第七章提高写作能力

第七章 提高写作能力提要：本章主要通过“联句”练习和句型转换练习，有效地提高同学们的写作能力。7.1联句有时两个或更多的句子，如果在内容上有密切的关系，那么我们就可以将它们联成一个句子。通过联句的方法，使文章更加连贯，结构更加紧凑，语言更加生动。实践已经证明，掌握好联句的方法，对于提高英语的写作能力有很大的帮助。当然，懂得联句的话，在阅读的时候也很容易对长句进行拆分，从而更好地理解长句。1.运用介词短语a.Hedidn’twritetheletterhimself.Heaskedhisfriendtodoit.

Insteadofwritingtheletterhimself,heaskedhisfriendtodoit.b.Thereisagrowingtoleranceofnonstandardvariationinspeech.ButstandardformsremainthenormforwrittenEnglish.

Inspiteofagrowingtoleranceofnonstandardvariationinspeech,standardformsremainthenormforwrittenEnglish.c.Dogsareableandwillingtolearnawidevarietyoftasks.Theyareintelligentanddevotedtotheirowners.Dogsareableandwillingtolearnawidevarietyoftasksbecauseoftheirintelligenceanddevotiontotheirowners.d.Fordproducescheapercars.FordalsosuppliesAmericanswithbetteronesyearafteryear.

Besidesproducingcheapercars,FordalsosuppliesAmericanswithbetteronesyearafteryear.e.Mostreptileshaveamenacingappearance.Buttheyaren’treallyviciousifyouleavethemalone.

Despitetheirmenacingappearance,mostreptilesaren’treallyviciousifyouleavethemalone.2.运用并列结构a.Themoonwashiddenentirelybehindthedarkclouds.Notasinglestarcouldbeseen.Themoonwashiddenentirelybehindthedarkcloudsandnotasinglestarcouldbeseen.b.Hehadfailedmanytimes.Hewasconfidentthathewouldsucceedintheend.Hehadfailedmanytimes,yethewasconfidentthathewouldsucceedintheend.c.Icleanedthespotonthekitchenfloor.Itstilllookeddirty.Icleanedthespotonthekitchenfloor,butitstilllookeddirty.d.Wearewateringthetrees.Wedon’thaveanyrainforamonth.Wearewateringthetrees,forwedon’thaveanyrainforamonth.e.TheconferenceonnuclearenergywasattendedbystudentsfromStandford.TheattendanceoftheteachersfromBerkeleywaspredictable.TheconferenceonnuclearenergywasattendedbystudentsfromStandford

and,predictably,teachersfromBerkeley.3.运用定语从句a.JohnSmithplantedtheseappletreesthreeyearsago.Theyhavenotbornanyfruit.Theseappletrees,whichJohnSmithplantedthreeyearsago,havenotbornanyfruit.b.Thetwoscrewsweremissingfromtheassemblykit.Thetwoscrewscouldbeusedtoholdthebicycleframetogether.Thetwoscrews,whichcouldbeusedtoholdthebicycleframetogether,weremissingfromtheassemblykit.c.Theguestsweresurprisedbytheirhost’sfurniture.Theirhost’sfurniturewasmadeinItalyespeciallyforthenewgallery.Theguestsweresurprisedbytheirhost’sfurniturewhichwasmadeinItalyespeciallyforthenewgallery.d.ForsixtyyearsEdisonwastheworld’sleadinginventor.Hepatentedoverathousandinventionsandalltheseinventionschangedourwayofliving.ForsixtyyearsEdisonwastheworld’sleadinginventor,whopatentedoverathousandinventions,andalltheseinventionschangedourwayofliving.e.TheChinesecharacterhaocombinesthesymbolfor“woman”withthesymbolfor“boy”.TheChinesecharacterhaomeans“good”.TheChinesecharacterhao,whichcombinesthesymbolfor“woman”withthesymbolfor“boy”,means“good”.4.运用分词短语a.Theseteatreesarepicked15timesayear.Theygrowtiredonlyafter30or40years.

Picked15timesayear,theseteatreesgrowtiredonlyafter30or40years.b.Heaskedtoreadtheinstructionbookoncemore.Hefeltsurethathewasusingtheinstructionimproperly.Heaskedtoreadtheinstructionbookoncemore,feelingsurethathewasusingtheinstructionimproperly.c.Iapproachedtheisland.Inoticedarowofnewlybuilthouses.

