2021级第3学期期末阅读和完型资料(学生版)1

2021级第3学期期末阅读和完型资料（学生版）/52021级非英语专业学生第3学期英语期末考试阅读和完型复习资料PassageOneThatmorning,whenIleftthesubwaystation,amanrandownthestreetscreaming,“SomeonejustbombedtheWorldTradeCenter(WTC).”WithinonesplitsecondIwastornbetweenrunningintotheWTCtohelpevacuatepeopleandrunningbacktotheoffice.IhadnoluckcallinganddecidedthatasthedirectorIshouldruntotheofficetoseehoweveryonewas.Imadeittotheofficetofindthreestaffmemberstryingtopiecetogetherwhatwashappening.Wehadnoideahowbadthisdaywasabouttobecome.ThenightmarecontinuedasrumorswereflyingaboutWashingtonD.C.beingattackedandotherplanesbeinghijacked.ThentheSouthTowercollapsed.Soon,astormofdustcamerunningtowardtheSeaport.Atthistime,theBodyPositiveOfficewentintoactionwiththerestofthebuildingandhelpedinsettingupatemporaryfirst-aidstationinRED,therestaurantlocatedonthestreetlevel.Asthesecondtowercollapsed,thousandscamerunningtowardtheSeaport,whereourofficeislocated.Westartedbringingbottledwaterdowntotherestauranttoservethem.Althoughnothinginmyclinicaltrainingasasocialworkercouldhavefullypreparedmeforthis,Iknewthatitwasimportantforustobesupportiveofthewiderangeofreactionsthatpeoplewouldbehaving.Soon,somepeoplecameinwithfirst-aidneeds.Wecontinuedthroughoutthemorning,allthetimelisteningtotheradioandtelevisionforwordfromtheMayoronhowtoproceed.At11:45a.m.,herequestedthatlowerManhattanevacuate.Wemadetheannouncementtoallthoserestingintherestaurantthatthebuildinghadtobeclosed.Aswewalkedthestreetsfindingourwayoutofthedarknessonsuchasunnyday,fighterjetscircledabovethecity.Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutthedisasteralready.Wehavelearnedsomuchinsuchasmallamountoftimeaboutappreciatinglife.ManyparallelscanbedrawnbetweenthisdisasterandtheAIDScrisisfromthemultitudeoflossestothebraveryandcouragedisplayed.Yet,wehaveonlybeguntounderstandwhatTuesday,September11,2001willtrulymeantoallofus.AsImoveforward,IamshockedbytheimagesIwitnessed,asmuchasIamsoblessedtohavebeenpartofthedeluge（洪水）ofhelpinghandsthatcametomakeadifference.PassageTwoBadluckalwaysseemstostrikeattheworstpossiblemoment.Amanabouttointerviewforhisdreamjobgetsstuckintraffic.Alawstudenttakingherfinalexamwakesupwithablindingheadache.Arunnertwistshisankleminutesbeforeabigrace.Perfectexamplesofcruelfate.Orarethey?Psychologistswhostudysuchcommonunluckyaccidentsnowbelievethatinmanyinstances,theymaybecarefullyplannedschemesofthesubconsciousmind.Intheirnewbook,YourOwnWorstEnemy,StevenBerglasofHarvardMedicalSchoolandMcleanHospitalinBelmont,Mass,andRoyBaumeisterofCaseWesternReserveUniversitycontendthatpeopleoftenengageinafromofselfdefeatingbehaviorknownasself-handicapping-orinplainterms,excusemaking.It’sasimpleprocess:bytakingonacripplinghandicap,apersonmakesitmorelikelythatheorshewillfailatanendeavor.Thoughitseemslikeacrazythingtodo,BerglasandBaumeistersayitisactuallyaclevertrickofthemind,onethatsetsupawinsituationbyallowingapersontosavefacewhenheorshedoesfail.Aclassicself-handicapperistheFrenchchesschampionDeschapelles,wholivedduringthe18thcentury.Deschapelleswasagreatplayerwhoquicklybecamechampionofhisregion.Butwhencompetitiongrewtougher,headoptedanewconditionforallmatches:hewouldcompete/5onlyifhisopponentwouldremoveoneofDeschapelle’spawns（卒）andmakethefirstmove,increasingtheoddsthatDeschapelleswouldlose.Ifhedidlose,hecouldblameitontheotherplayer’sadvantageandnoonewouldknowthetruelimitsofhisability;butifhewonagainstsuchodds,hewouldbeallthemorerespectedforhisamazingtalents.Psychologistsnowusetheterm“Deschapellescoup”torefertoactsofself-handicappingpopularintoday’sworld.Overall,menaremorelikelythanwomentomakeexcuses.Severalstudiessuggestthatmenfeeltheneedtoappearcompetentinallrealms,whilewomenworryonlyabouttheskillsinwhichthey’veinvestedheavily.Askamanandawomantogoscubadiving（带水肺的潜水）forthefirsttime,andthewomanislikelytojumpin,whilethemanislikelytofirstmakeitknownthathe’snotfeelingtoowell.Infact,thepeoplemostlikelytobecomechronicexcusemakersarethoseobsessedwithsuccess,saysBerglas,whoisaconsultanttoseveralleadingbusinessexecutives.Suchpeoplearesoafraidofbeinglabeledafailureatanythingthattheyconstantlydeveloponehandicaporanotherinordertoexplaintheirfailures.Thoughself-handicappingcanbeaneffectivewayofcopingwithperformanceanxietynowandthen,intheend,researcherssay,itisaFaustianBargain（浮士德契约）.Overthelongrun,excusemakersfailtoliveuptotheirtruepotentialandlosethestatustheycaresomuchabout.Anddespitetheirproteststothecontrary,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.PassageThreeThewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofeverattainingrealhappiness.Iffunandpleasureareequaltohappinessthenpainmustbeequaltounhappiness.Butinfact,theoppositeistrue:Moreoftenthannotthingsthatleadtohappinessinvolvesomepain.Asaresult,manypeopleavoidtheveryattemptsthatarethesourceoftruehappiness.Theyfearthepaininevitablybroughtbysuchthingsasmarriage,raisingchildren,professionalachievement,religiouscommitment,self-improvement.Askabachelorwhyheresistsmarriageeventhoughhefindsdatingtobelessandlesssatisfying.Ifheishonesthewilltellyouthatheisafraidofmakingacommitment.Forcommitmentisinfactquitepainful.Thesinglelifeisfilledwithfun,adventure,andexcitement.Marriagehassuchmoments,buttheyarenotitsmostdistinguishingfeature.Coupleswithinfantchildrenareluckytogetawholenight’ssleeporathree-dayvacation.Idon’tknowanyparentwhowouldchoosethewordfuntodescriberaisingchildren.Butcoupleswhodecidenottohavechildrenneverknowthejoysofwatchingachildgrowuporofplayingwithagrandchild.Understandingandacceptingthattruehappinesshasnothingtodowithfunisoneofthemostliberatingrealizations.Itliberatestime:Nowwecandevotemorehourstoactivitiesthatcangenuinelyincreaseourhappiness.Itliberatesmoney:Buyingthatnewcarorthosefancyclothesthatwilldonothingtoincreaseourhappinessnowseemspointless.Anditliberatesusfromenvy:Wenowunderstandthatallthosewhoarealwayshavingsomuchfunactuallymaynotbehappyatall.PassageFourPeoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive./5Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanother,andthereisagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Thecontroversyisoftenreferredtoas“nature/nurture”.Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchadegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalled,behaviorists,claimedthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehaviorists’viewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthat,likemachines,humanrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thatthecontroversywillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.PassageFiveHowoftenonehearschildrenwishingtheyweregrown-up,andoldpeoplewishingtheywereyoungagain.Eachagehasitspleasuresanditspains,andthehappiestpersonistheonewhoenjoyswhateachagegiveshimwithoutwastinghistimeinuselessregrets.Childhoodsisatimewhentherearefewresponsibilitiestomakelifedifficult.Ifachildhasgoodparents,heisfed,lookedafterandloved,whateverhemaydo.Itisimpossiblethathewilleveragaininhislifebegivensomuchwithouthavingtodoanythinginreturn.Inaddition,lifeisalwayspresentingnewthingstothechild---thingsthathavelosttheirinterestforolderpeoplebecausetheyaretoowell-known.Butachildhashispains:Heisnotsofreetodowhathewishestodo;heiscontinuallybeingtoldnottodothings,orbeingpunishedforwhathehasdonewrong.Whentheyoungmanstartstoearnhisownliving,hecannolongerexpectotherstopayforhisfood,hisclothesandhisroom,buthastoworkifhewantstolivecomfortably.Ifhespendsmostofhistimeplayingaboutinthewaythatheusedtodoasachild,hewillgohungry.Andifhebreaksthelawsofsocietyasheusedtobreakthelawsofhisparents,hemaygotoprison.If,however,heworkshard,keepsoutoftroubleandhasgoodhealth,hecanhavethegreathappinessofbuildingupforhimselfhisownpositioninsociety.PassageSixItiscommonlybelievedintheUnitedStatesthatschooliswherepeoplegotogetaneducation.Nevertheless,ithasbeensaidthattodaychildreninterrupttheireducationtogotoschool.Thedistinctionbetweenschoolingandeducationimpliedbythisremarkisimportant.Educationismuchmoreopen-endedandall-inclusivethanschooling.Educationknowsnobounds.Itcantakeplaceanywhere,whetherintheshoweroronthejob,whetherinakitchenoratractor.Itincludesboththeformallearningthattakesplaceinschoolsandthewholeuniverseof/5informallearning.Theagentsofeducationcanrangefromarespectedgrandparenttothepeopledebatingpoliticsontheradio,formachildtoadistinguishedscientist.Whereasschoolinghasacertainpredictability,educationquiteoftenproducessurprises.Achanceconversationwithastrangermayleadapersontodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligious.Peopleareengagedineducationfrominfancyon.Education,then,isaverybroad,inclusiveterm.Itisalifelongprocess,aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschool.Andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone’sentirelife.Schooling,ontheotherhand,isaspecific,formalizedprocess,whosegeneralpatternvarieslittlefromonesettingtothenext.Throughoutacountry,childrenarriveatschoolatapproximatelythesametime,takeassignedseats,aretaughtbyanadult,usesimilartextbooks,dohomework,takeexams,andsoon,theslicesofrealitythataretobelearned,whethertheyarethealphabetoranunderstandingoftheworkingsofgovernment,haveusuallybeenlimitedbytheboundariesofthesubjectbeingtaught.Forexample,highschoolstudentsknowthattheyarenotlikelytofindoutintheirclassesthetruthaboutpoliticalproblemsintheircommunitiesorwhatthenewestfilmmakersareexperimentingwith.Therearedefiniteconditionssurroundingtheformulizedprocessofschooling.Cloze1Directions:Completethefollowingarticlewithwordsfromthegroupslistedbelow.Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiven,instructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththeinformationinthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The___2__studentisconsideredtobeonewhoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof3,nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned4briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiven,thestudentisresponsibleforlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis5___,theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwithminimumguidance.Itisthestudent’sresponsibilitytofindbooks,magazines,andarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain6__auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents,particularlygraduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference7__inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneedit,butpreferthattheirstudentsnotbe8dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStates,professorshavemanyotherdutiesbesidesteaching,suchasadministrativeorresearchwork.9,thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassislimited.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomwork,thestudentshouldeither10aprofessorduringofficehoursormakeanappointment.1.A.IfB.AlthoughC.BecauseD.Since2.A.poorB.idealC.averageD.disappointed3.A.funB.workC.learningD.prizeA.byB.inC.forD.withA.collectedB.distributedC.assignedD.finished6.A.whenB.thatC.whatD.how7.A.selectionsB.collectionsC.sourcesD.origins8.A.tooB.suchC.muchD.more9.A.HoweverB.ThereforeC.FurthermoreD.Nevertheless10.A.greatB.annoyC.approachD.attach5/5Cloze2Directions:Completethefollowingarticlewithwordsfromthegroupslistedbelow.Oldpeoplearealwayssayingthattheyoungarenotwhattheywere.Thesamecommentismadefromgenerationtogenerationanditisalwaystrue.Ithasneverbeentruerthanitistoday.Theyoungarebettereducated.Theyhave__1moremoneytospendandenjoymorefreedom.Theygrowupmorequicklyandarenotso___2ontheirparents.Theythinkmoreforthemselvesanddonotblindlyaccepttheideasoftheirelders.Eventswhichtheoldergenerationremembersvividlyaremuchmorethanpasthistory.Thisisasitshouldbe.Everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheonethatprecededit.Todaythedi