语用学-合作原则教学文稿

语用学—合作原则

Meaningsof“Meaning”

“含义”的含义是什么呢？Discussion:Warming-upQuestionConceptualmeaning---associativemeaningLiteralmeaning----pragmaticmeaningConnotativemeaning---denotativemeaning

Yes!Therearealotofmeanings.But,whatdoyoumeannow?TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原则)

CP的提出：byHerbertPaulGrice,1975,“LogicandConversation”

TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原则)

Grice(1975):

在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是语言合作的结果。TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原则)

2.ContentsofCP(合作原则的内容)Quality质Quantity量Relation相关Manner方式TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原则)

1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Quantity量不多说，也不少说。TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原则)

Trytomakeyour

contributionone

thatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Quality质说真话TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原则)

Berelevant.话题要相关。Relation相关说话要相关，贴切。TheCooperativePrinciple

(合作原则)

Beperspicuous,andspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩2)avoidambiguity.避免歧义3)bebrief.简单明了4)beorderly.井井有条Manner方式Inshort:

Sub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.Thatis:

Humanbeingstryto

speaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation.

说话者试图真诚地、贴切地、清楚地表达足够的信息，交流才得以顺利进行。But:

Theviewmaydescribeaphilosopher’sparadise,butnooneactuallyspeakslikethatthewholetime.

但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:

SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯郸的南边。)ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)2.A:WhereisJohn?(约翰在哪呢？)B:

He’sgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhenheleft.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)ViolationofCPViolationofQuantity(量的违反)3.Boysareboys！男孩毕竟是男孩！4.Wariswar.战争就是战争。ViolationofCPViolationofQuality(质的违反)1.Sheismadeofiron.她是铁娘子。

2.“用了xx产品，今年20，明年18。”

3.“皇上万岁万岁万万岁！”ViolationofCPViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)

(一个宴会上)1.A:Youknow?ProfessorLi’swifeisabald.

(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isn’tit?

(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)ViolationofCPViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)2.A:How’shertermpaper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!

(她书法不错！)ViolationofCPViolationofManner(方式的违反)theneedy(需要者)----thepoor(穷人)Indifficulties(有困难)-----indebt(负债)todie(死)----topassaway(离开了)togotoanotherworld(去了另一个世界)Exercises（练习1）Internetlanguage（网络语言）顶！！Supporting!Exercises（练习2）Internetlanguage（网络语言）哥哥&美眉（妹妹）Exercises（练习3）A:哪？B:家。A:See电视？B:写读书报告。A:可怜！同情ingExercises（练习4）小时候梦想成为一名政治家，不是politician，而是statesman；稍大点，又想成为商人，成功的那种如今呢？我只想过房子，牛奶和面包都有的日子嘎嘎娃哈哈…我沦陷了#$@#$％＆Exercises（练习5）包子铺广告：“无所不包”锁店广告：“天下无贼”ViolationofCPoccurs,whatfollows?

ViolationofCPoccurs,whatfollows?Implicature(会话含义，言外之意)Exercises（练习5）包子铺广告：“无所不包”锁店广告：“天下无贼”Boy(男):You’rebeautifulwithoutwearingtheglasses.你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。Boy(男):You’rebeautifulwithoutwearingtheglasses.你不戴眼镜的时候很漂亮。Girl(女)：YoumeanI’mnotbeautifulwhenIwearglasses?你的意思是说我戴眼镜的时候不漂亮了？Conclusion（总结）

1)CPisthebasicprincipleofhumanbeings’communication.However,itdoesnotmeanCPwillbefollowedbyeverybodyallthetime.2)WhenCPisviolated,usually,aspecialimplicaturearises.ThedefinitionofconversationalimplicatureConversationalimplicaturemeanstheadditional,unstatedmeaning,thatis,whataspeakercanimply,suggest,ormeanmorethanwhatissaid,asdistinctfromwhatthespeakerliterallysays.Theword“implicature”iscreatedbyGrice,anAmericanphilosopher.Featuresofconversationalimplicature1.

cancellabilityordefeasibility

(可被撤消,可被废弃)

ConversationalimplicaturecanbecancellableormoreexactlydefeasibleAninferenceisdefeasibleifitispossibletocancelitbyaddingsomeadditionalpremisestotheoriginalones.AnexampleA:DearSir,Mr.X’scommandofEnglishisexcellentandhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular,yours,etc.(violationofquantity)DearSir,Mr.X’scommandofEnglishisexcellentandhisattendanceattutorialshasbeenregular.However,hisabilityatandenthusiasmforphilosophyarequiteadequateforthejob.Featuresofconversationalimplicature2.

Nondetachability（不可分离性）Theycanbenon-detachable.BythisGricemeansthattheimplicatureisattachedtothesemanticcontentofwhatissaid,nottolinguisticform,andthereforeimplicaturescannotbedetachedfromanutterancesimplybychangingthewordsoftheutteranceforsynonyms.不可分离性

会话含义是依附于话语的语义内容，而不是语言形式。因此，我们能用同义成分来替换话语的某一部分，而不改变原来的含义。例如（讽刺口吻）John’sagenius.Johnisamentalprodigy.(智力奇才)Johnisanexceptionallycleverhumanbeing.John’sabigbrain.John’sanidiot.Featuresofconversationalimplicature3.

Calculability