British Political System 英国的政治制度

Chapter4

BritishPoliticalSystemMonarchyParliamentGovernmentCabinetPoliticalPartiesGeneralElection整理课件ConstitutionalMonarchy TheKingorQueenisthepersonificationoftheState.整理课件TheConstitutionBritaindoesn’thaveaconstitutionwrittendowninasingledocument.Theconstitutionflowsfrom(出自，来自)6sources:

1)TheRoyalPrerogatives皇家特权

2)*StatuteLaws成文法

3)*CommonLaws普通法,判例法

4)*Conventions习惯法

5)AuthoritativeOpinions权威意见

6)EuropeanUnionLaws欧盟法

整理课件IsraelandBritainaretheonlytwocountrieswithoutwrittenconstitutions.英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大部分内容还是以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院的判例和国际公约等等。除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还包括英国议会惯例和国王特权。整理课件

Parliamentconsistsof3constituentparts:theymustallagreetopassanygivenlegislation

整理课件Legislature(立法机关)=Parliament

ParliamentisthehighestlegislativeauthorityintheUK–theinstitutionresponsibleformakingandrepealing(废止)alltheUKlaws.It’salsoknownastheLegislature.

Function:

MakealltheUKlaws;

Scrutinize(审查)governmentpolicy,administration&expenditure;

Hearappeals(上诉)inthehighestCourtofAppeal(最高上诉法院)inBritain;

Debatethemajorissuesoftheday.整理课件What’sthemeaningof“parliament”? (Aplaceforargumentanddebate)Thewordparliamentcomesfromtheverb“toparley”,thatis,todiscussortalk.Thebirthofthisterm:thekingoccasionallysummonedbaronsandrepresentativesfromcountiesandtownsifhewantedtoraisemoney.整理课件ThebirthofParliamentTheHouseofLordsThosewhoweresummoned“byname”.Atfirstit’sonlyagatheringofbaronsandbythe13thcentury,kingsfoundtheycouldn’tmakeendsmeetbyaskingmoneyfromthisquitesmallgroup.Andlatertheywidenedittoincluderepresentativesofcounties,citiesandtowns.TheHouseofCommonsRepresentativesofcommunitiesTheCommonsquicklygainedinpoliticalstrengthandinreturntheywantedanincreasingsay(发言权)inwhatthekingwasdoing.整理课件PalaceofWestminster

(HousesofParliament)整理课件HouseofLordsHouseofCommonsRedChamber

红厅

GreenChamber绿厅整理课件TheMonarch--OfficialHeadofParliamentThelifeofparliamentisdividedintoperiodscalled“sessions”(会期)(Asessionlastsfor1year).Thebeginningofanewsession,calledthe“StateOpeningofParliament”(议会开幕典礼)

,takesplaceintheHouseofLords.It’satraditionforthemonarchtoopenParliamentinperson.Ontheday,theQueentravelsfromBuckinghamPalacetoParliamentin

the

StateCoach(典礼马车,

agoldencarriage).OncetheQueenarrivesatParliament,theUnionFlagisloweredandreplacedbytheRoyalStandard.整理课件GoldenStateCoach整理课件TheUnionFlag

a.k.a.（亦称）

TheUnionJackTheRoyalStandard

整理课件FromBuckinghamtoWestminster

整理课件ThequeenthentakesherplaceonthethroneintheHouseofLords,fromwhereshesendshermessengerBlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)tosummontheMPs.WhentheBlackRodarrivesattheLowerHouse,thedoorisslammedinhisface,symbolizingtheindependenceanddominanceoftheHouseofCommons.Hemustthenknock3timestogainentryanddeliverhissummons.ThentheleadingMPsfollowtheBlackRodtotheUpperHouse,standingcrowdedattheendofthechamberoppositetothethrone.整理课件TheThroneintheUpperHouse整理课件BlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)

整理课件Knock3times整理课件CometotheUpperHouse(Throne)整理课件TheQueenwillthenreadouttheQueen’sSpeech,adocumentabout1,000wordsinlengthpreparedbythegovernment.Whatisthespeechabout? Inthedocumentthegovernmentoutlinesitsplannedprogrammesandthepoliciesitintendstofollow.Whentheone-weekdebatesontheQueen’sspeecharefinished,Parliamentisreadytobegintheactualworkofthenewsession.整理课件TheQueen’sSpeech整理课件TheHouseofLordsItexercisesthesupremejudicialpower.(最高司法机关)Ithasover1000non-elected

members:LordsSpiritual(神职议员):

2archbishops(大主教)and24diocesanbishops(辖区主教).Theireligibility(资格)tositendsonretirement.2.LawLords(司法议员):12ChiefJudges3.HereditaryPeers(世袭贵族): Duke,Marquis,Earl,Viscount,Baron(royaldescendants)4.LifePeers(当世贵族/一代贵族):

