全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程2-Unit7说课讲解

BR_mainListeningandAnsweringtheQuestions

HistoryofEnglishWinstonChurchillJuliusCaesarVikingNormanWilliamCaxtonOttoJespersenRenaissance第一页，共207页。BR_HistoryofEnglish

HistoryofEnglish

TherootofEnglishThedevelopmentofModernEnglish20thCenturyEnglish第二页，共207页。BR_WinstonChurchillWinstonChurchillABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchillChronologyofWinstonChurchillAVideoClipaboutWinstonChurchill第三页，共207页。Yes.Forexample,themeaningof“yourhouseburnsup”isthesameasthatof“yourhouseburnsdown”,or“youfillinaform”isthesameas“youfilloutaform”.BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions11.Whatisthepassageabout?ListenandAnswertheQuestionsDirections:Listentotherecordingtwoorthreetimesandthenthinkoverthefollowingquestions.Englishisagreatlanguage,butitisalsoacrazylanguage.2.CanyougiveoneortwoexamplestoillustratethemessinessoftheEnglishlanguage?第四页，共207页。3.Areyousureofalltheidiomaticusagesmentionedintherecordedpassage?Someofthemoreconfusingusagesareexplainedhere:1)shipbytruck/sendcargobyship:shipcanbeeitheraverboranoun.Thefirst“ship”means“send”,thesecondone“alargeboat”.2)nosesthatrun/feetthatsmells:BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions2Thisreferstowhatpeopleusuallysay“havearunningnose”(流鼻涕),

“havesmellyfeet”(臭脚).

第五页，共207页。3)aslim/fatchance:aremotepossibility4)awiseguy:apersonwhopretendstobemuchwiserthanhe/shereallyis;aderogatorytermawiseman:areallywiseperson;acommendatoryterm5)overlook:failtoseeornotice,paynoattentiontooversee:control(work,workmen)BR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions3第六页，共207页。6)hot/coldashell:extremelyhot/cold7)burnup:catchfireandflareupburndown:bedestroyedbyfire8)fillinaform/filloutaform:synonymous9)gooff:startanaction,usuallyaccompaniedbyagreatnoisegoon:continuedoingsomethingBR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions4第七页，共207页。10)whenstarsareout:whenstarsappearintheskywhenlightsareout:whenlightsareturnedoff11)windupawatch:tightenthespringofawatchwindupaspeech:endaspeechBR_ListenandAnswertheQuestions5第八页，共207页。BR_TherootofEnglish1TherootofEnglishEnglishbeganasawestGermaniclanguagewhichwasbroughttoEnglandbytheSaxonsaround400A.D.OldEnglishwasthespokenandwrittenlanguageofEnglandbetween400and1100A.D.ManywordsusedtodaycomefromOldEnglish,includingman,woman,king,mother,

etc.ButOldEnglishwasverydifferentfrommodernEnglishandonlyafewwordscanbeeasilyrecognized.Inthe9thand10thcenturies,whenVikingsinvadedEngland,OldNorsewords,e.g.sky,takeandgetandmanyplacenames,enteredthelanguage.第九页，共207页。FromtheNormanConquest(1066)untilthelate12th.centuryEnglishwasreplacedastheofficiallanguagebyNormanFrench,thoughEnglishwasstillusedbythelowerclasses.Englishfromabout1300to1500isknownasMiddleEnglish.ItwasinfluencedbyFrenchandalsoLatininvocabularyandpronunciation.Frenchbroughtmanywordsconnectedwithgovernment,e.g.sovereign,royal,

court,legal

andgovernmentitself.LatinwasthelanguageofreligionandlearningandgavetoEnglishwordssuchasminister,angel,master,schoolandgrammar.LiteraturebeganagaintobewritteninEnglishduringthisperiod.OneofthemostfamousMiddleEnglishworksisChaucer’sTheCanterburyTalesBR_TherootofEnglish2第十页，共207页。ModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinfluencedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476.Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofthe18thcentury.DuringtheRenaissance,manywordswereintroducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscience,medicineandphilosophy.Theyincludedphysics,species,architecture,

encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforitsdrama,andShakespeare’splayswereseenbymanypeople.ThedevelopmentofModernEnglishBR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish1

第十一页，共207页。Thedevelopmentofprintinghelpedestablishstandardsofspellingandgrammar,butthereremainedalotofvariation.SamuelJohnson’sADictionaryoftheEnglish