Approachingtheisland,Inoticedarowofnewlybuilthouses.d.Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday.Itriedtofindagaragetorepairmycar.Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday,tryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.e.Shewasveryhappywiththebluesportscarsheboughtforonly$500.Shedidnotrealizethatthecaraveraged7milesagallonofgas.Shedidnotrealizeituntilaweeklater.Shewasveryhappywiththebluesportscarsheboughtforonly$500,notrealizinguntilaweeklaterthatthecaraveraged7milesagallonofgas.5.运用同位语短语a.TheretheyweregreetedbyawomancalledZenobia.Shewasabeautifulwomanofwealthandposition.TheretheyweregreetedbyawomancalledZenobia,abeautifulwomanofwealthandposition.b.Hewasaneven-temperedman.Hewasneverthelessextremelyangrywhenheheardthenews.

Aneven-temperedman,hewasneverthelessextremelyangrywhenheheardthenews.c.EvenabriefvisittoGreecegivesyouaprofoundsenseoftherootsofourcivilization.Greeceisamoderngatewaytothegloryofthepast.EvenabriefvisittoGreece,amoderngatewaytothegloryofthepast,givesyouaprofoundsenseoftherootsofourcivilization.d.Sheisanexcellent,all-roundstudentwithacongenialpersonality.SheisapromisingcandidateforWOW.WOWisaninternationalscholarshipprogramforoutstandingwomenaroundtheworld.

Anexcellent,all-roundstudentwithacongenialpersonality,sheisapromisingcandidateforWOW,aninternationalscholarshipprogramforoutstandingwomenaroundtheworld.e.Wemustrealizeourdependenceonservicesoverwhichwehavenopersonalcontrol.Weaccepttheseservicesunthinkinglyfromdozensofnamelessmenandwomeneveryday.Wemustrealizeourdependenceonservicesoverwhichwehavenopersonalcontrol,serviceswhichweacceptunthinkinglyfromdozensofnamelessmenandwomeneveryday.6.运用独立主格a.Thechildrenwatchedthebusespassingthroughthevillage.Theireyeswerebrightandeager.Thechildrenwatchedthebusespassingthroughthevillage,theireyesbeingbrightandeager.b.Aforeignlanguageisausefultoolinservingpeople.Weshoulddoourbesttohaveagoodcommandofit.

Aforeignlanguagebeingausefultoolinservingpeople,weshoulddoourbesttohaveagoodcommandofit.c.Wehaveconsideredeverything.Herplanseemsmorepracticable.

Everythingconsidered,herplanseemsmorepracticable.d.Mariewassittingatherdesk.Herheadwasslightlyoverapileofchemistrynotes.Mariewassittingatherdesk,herheadbeingslightlyoverapileofchemistrynotes.e.Theroomwasinchaos.Soiledclotheswerestrewnonthefloor.Emptysodabottlesandbeercanswerelitteredeverywhere.Theroomwasinchaos,soiledclothesstrewnonthefloor,andemptysodabottlesandbeercanslitteredeverywhere.7.运用主从结构a.Hewasverysad.Hedidn’tknowwhattosayorwhattodo.Hewassosadthathedidn’tknowwhattosayorwhattodo.b.Jackobtainedacreditcard.Hebeganspendingmoneycarelessly.

WhenJackobtainedacreditcard,hebeganspendingmoneycarelessly.c.Oldstudentsacquiremostoftheirinformationfromreading.Thereforegoodreadinghabitsareextremelyimportant.

Sinceoldstudentsacquiremostoftheirinformationfromreading,goodreadinghabitsareextremelyimportant.d.Elizabethlikeschocolatecandiesandcakesverymuch.Butshenevereatsthemonaccountofherweightproblems.

AlthoughElizabethlikeschocolatecandiesandcakesverymuch,shenevereatsthemonaccountofherweightproblems.e.Somespeciesofwhalesarenearingextinction.Manycountriesrefusetoacceptevenapartialbanonwhalehunting.

Although(Though,Eventhough,orWhile)somespeciesofwhalesarenearingextinction,manycountriesrefusetoacceptevenapartialbanonwhalehunting.8.运用主语从句、不定式短语、动名词或动名词短语a.Intelligencetestsactuallygiveameasurementoftheintelligenceofindividuals.Buttheyarequestionedbysomeeminentpsychologists.

Thatintelligencetestsactuallygiveameasurementoftheintelligenceofindividualsisquestionedbysomeeminentpsychologists.b.Jamesgaveupsmoking.Thiscausedhimtogainweightandbecomeirritablewithhisacquaintances.