ThelifepeerisatitlegivenbytheCrownduringhis/herlifetime,inhonorofhisorherprofessionalachievements.ThetitleisNOThereditary.Attention:2,3and4arecalledtheLordsTemporal.(俗职议员)整理课件两名来自theChurchofCanterbury和theChurchofYork的大主教24名来自英格兰教（theChurchofEngland英国国教）的大主教。整理课件整理课件TheoreticallythetwoHousesareequallyimportant.ButtheUpperHousedoesNOTexercisethedominantconstitutionalinfluence(上院不具有主导法律影响力、不掌控立法权).IthasNOpowertopreventthepassingoflegislationorbillsapprovedbytheHouseofCommons.Thelordscanonlydelayabillforupto1year.TheworkofLordsislargelycomplementarytothatoftheCommons:holddebates,putquestionstoministers,examineandrevisebills.整理课件Thepeersgetnoparliamentarysalary,buttheyenjoyasmallallowanceforeachdayofattendance.Beingalordbringsnopersonalauthorityoverothers.ManyLordsaren’tenthusiasticaboutpoliticsandtheaveragedailyattendanceisquitelow.(Theiraverageageis63.)TheGovernmentcanpartlycontroltheLordsbycreatingnewpeers.大法官(LordChancellor)英国大法官职位自公元605年设立，至公元2003年被Blair取消，总共存续了1400余年,也叫御前大臣。在撤消大法官部后，布莱尔宣布设立一个宪法事务部（DepartmentofConstitutionalAffairs），总揽原大法官所负责的大部分事务。整理课件TheHouseofCommonsThemostpowerfulandimportantelementinUK.（therealcenterofBritishpoliticallife）Threemainfunctions: 1)Makelaws; 2)Controlandcriticizetheexecutive government; 3)Controltheraisingandspendingofmoney.整理课件ThePrimeMinister

LeaderofhispartyintheHouseofCommonsHeadofthegovernmentChiefspokesmanforthegovernmentHehastherighttoselecthiscabinet,handoutdepartmentalpositions,decidetheagendaforcabinetmeetingswhichhealsochairs.Hedirectsandcontrolspolicyforthegovernment.HekeepstheQueeninformedofgovernmentdecisions.(weeklymeetingwiththeQueen)整理课件Heexerciseswidepowersofpatronage(任命权)&appointmentsinthecivilservice,church&judiciary.Hecanamalgamate(合并)orsplitgovernmentdepartments.Hecandismissministersifthisisrequired.Hedecidesthedateforageneralelectionwithinthefive-yearterm.HedecidesthetimetableofgovernmentlegislationintheHouseofCommons.

整理课件ThebirthofthePrimeMinisterandCabinetToensuregoodrelationsbetweenCrownandParliament,thekingorqueenmetregularlywithagroupofimportantParliamentarians,agroupwhichbecameknownastheCabinet.In1714,therulingQueen(AnneofGreatBritain)diedwithoutproducinganheirtothethroneandsoBritainhadto“import”amemberoftheroyalfamilyfromGermanytoruleBritain.ThenewKingGeorgeⅠspokeEnglishverybadlyandwasnotveryinterestedinpoliticsanyway,soheleftthejobofchairingcabinetmeetingstooneofhisministers.Intimehecametobecalledtheprimeminister.整理课件ThepowersofthePMwithintheBritishpoliticalstructurehavedevelopedinrecentyearstosuchanextentthatsomepoliticalanalystsnowrefertoBritainashavingaPrimeMinisterialgovernmentratherthanaCabinetgovernment.ThePMselectshisownCabinetandhewillselectthosepeoplewho: Haveability

Havedemonstratedgoodpartyloyalty

Haveclearlydemonstratedloyaltytothe PMhimself

整理课件整理课件在地板中央有两排相距2.5米的红线,传说是为了正好超过两柄剑的长度。历史上，此举是为了避免下院的辩论演变为冲突。今天在下院辩发言时两方议员不得超越该线。若有议员在发言时越过该线，将会遭到对方的斥责。这可能也是英文用语“totoetheline”（循规蹈矩）的出处。有趣的是，下院议事厅只有427个坐位，但议员总数却合共646人，并不能安置所有议员。因此，如果有议员迟到，而议事厅又满座的话，那他就只好站在议事厅的入口处，继续参与会议。整理课件WhatGoesonintheHouseofCommons?MakingNewLaws

Thisiswhathappensinthechamber,butinfactthere’smuchhappeningelsewhereintheCommonswhichhashundredsofrooms. There’recommitteerooms,officesandalibrary,abarber’sshop,postofficeandrestaurants. MPsmeetincommittees,ordotheirofficeworkormeetvisitors.整理课件1.Debates

Manyhoursarespentdebatingissuesofnationalandinternationalimportance.MostoftenamotionisproposedbyoneortwooftheGovernment’sfrontbenchers(内阁大臣,资深议员)&thenthesamenumberofpersonsfromtheOppositionfrontbenchesopposeit(theShadowCabinet).TheSpeaker(议长)decideswhoisallowedtospeak&he/shemustensurethateachsideisgivenequalopportunityandtimetospeak.

