativeTransfer2.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillion

population.

Collocationtransfer

(搭配迁移)Thenounrenkou,

the

Chineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.

Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer42ExamplesofNegativeTransfer3.Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.

Syntacticaltransfer(句型迁移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese. Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer43ExamplesofNegativeTransfer5.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.

Pragmatictransfer(语用迁移)

ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer44TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer

(负迁移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.类推会产生错误。PositiveTransfer

（正迁移）Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.分析能减少错误。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。TwoTypesofTransferNegative45典型病句TypicalSyntacticErrors漫谈英语写作技巧46连串句

Loosely-linkedClauses

Theweatherwasfine,thepartywasheldoutdoors. （误）Theweatherwasfine.Thepartywasheldoutdoors. （正）Theweatherwasfine,sothepartywasheldoutdoors. （正）Astheweatherwasfine,thepartywasheldoutdoors. （正）连串句

Loosely-linkedClausesTh47连串句

Loosely-linkedClauses

SometimesIcomebytrain,sometimesIcomebyplane,usuallyIcomebycar.（误）SometimesIcomebytrain.SometimesIcomebyplane.However,usuallyIcomebycar.（正）SometimesIcomebytrain,andsometimesIcomebyplane,butusuallyIcomebycar.（正）Icomesometimesbytrain,andsometimesbyplane,butusuallybycar.（正）连串句

Loosely-linkedClausesSo48残缺句

IncompleteSentences

Iwasborninthecountry,butgrewup,Iwantedtogotoliveintown. （误）Iwasborninthecountry,butasIgrewup,Iwantedtogotoliveintown. （正）Thosebooksonthedesk.Haveyouseen? （误）Thosebooksareonthedesk.Haveyouseenthem? （正）残缺句

IncompleteSentencesIw49悬垂句

DanglingSentences

Attheageofeight,mymothertaughtmehowtoplaythepiano.（误）MymothertaughtmehowtoplaythepianowhenIwasten.（正）Attheageofeight,Iwastaughthowtoplaythepianobymymother.（正）悬垂句

DanglingSentencesAtthe50悬垂句

DanglingSentences

Standingatthetopofthismountain,allothermountainslookedsmall. （误）Standingatthetopofthismountain,Ifeltthatallothermountainslookedsmall. （正）AsIstoodatthetopofthismountain,allothermountainslookedsmall. （正）悬垂句

DanglingSentencesStandi51错位句

SentenceswithdislocatedelementsIndesperationIcouldfigureoutwhatanordinarymanwoulddo. （误）Icouldfigureoutwhatanordinarymanindesperationwoulddo. （正）Onthetrack,Isawagroupofstudentsrunning. （误）Isawagroupofstudentsrunningonthetrack. （正）错位句

Sentenceswithdislocated52型误句

SentencesofmisusedpatternsThevillageheadledustobuildawideroad. （误）Thevillageheadledusinbuildingawideroad. （正）ShecoachedastudenttoprepareforEnglishexaminations. （误）ShecoachedastudentforEnglishexaminations. （正）ShecoachedastudentinpreparingforEnglishexaminations. （正）型误句

Sentencesofmisusedpatt53游移句

InconsistentSentencesProf.Wanglefttheauditoriumafterthelecturewasfinished. （欠佳）Prof.Wanglefttheauditoriumafterhefinishedhislecture. （较好）

Whenwemeetwithdifficulties,youshouldnotloseconfidence. （欠佳）Weshouldnotloseconfidencewhenwemeetwithdifficulties.

（较好）游移句

InconsistentSentencesPro54失衡句

UnbalancedSentencesHeishard-workingbutlacksexperience. （欠佳）Heishard-workingbutinexperienced. （较好）Heworkshard,butlacksexperience. （较好）Weshouldjudgeapersonnotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobywhathedoes. （欠佳）Weshouldjudgeapersonnotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds. （较好）Weshouldjudgeapersonnotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes. （较好）失衡句

UnbalancedSentencesHeis55赘句

VerboseSentencesThereisariverrunningthroughthecityanddividingitintotwoparts. （欠佳）Ariverrunsthroughthecityanddividesitintotwoparts. （较好）Let’sreturnbacktothemainpointofthediscussion. （误）Let’sreturntothemainpointofthediscussion.（正）Let’scomebacktothemainpointofthediscussion.

