Field Research(质化田野研究,田野调查)

FieldResearch

(質化田野研究、田野調查)SocialResearchMethods2113&6501Spring,2006April3-24,20061(Qualitative)FieldResearch(Ethnography,Participantobservation)

(民族誌、參與觀察)

producequalitative(non-numerical)dataveryoldandverynewinsocialsciencedirectandface-to-facesocialinteractionwith“realpeople”inanaturalsetting(自然情境下的與人面對面的社會交流)Interestingbutcouldbetimeconsuming,emotionallydrainingandsometimesphysicallydangerous2PartIResearchquestionsappropriateforfieldresearchAshorthistoryoffieldresearchThelogicoffieldresearchChoosingasiteandgainingaccessRelationsinthefield3ResearchQuestionsAppropriateforFieldResearchProvideaverycomprehensiveperspective,soit’sappropriatefortopicsdefyingsimplequantification(完整深入的觀察，適合無法以量化方式呈現的研究主題)Studyattitudesandbehaviorsbestunderstoodwithintheirnaturalsetting(適合在自然情境下最能被理解的態度和行為)appropriatewhenstudyingagroupofinteractingpeopleStudy:peopleinalocation,amorphoussocialexperiences(不定型的社會經驗)Thestrength:revealthingsthatwouldnototherwisebeapparent(發現顯示那些並非顯而易見的事物)4TerminologyofFieldResearchMembers(成員):peoplewhoarestudiedinafieldsetting(被研究者，即觀察對象)TheOutsider(局外人):即研究者5Ashorthistoryoffieldresearch(也可視為不同質性研究典範興起的過程)AcademicfieldresearchbeganwithanthropologyChicagoSchoolofSociology(芝加哥社會學派)1910s~1930s:journalisticandanthropologicalmodelsofresearch(探討真正發生什麼事&用局內人的觀點看世界)1940s~1960s:developedparticipantobservation(參與觀察)Insitu,directinteraction,members’perspectives(研究自然場域、直接與人互動、以成員觀點瞭解世界)6Ashorthistoryoffieldresearch

(也可視為不同質性研究典範興起的過程)DeclinedafterWWIIRevivedinthe1970sand1980sToday:anactivistorsocialconstructionistperspectiveonsociallife(行動主義或社會建構觀點納入社會生活)Socialprocessesofnegotiation,discussion,andbargainingtoconstructsocialmeaning質性研究的重點在於每天面對面協商、討論、討價還價的社會過程中建構出的社會意義7Ethnography(民族誌)Ethnography:describingacultureandunderstandinganotherwayoflifefromthenativepointofview(描述某種文化及從原始觀點去了解另一種生活方式)Movingfromwhatisheardorobservedtowhatismeant(從所觀察聽聞到的推演到其意義)Culturalknowledge:explicitknowledge(顯性知識—人們能描述事件的發生)andtacitknowledge(隱性知識—為了和他人有所區隔而沒有明說的文化規範)Thickdescription:rich,detaileddescriptionofspecifics(豐富、充滿細節的描述)8Ethnomethodology(俗民方法論)Thestudyofcommonsenseknowledge(對常識的研究，觀察在自然情境持續的社會互動中常識如何被創造及運用)AssumingthatsocialmeaningisfragileandfluidMeaningisconstantlybeingcreatedandre-createdPeople“accomplish”commonsenseunderstandingbyusingtacitsocial-culturalrules(人們藉由隱性社會文化原則完成對常識的理解)Breachingexperiments(破壞實驗:證明人們在日常生活中創造現實感的簡單隱性原則)9ThelogicoffieldresearchMoreofanorientationtowardresearchthanafixedsetoftechniquesNaturalism(自然主義):observingordinaryeventsinnaturalsettings,notinresearcher-createdsettingsDirectinvolvementinthefield:fun,exciting,buttime,physicallyandemotionallydemanding(實際田野研究有趣但花時間，且身心影響大)10WhatDoFieldResearchersDo?Observeevents/activitiesinnaturalsettingsDirectlyinvolvedwiththepeoplebeingstudiedAninsiderandanoutsider(得到圈內人的看法但維持局外人的分析觀點)UsedifferenttechniquesandsocialskillsflexiblyProduceextensivewrittennotes(andotherformsofdata)11WhatDoFieldResearchersDo?Seeseventsholisticallyandindividually(全面獨立的觀察)Understandsanddevelopsempathyformembersinafieldsetting(對成員的同理心)Noticesbothexplicitandtacitaspectsofculture(文化中外顯與隱藏的面向)ObservesongoingsocialprocesseswithoutdisruptingorimposinganoutsidepointofviewCopeswithhighlevelsofpersonalstress,uncertainty,ethicaldilemmas,andambiguity(能調適高度的個人壓力、不確定性、道德兩難、模糊情況)12StepsinafieldresearchprojectFlexibility:researcherscanshiftdirectionandfollowleadsGettingorganizedCanbeginwiththeirownexperiencesCarefullookingandlistening,short-termmemory,andregularwritingLearnconceptsanddatacollectionmethodsDefocusing(去除焦點:看更廣大的情境或場域，不要把焦點放在研究者身上)Self-knowledgeStrongimpactonaresearcher’sidentityandoutlook13Choosingasiteandgainingaccess