James’givingupsmokingcausedhimtogainweightandbecomeirritablewithhisacquaintances.c.Iwanttowriteanelaboratepaperoneconomy.Thisismyplanthissemester.

Towriteanelaboratepaperoneconomyismyplanthissemester.d.Thefarmersdonotplantanycrops.Thisisthefarmers’bestweaponagainstlowprices.

Nottoplantanycropsisthefarmers’bestweaponagainstlowprices.e.Youcanslightthevalueofearlydetectionprogramsforcancer.Butthisinvitesdisasteranddefeat.

Slightingthevalueofearlydetectionprogramsforcancerinvitesdisasteranddefeat.

Toslightthevalueofearlydetectionprogramsforcancerinvitesdisasteranddefeat.

Thatyouslightthevalueofearlydetectionprogramsforcancerinvitesdisasteranddefeat.

Whoeverslightsthevalueofearlydetectionprogramsforcancerinvitesdisasteranddefeat.7.2句型转换句型转换可以改变句型和结构，使得表达方式千变万化，增加文章的趣味性。只要不影响原意，并且符合英语的表达习惯或语法规则，都可以进行句型转换。请看下面两个例子，它们都说明可以用不同的句型表示同一个意思。a.BillboughtJaneastereo.BillboughtastereoforJane.JanewasboughtastereobyBill.AstereowasboughtforJanebyBill.ItwasastereothatBillboughtforJane.b.WhenBillboughtJaneastereo,hesurprisedher.Bill’sbuyingJaneastereosurprisedher.JanewassurprisedbyBill’sbuyingherastereo.ThatBillboughtJaneastereosurprisedher.ForBilltohaveboughtJaneastereosurprisedher.ThebuyingofastereoforJanebyBillsurprisedher.1.简单句句型的转换(1)主语转换a.Variedmethodshelptolivenupalesson.Varietyofmethodshelpstolivenupalesson.b.Mypreviousengagementpreventedmefromjoiningyourparty.Icouldnotjoinyourpartyonaccountofmypreviousengagement.c.Itisdangeroustoclimbthemountain.Themountainisdangeroustoclimb.d.Youwerewrongtoarguewithyourteacher.Itwaswrongforyoutoarguewithyourteacher.e.Noamountofpersuasioncouldmakeherchangehermind.Nothingcouldpersuadehertochangehermind.(2)谓语动词的转换(用同义词或同义句型)a.Ourlivingconditionshavebeengreatlyimproved.

Ourlivingconditionshaveachievedgreatimprovements.b.ThisbookreflectstheChinesesocietyofmyfather’stime.

ThisbookisareflectionoftheChinesesocietyofmyfather’stime.c.Heevidentlybenefitedlittlebymyadvice.

Heevidentlyreceivedlittlebenefitfrommyadvice.d.Bysodoing,weshallunderstanditbetter.

Bysodoing,weshallhaveabetterunderstandingofit.e.Sheconsideredthematterthoroughly.Herconsiderationofthematteristhorough.(3)状语(副词、介词短语、不定式之间)转换a.Ihavecomeheretogetthereferencebooks.

Ihavecomehereforthereferencebooks.b.Don’tstartworkuntilyougetfurthernotice.

Don’tstartworkbeforefurthernoticeisgiven.c.Thebuildingistwicethesizeofthatbuilding.

Thebuildingistwiceaslargeasthatbuilding.d.Shecameovertomesmilingly.

Shecameovertomewithasmile.e.Tomisverytired.

Tomisastiredasanything.(4)定语(形容词和介词短语、不定式短语之间)转换a.Itisaveryimportantinvention.

Itisaninventionofgreatimportance.b.Themovementtoreducecosthasproducedgoodresult.

Themovementforreductionofcosthasproducedgoodresult.c.Isitacommendablething?

Isitathingtobecommended?d.Thisquestionwasonetobedebated.

Thisquestionwasadebatableone.e.Therewasacontemptuouslookinhiseyeswhentheenemytriedtoflatterhim.

Therewasalookofcontemptinhiseyeswhentheenemytriedtoflatterhim.(5)宾语转换a.Theexpansionofthecityrequiredextendedcommunicationlines.

Theexpansionofthecityrequiredextensionofcommunicationlines.b.Wemarveledatthegreatnessoftheirachievements.

Wemarveledattheirgreatachievements.c.Theyconsideredthematterextremelyimportant.