整理课件2.Vote

AfterthedebatetheMPsvotefororagainstthemotion. MPsvotebygoinginto‘lobbies’(投票厅),corridorsoutsidethechamber,onefor‘aye’(满意厅)andonefor‘no’（反对厅）voteswheretheyarecounted. TheMP’svoteisrecordedsothatanybodycanknowwhichwayanMPvotedonanyparticularissue. Afterthevotesarecountedtheresultsareannouncedinthechamber.整理课件PrimeMinister’sQuestion

Time（质询时间）ThePManswersquestionsfromMPsintheCommonsforhalfanhoureveryWednesdayfrom12atnoon.QuestionTimeisanopportunityforMPstoaskthePMquestionsknownas“oralquestions”.

ArethoseoralquestionsmerelyfromthePM’soppositionpartiesorout-parties?

Anyonecanaskhimsomequestions.Intheory,thePMwon’tknowwhatquestionswillbeasked.However,he’llbeextensivelybriefedbygovernmentdepartmentsinanticipationoflikelysubjectshecouldbeaskedabout.整理课件整理课件Executive＝TheGovernment

WhatdoestheBritishGovernmentreferto?

Technically,theCentralGovernmentreferstotheCabinetheadedbythePrimeMinister. TheCabinetisthenucleusofthegovernment.AllitsmembersarechosenamongtheMPs.ThismakestheBritishgovernmentknownastheParliamentarygovernment(议会制政府)orCabinetgovernment.

整理课件BritishGovernment

PrimeMinisterMinisters(Headsofallimportantdepartments)Treasury财政部

MinistryofDefense

MinistryofAgriculture ForeignandCommonwealthOfficeDepartmentofEducationandScienceDepartmentofHealthandSocialSecurity

整理课件WhatistheCabinetcomposedof? (It’scomposedofthechiefsofthemostimportantministriesanddepartments.)WhoarealwaysincludedintheCabinet? (TheMinisterofDefense,theForeignSecretaryandtheChancelloroftheExchequer)CabinetmeetsweeklyatNo.10DowningStreet.

TheCabinet整理课件TheCabinetisappointedbytheQueenwiththeadviceofthePM.TheseniorpositionswithintheCabinetareusuallyappointedwithinhoursofanelectionvictory.AllCabinetmembersareservingMPsorpeers.TheyarecalledtheCabinetMinisters.ThemostseniormembersoftheCabinetaretheDeputyPrimeMinister,ForeignSecretary,ChancelloroftheExchequerandHomeSecretary.TherehasneverbeenasetnumberforpostswithintheCabinet.ThemostcommonfigureforaCabinetis22.整理课件TheOppositionshavea‘ShadowCabinet’:criticizetheGovernment’spolicy;exposeitsweakpoints;suggestamendments;drawattentiontoothermatterstheGovernmentmightotherwiseignore.整理课件10DowningStreet整理课件TheCivilService公务员Thecivilservantsarepoliticallyneutral.Theyarepaidwithpublicmoney.Theyarecareerofficialsservingtheelectedpoliticalgovernmentoftheday.Theythemselvesaren’telected.They’reofficialswhoremaininofficedespitechangesingovernment.Theyarewell-educatedelite,dominatedbyOxbridge(75%).Toenteratthehigherlevelsofthecivilserviceyouhavetopassarigorouscivilserviceexam.

整理课件LocalGovernment3layers: countycouncils(郡议会)

districtcouncils(区议会) communityorparishcouncils(社区或教区议会)Countycouncilorsmakeimportantdecisionsonlocalissuesthataffectpeople’severydaylives,suchaseducation,socialcare,transport,theenvironmentandfuturedevelopments.Districtcouncilorsworktoimprovethequalityoflifeforpeopleintheirwards(区)andmakedecisionsaboutlocalissues.Parish（教区）townorcommunityCouncilshavelimitedpowers.Theycanprovidecertainfacilitiessuchasrecreationalfacilities,publicconveniencesandcemeteries.整理课件TheDevolution(地方分权／权力下放)Devolutioniswherepoweristransferredfromasuperiorgovernmentalbody(suchascentralpower)toaninferiorone(suchasatregionallevel).SinceTonyBlair’sconstitutionalreformsattheendofthe20thcentury,morepowerhasbeendevolvedfromWestminstertoScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.TheScottishParliament--1998TheWelshAssembly--1998TheNorthernIrelandAssembly--1998整理课件Devolutionessentiallyinvolvesthesettingupofanelectedregionalassemblywhosepowersarecarefullyandclearlydefinedbynationalgovernment.Thesepowersdon’tusuallyincludemajorfinancialpowerssuchastaxcollection,theraisingoftaxesetc,thecontrolofthearmedforcesoraninputintoforeignpolicydecisions.Thedevolutionismainlyfinancial,e.g.givingareasabudgetwhichwasformerlyadmi