(選擇研究場域然後進入)Selectingasite:consideryourresearchquestionsConsider:richnessofdata,unfamiliarity,suitabilityLevelofinvolvement:dependingonthedegreeofdetachmentorinvolvementwithmembersAdetachedoutsidervs.anintimatelyinvolvedinsider14LevelofinvolvementCompleteobserver

｜observerasparticipantparticipantasobserver(researcherparticipant)

｜

completeparticipantAsanoutsider:Lesstime,overrapportlessanissue,sometimescanhelpsmembersopenupMisinterpretationmorelikelyAsaninsiderEmpathy(同理心),canshareamember’sexperienceSomedifficultiesexist15Gatekeepers(守門者)Agatekeeper:someonewiththeformalorinformalauthoritytocontrolaccesstoasite(有著正式或非正式的權力，能控制人們進入某個場域)Tonegotiatewithgatekeepersandbargainforaccess(與守門者協商以進入某場域)16StrategyforenteringPlanning:needscommonsensejudgmentandsocialskills,re-entrypossible(須要計畫:常識判斷及社交技巧。有時需再進入一場域)17StrategyforenteringNegotiation(協商):toformsocialrelations,useconnections,networking,oruseinformantDisclosure(揭露研究者的身分和研究計劃):howmuchtorevealaboutyourselfandtheresearchprojectExplaintheprojecttogatekeepersandothersunlessyouhaveagoodreasonnotto18Enteringthefield

(進入研究場域)

Presentationofself(呈現研究者的自我)Researcherasinstrument(研究者為研究工具)Anattitudeofstrangeness(持陌生的態度)Buildingrapport(建立關係)19EnteringtheFieldPresentationofSelf:beconsciousaboutitPresentationdependingontheoccasionSelf-presentationmayinfluencefieldrelations(研究者的自我呈現可能會影響田野中的社會關係)20EnteringtheFieldResearcherasinstrument:theresearcheristheinstrumentformeasuringfielddata(研究者為研究工具:研究者測量蒐集田野資料)Bealertandsensitivetowhathappensinthefieldandtobedisciplinedaboutrecordingdata(對田野中發生的情形時時保持警覺與敏感度，並記錄觀察資料)Ithaspersonalconsequences(實地觀察的經驗對研究者個人有一定影響)Behonestaboutpersonal,subjectiveexperiences(誠實記錄個人主觀的經驗感受)21EnteringtheFieldAnattitudeofStrangeness:questionandnoticeordinarydetails(持陌生的態度:以外人的態度質疑注意一般細節)difficulttorecognizewhatweareveryclosetoPeoplerarelyrecognizecustomstheytakeforgrantedTheMartianvs.theconvert(astranger’sandaninsider’spointofview)(局外人與圈內人的觀點)Reconsideryourownsocialworld22EnteringtheFieldBuildingRapportbygettingalongwithmembersinthefield(與觀察對象建立關係)NotalwayseasyCharmandTrust:Needsocialskillsandpersonalcharm,takestimestobuildtrustFreezeouts(不願合作或不願參予研究的成員):membersrefusetocooperateorbecomeinvolvedinthestudyUnderstanding:preconditionforgreaterdepth,createempathy23RelationsintheField

(研究場域裡的關係)Rolesinthefield:needstonegotiateself-representation,socialroles,preexistingrolesassignedearlybymembersRolesaffectedbyascriptivefactorsandphysicalappearance,ex:genderisimportantAnyrolelimitsaccesstosomepartofafieldsite,maybecomeafriendoranenemyofsomemembers,beawareofdangerandhighrisk(seebox13.4)24RelationsintheFieldLearningtheropeStress:someemotionalstressisinevitable,ex:embarrassment,discomfort,overwhelmedbythedetailsinthefield,loneliness,isolation,etc.25RelationsintheFieldNormalizingsocialresearch:helpmembersredefinesocialresearch(將社會研究正常化:幫助成員重新定義社會研究)Explainingyourself,explainingfieldresearch,acceptingminordeviance,appeari