（正）

赘句

VerboseSentencesThereis56赘句

VerboseSentencesThereasonwhyheisgoingtovisitthecityofBeijingagainisbecausehewantstohaveacloselookaroundtheForbiddenCity.（误）HeisgoingtovisitBeijingagainbecausehewantstohaveacloselookaroundtheForbiddenCity. （正）ThereasonforhisvisitingBeijingagainistohaveacloselookaroundtheForbiddenCity. （正）赘句

VerboseSentencesThereaso57

Haveaniceday!Thankyou!Haveaniceday!Thankyou!58演讲完毕，谢谢观看！演讲完毕，谢谢观看！59英语漫谈才欢迎光临写作英语漫谈才欢迎光临写作60写作构思顺序

漫谈英语写作技巧61遣词造句布局谋篇漫谈英语写作技巧62谋篇

1、明确体裁2、审定主题3、保持切题1.DescriptiveNarrativeArgumentative2.Theme3.Relevance谋篇1、明确体裁2、审定主题3、保持切题1631、学会分段（三分法）布局

2、保持内容的统一与连贯3、确定话题句4、循“序”展开段落3-divisionStructureUnityandCoherenceTopicSentencesOrder5、重视开头与结尾

BeginningAndEnding1、学会分段（三分法）布局2、保持内容的统一与连贯64造句

1、避免错误的结构形式

GrammarMotherTongueTransfer2、模仿地道的表达法

ImitationMechanicalTranslation3、做到句式多样化

VarietyofSentencePatterns造句1、避免错误的结构形式Grammar2、模仿65遣词

1、辨明同义词语的差异ShadesofSemanticDifference2、防止用词错误

GrammaticalandIdiomaticUse遣词1、辨明同义词语的差异Shadesof2、防66HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningHowtoMakeaGoodBeginning67HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWellbegunishalfdone.Gainattentionandinterest引起注意和兴趣importance,surprise,curiosity,relevance,questions,etc.Revealthetopic展示讲题clearandtothepointEstablishcredibility增加可信度knowledge,experience,sincerity,etc.Previewthebody预览主要内容definition,background,mainideas,etc.HowtoMakeaGoodBeginningWe68GainingAttentionandInterest

Ireallyfeelobligedtowriteaboutalcoholism（酗酒）,becausethisdreaddiseaseisournation’snumberoneproblemandournumberthreekiller,rankingonlyafterheartdiseaseandcancerasacauseofdeath…StatingtheImportanceofYourtopic.GainingAttentionandInterest69GainingAttentionandInterest

Lastweekamanwhomyouallhaveheardofbeataninnocenthumanbeingsenseless（把一个无辜的人打得昏厥过去）.Hundredsofpeoplewatchedhimdoit,butnoonetriedtostophim.Hedidn’tdoitinself-defense,oroutofhateorrevenge.Hediditformoney.Surprisetheaudience.Themanisaprofessionalboxer.GainingAttentionandInterest70GainingAttentionandInterest

Eachofyouhasagift.Whatkindofgiftisit?It’snotaChristmasgiftorabirthdaygift.It’snotsomespecialtalentorskill.It’sagiftthatcouldsavealife─maybemorethanone.Ifyoudecidetogiveit,youlosenothing.Somepeopleburytheirgift.Othersburnit.Allbutoneofyouwhocompletedmyquestionnairewouldgladlyreceivethegift,butonly20percentofyouhavedecidedtogiveit.Thisgiftisthedonationofyourvitalorgans（捐献重要器官）whenyoudie.Arousethecuriosityofyouraudience.GainingAttentionandInterest71GainingAttentionandInterest

Thefortunatepeopleintheworld─theonlyfortunatepeopleintheworld,inmymind─arethosewhoseworkisalsotheirpleasure.Theclassisnotalargeone,notnearlysolargeasitisoftenrepresentedtobe.Authorsareperhapsoneofthemostimportantelementsinitscomposition…. ─WinstonChurchillRelatethetopictotheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest72GainingAttentionandInterest

Whatwasthefirstthingyoudidwhenyouwokeupthismorning?Didyoubrushyourteeth?Turnontheradio?Gropeforacupofcoffee?Afriendofminedidn’tdoanyofthosethings.Instead,hegrabbedthepaperandpenlyingnexttohisbedandwrotedowneverythinghecouldrememberabouthisdreams.Questiontheaudience.GainingAttentionandInterest73Establishcredibility

Neverinthehistoryofsportshastherebeenaleisure-timephenomenonmorestrikingthantherecentAmericanloveaffairwiththegameoftennis.Itisestimatedthatover35millionAmericansplaytennisandthatthenumberisstillgrowing.Iamoneofthose35millionAmericans.Ihavebeenplayingtennisforalmosttenyears.WhileinhighschoolsIplayedcompetitivetennis.Ialsotaughttennisandworkedinatennisclub.Knowledge,experienceandsincerity.EstablishcredibilityN74HowtoMakeaGoodEndingHowtoMakeaGoodEnding75HowtoMakeaGoodEnd

“Greatistheartofbeginning,butgreateristheartofending.”─LongfellowSignaltheend发出结束信号crescendo(climax),diminuendo(fadingaway) 渐强、渐弱Reinforcethecentralidea强化中心思想summary,quotation,dramaticstatement,referringtotheintroduction,etc. 总结、引言、惊人之语、呼应开头等HowtoMakeaGoodEnd“Great76SignaltheEnd

Whenweallowfreedomtoring─whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity─wewillbeabletospeedupthatdaywhenallofGod’schildren,blackmenandwhitemen,JewsandGentiles,ProtestantsandCatholics,willbeabletojoinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,“Freeatlast!Freeatlast!ThankGodalmighty,wearefreeatlast!”MartinLutherKingCrescendo─climax

SignaltheEndWhen77SignaltheEnd

AndsoIaskyoutorememberthestarvingandneglectedandfrightenedchildrenaroundtheworld.Rememberthemasyougoaboutyourdailylife,comfortableandsafe.Rememberthemwhenyoucurlup（蜷卧）underyourdowncomforter（羽绒被）onacoldwinternight.RememberthemwhenyousitdowntoahugeThanksgivingdinner（感恩节晚宴）.Rememberthem.Diminuendo:Anti-climaxSignaltheEndAndso78ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Myfriendisbackinschool,participatinginactivitiessheneverdidbefore─andenjoyingit.I’mhappyandproudtosaysheisstillfightingforherlifeandevenhappiershefailedtokillherself.OtherwiseIwouldnotbeheretodaytryingtohelpyou.Yousee,Iammy“friend”,andI’mmorethangladtosay,I’vemadeit.Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea79ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery（以受束缚、被奴役为代价）?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Idonotknowwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemeliberty,orgivemedeath. （不自由，毋宁死）Makeadramaticstatement.ReinforcetheCentralIdea80ReinforcetheCentralIdea

Ifweignoreairpollution,itwillloomeverlarger（变得更为严重）.InthewordsofMorrisJones,aprofessorofairpollutioncontrol,“Itisnowtimetoendthisplague（祸患）.Itistimetolookbeyondnarrowvestedinterests（既得利益）,toawakefromslumberingtoolong（从沉睡中醒来）andsaveourselves.Wehadbetteractnow.Itwillsoonbetoolate.”Endwithaquotation.ReinforcetheCentralIdea81ReinforcetheCentralIdeaBeginning:IamspeakingnotasaBriton,notasaEuropean,notasamemberofawesterndemocracy,butasahumanbeing,amemberofthespeciesMan,whosecontinuedexistenceisindoubt.Theworldisfullofconflicts.Ending:

Iappeal,asahumanbeingtohumanbeings:rememberyourhumanity,andforgettherest.Ifyoucandoso,thewayliesopentoanewParadise;ifyoucannot,nothingliesbeforeyoubutuniversaldeath.