Theyconsideredthematterofgreatimportance.d.TheywerealldeeplyimpressedbythefluencyofherEnglish.

TheywerealldeeplyimpressedbyherfluentEnglish.e.Theyhavefullconfidencetofulfilthetaskintwoweeks.

Theyhavebeenfullyconfidenttofulfilthetaskintwoweeks.2.复合句和简单句的转换通常我们可以将复合句中的从句转换成一个短语，这时句子的意思没有太大的变化。(1)主语从句和表语从句的转换(与不定式短语或动名词短语互换)a.Itseemsthatheisanhonestfellow.Heseemstobeanhonestfellow.b.Itworriedheragreatdealthatherdaughtershouldstayupsolate.Herdaughter’sstayingupsolateworriedheragreatdeal.c.Itwasbelievedthattheearthwasflat.Theearthwasbelievedtobeflat.d.Thequestionnowwashow,when,andwhereweshouldcrosstheriver.

Thequestionnowwashow,when,andwheretocrosstheriver.e.Herchiefworrywasthatshelackedexperience.

Herchiefworrywasherlackinginexperience.(2)宾语从句的转换(与不定式短语、动名词短语或名词短语互换)a.Theysaidthathewasaprofessor.Hewassaidtobeaprofessor.b.Heforgotthathehadpromisedtogototheexhibitionwithher.

Heforgothispromisingtogototheexhibitionwithher.c.TheLondondockersdemandedthattheirwagesberaised.

TheLondondockersdemandedariseintheirwages.d.Italldependsuponhowyouhandleit.

Italldependsuponyourwayofhandlingit.e.SheinsistedthatIshouldstayinbed.

Sheinsistedonmystayinginbed.(3)定语从句的转换(与不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语或名词短语等互换)a.Thatisnotanythingoneshouldfeeluneasyabout.

Thatisnotanythingtofeeluneasyabout.b.WhatdoyouthinkoftheplanXiaoLiputforward?

WhatdoyouthinkoftheplanputforwardbyXiaoLi?c.TheTelephoneCrisisInterventionService,whichisbetterknownasHotlines,providescounselingtoanyonewhoneedsit.

TheTelephoneCrisisInterventionService,betterknownasHotlines,providescounselingtoanyonewhoneedsit.d.Birdshavewingsthatenablethemtoflyintotheairwhenanenemyapproaches.

Birdshavewingsenablingthemtoflyintotheairwhenanenemyapproaches.e.Thewell-knownOlympicflagisamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentswhichparticipateintheGames.

Thewell-knownOlympicflagisamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.(4)状语从句的转换(与不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语互换)a.Whenshearrivedatthevillage,shesawseveraltractorsworkinginthefields.Arrivingatthevillage,shesawseveraltractorsworkinginthefields.b.Ifhehadbeenborninoursociety,hewouldhavedevelopedintoagreatartist.Borninoursociety,hewouldhavedevelopedintoagreatartist.c.Shewassoexcitedthatshecouldn’tgotosleep.

Shewastooexcitedtogotosleep.d.Hedidn’tdaretoshootashewasafraidofhittinghisownpeople.

Hedidn’tdaretoshootforfearofhittinghisownpeople.e.Theyworkedwithgreatenthusiasmthoughtheweatherwasextremelycold.

Theyworkedwithgreatenthusiasminspiteoftheextremelycoldweather.(5)句子的强弱转换(强调句型)a.Ifirstsawhimataneveningparty.ItwasataneveningpartythatIfirstsawhim.b.Whenitwasdark,Tomrealizeditwastoolatetoreturnhome.ItwasnotuntilitwasdarkthatTomrealizeditwastoolate.c.Myfatherreallyunderstandsmeonly.Onlymyfatherreallyunderstandsme.d.Mynoveltookalongtimetocomeoutbecauseitraisedagreatnumberofproblems.Itwasbecauseitraisedagreatnumberofproblemsthatmynoveltookalongtimetocomeout.e.Ayoungwomanofabout20waslyingonthefloor.Onthefloorwaslyingayoungwomanofabout20.练习七一、把下面每题中的两句话合并为一句话，使得第一句话成为第二句话的一部分。a.Hefailedtocompletethecourse.Thisspoilthischancesofpromotion.Hisfailuretocompletethecoursespoilthischancesofpromotion.b.Hecriticizedtheplanrepeatedly.Thisexasperatedeveryone.Hisrepeatedcriticismoftheplanexasperatedeveryone.c.Thepublicreceivedthenewsenthusiastic