词素结构实用

会计学1词素结构实用Objectives:

Discussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification;Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formationTeachingfocus:DefinitionofmorphemesDefinitionofallomorphsTypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorphemeDefinitionsofroot,stemandbase

第1页/共32页1.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位第2页/共32页2.MorphandallomorphThedefinitionofmorphs：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。第3页/共32页Whatisanallomorph?Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。Forexample第4页/共32页

Whenthepluralmarker{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme{s},i.e.theallomorphsofmorpheme{s}.第5页/共32页3.Classificationsofmorphemes

Freevs.boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneDerivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

applyingtoaffixesonlyContent/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasis第6页/共32页

Freevs.boundmorphemes

自由语素与粘着语素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tour第7页/共32页Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。第8页/共32页Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-ic第9页/共32页Amultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是词根，‘接近’，ante-是前缀，‘在…前’，-ent是后缀，‘人，物’，第10页/共32页Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

派生语素与屈折语素Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes?第11页/共32页Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivatives

andcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.

派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。第12页/共32页Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。第13页/共32页What’sthedifferencebetweenthem?

InflectionalDoesn’tchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(work—works)Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence.(grammaticalmeaning)Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes.Occursatmarginsofwords.(radio—radios)

DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(like--dislike,sleep—asleep)Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword.(specificlexicalmeaning，e.g.,un-)OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded.

第14页/共32页Content/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemesLexical词汇/content实义morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords(blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes:blackandbird.),andderivationalmorphemessuchas–ship,-ize.Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-books)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have,they…functionalwords)第15页/共32页3.4IdentifyingMorphemesHowtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.e.g.,mono-morphemic:skydouble-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishtriple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+nessfour-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+nessover-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+ness第16页/共32页Inwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning?1)Inconsistentinformandmeaning:singer(onewho)erclearer(thecomparativedegree)eraser(oneobject)2)Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran-huckle-berryboysen-

3)Difficulttodefinethemeaning-ceiveinconceive/perceive/receive

第17页/共32页3.5MorphemeandWord-formation

Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.

在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。

第18页/共32页AffixAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。Twotypesofaffixes:

InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折词缀和派生词缀第19页/共32页Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings:第20页/共32页Plurality名词复数Thegenitivecase名词所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容词/副词比较级、最高级Theverbalendings动词词尾变化e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;-eninoxene.g.’sinboy’s,children’se.g.-erinwordslikesmaller;-estinwordslikesmallest.a.-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.b.-inginwordslikeeating,showsthepresentparticipleorgerund.c.-(e)dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.第21页/共32页DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

第22页/共32页(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.

(2)SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.第23页/共32页Root,stem,base

词根、词干、词基Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。第24页/共32页Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。第25页/共32页Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。第26页/共32页词根、词干、词基词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。第27页/共32页Task:Analysethewordintermsofroot,stemandbase.e.g.,(root/base)