BertrandRussellRefertothebeginning.ReinforcetheCentralIdeaB82英语语篇思维模式

EnglishTextualPatternsofThinking

漫谈英语写作技巧83英语语篇思维模式主要有以下三种：

1.问题解决型（Problem-SolutionPattern）2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）3.比较匹配型(MatchingPattern)

漫谈英语写作技巧84

1.问题解决型（Problem-SolutionPattern）顺序：（1）说明情况；（2）出现问题；（3）作出反应；（4）结果或评价。Iwassendingatelegramtoafriendofmine.（情况）

IfoundIdidn’thaveenoughmoneytopayforit.（问题）

Itooktwoimportantwordsoffmytelegram. （反应）IfinallysentthetelegrambutIwasunhappy.

（结果/评价）

顺序：（1）说明情况；（2）出现问题；Iwass85

2.一般特殊型（General-Particular）

表现形式：（1）先概括后举例(Generalization-Example)（2）先给整体轮廓，后加具体细节

(Preview-Detail)表现形式：（2）先给整体轮廓，后加具体细节86

3.比较匹配型(MatchingPattern)

这种思维模式经常被用来比较两个事物的异同，通过比较突出语篇的中心思想。

87各种文体的写作要点漫谈英语写作技巧88描写文的写作要点

按描写对象分：人物描写(Describingaperson)地点或场景描写(Describingaplaceorascene)物品描写(Describinganobject)图表描写(Describingapicture,agraphorachart)按描写方法分：白描(Straightforwarddescription)工笔(Meticulousdescription)主观描写(Subjectivedescription)客观描写(Objectivedescription)描写文的写作要点按描写对象分：89叙述文的写作要点

确定宗旨(Decidingonanaimtobeattainedora messagetobeconveyed)交代背景(Providingthesettingoftheaction, namelytime,placeandcharacters)安排结构(Organizingthenarration,usuallyin chronologicalorderorbycreating suspension)形成高潮(Reachingaclimax,usuallythrough conflicts)保持视角(Maintainingaconsistentpointofview, thatis,narratingfromtheperspective ofoneparticularperson,usuallythe author)叙述文的写作要点确定宗旨(Decidingonan90议论文的写作要点

正确鲜明的论点(Asoundandclear-cutproposition)充分有力的论据(Sufficientandforcibledata)逻辑严密的论证(Logicalandconvincing argumentation)归纳法(Induction,reasoningfromspecificto general)演绎法(Deduction,reasoningfromgeneralto specific)比较法(Comparison,reasoningfromspecificto specific)议论文的写作要点正确鲜明的论点(Asoundand91三分法结构3-divisionStructure漫谈英语写作技巧92布局三分法的实际运用(1)

Title:BetterUnderstandingBetweenParentandChildOpeningsentence:

NowadaysthereisoftenamisunderstandingbetweenparentandchildOutline:

1.Presentsituation:lackofcommunicationbetweenparentandchild2.PossiblereasonsDifferentlikesanddislikesMisunderstandingOthers3.SuggestionsForparentsForchildren布局三分法的实际运用(1)Title:BetterU93布局三分法的实际运用(2)

Title:

OnMakingFriendsOpeningsentence:

Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Outline:

1.Theneedforfriends2.TrueFriendship3.MyPrincipleinmakingfriends布局三分法的实际运用(2)Title:OnMakin94布局三分法的实际运用(3)

Title:GoodHealthOpeningsentence:

Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.Outline:1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractice布局三分法的实际运用(3)Title:GoodHea95布局三分法的实际运用(4)

Title:

WheretoLive–intheCityorintheCountryOpeningsentence:

Manypeopleapprec