Language(1755)wasthefirstauthoritativetreatmentofEnglish.Itdefinedabout40,000wordsandgaveexamplesoftheiruse.Bythe18thcenturyAmericanEnglishwasestablishedanddevelopingindependentlyfromBritishEnglish.AftercolonistsarrivedintheUSnewwordsbegantobeaddedfromNativeAmericanlanguages,andfromFrenchandSpanish.In1783,soonafterJohnson’sdictionarywaspublished,NoahWebster’sTheElementarySpellingBookBR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish2第十二页，共207页。waspublishedintheUS.AtfirstitusedJohnson’sspellings,butlatereditionscontainedmanyofwhathavecometobeknownasAmericanspellings,e.g.harborandfavorite.BR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish3第十三页，共207页。Duringthe19thandearly20thcenturiesmanydictionariesandbooksaboutlanguagewerepublished.NewwordsarestillbeingaddedtoEnglishfromotherlanguages,includingChinese(fengshui)andJapanese(karaoke).Existingwordsgainnewsenses,andnewexpressionsspreadquicklythroughtelevisionandtheInternet.Englishisnowaninternationallanguageandisusedasameansofcommunicationbetweenpeoplefrommanycountries.AsaresulttheinfluencesontheEnglishlanguagearewiderthaneveranditispossiblethatWorldEnglishwillmoveawayfromusingaBritishorAmericanstandardandestablishitsowninternationalidentity.20thCenturyEnglishBR_20thCenturyEnglish

第十四页，共207页。Asapolitician,WinstonChurchillisrememberedasoneofBritain’sgreateststatesmen.HewasthesonoftheConservativepoliticianLordRandolphChurchillandhisAmericanwifeJennie.AsayoungmanheservedasasoldierinIndiaandEgypt,andasajournalistinSouthAfrica,beforeenteringpolitics.ChurchillbecamePrimeMinisterandMinisterofDefencein1940.HisradiospeechesduringWorldWarIIgavetheBritishpeopleastrongdeterminationtowinthewar,especiallyattimesofgreatcrisis.ExamplesofChurchill’sphrasesstilloftenquotedtodayare“Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat”,and“Thiswastheirfinesthour”.

ABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchillBR_ABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchill1

第十五页，共207页。TheConservativePartyledbyChurchilllosttheelectionof1945,buthebecamePrimeMinisteragainfrom1951to1955whenheretired,aged80.WhenhediedinJan1965hewasgivenastatefuneral.BR_ABriefintroductiontoWinstonChurchill2

第十六页，共207页。ChronologyofWinstonChurchillNovember30,1874October1,1911April30,1915

November6,1924BornWinstonLeonardSpencerChurchillatBlenheimPalace,Woodstock,nearOxford.AppointedFirstLordoftheAdmiraltyinLiberalgovernment.FailureoftheDardanellesExpedition,inWorldWarI,ledtohisresignationasFirstLordoftheAdmiralty.BaldwinnamedhimChancelloroftheExchequer.BR_ChronologyofWinstonChurchill1

第十七页，共207页。May10,1940July1945April24,1953December10,1953January24,1965Appointedtoheadwartimecoalitiongovernment.Lostgeneralelection.KnightedbyQueenElizabethII.AwardedNobelprizeforliteratureinrecognitionof“historicalworksandbiographiesaswellashisbrilliantspeeches.”DiedinLondon;givenastatefuneral;buriedinthechurchyardatBladon,nearBlenheim.BR_ChronologyofWinstonChurchill2

第十八页，共207页。Directions:Watchthisvideoclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.AVideoClipaboutWinstonChurchill

1.Whatdoyoulearnfromtheclip?2.WhatdoyouthinkofWinstonChurchill?BR_AVideoClip1第十九页，共207页。BR_AVideoClip2第二十页，共207页。JuliusCaesar(100-44BC)JuliusCaesarwasthebest-knownofalltheancientRomanleaders,andthefirstonetolandinBritainwithanarmy.Hedidthistwice,in55and54BC,althoughBritaindidnotbecomepartoftheRomanEmpireuntilnearlyahundredyearslater.BR_JuliusCaesar

第二十一页，共207页。easternEngland,andtheDanishkingCanuteruledEnglandfrom1016.TheVikingswerefearedasviolentandcruel,buttheywerealsonotedfortheirskillinbuildingshipsandassailors.TheyhadanimportantinfluenceonEnglishVikingVikingwasamemberofapeoplefromScandinaviawhoattackedpartsofnorthernandwesternEurope,includingBritainandIreland,inthe8thto11thcenturies.InBritaintheywerealsoknownasNorsemen.TheysettledontheScottishislandsandinareasofcultureandtheEnglishlanguage.BR_Viking第二十二页，共207页。

Norman

NormanreferstoanyofthepeoplefromNormandyinnorthernFrancewhosettledinEnglandaftertheirleaderWilliamdefeatedtheEnglishkingattheBattleofHastingsin1066.TheNormanstookcontrolofthecountry,aprocessknownastheNormanConquest.TheyusedmanyoftheBR_Norman1第二十三页，共207页。existingAnglo-Saxonmethodsofgovernmentofthestateandthechurch,butaddedimportantaspectsoftheirownandmadegovernmentmuchmoreeffective.ThelanguageofgovernmentbecamefirstLatin,andthenNormanFrench,andthiscausedmanynewwordstobeaddedtotheexistingEnglishlanguage.BR_Norman2第二十四页，共207页。WilliamCaxton(c.1422~1491)WilliamCaxtonwasthemanwhosetupthefirstprintingfirminBritain.Heprintedhisfirstbookin1474.ByprintingbooksinEnglish,Caxtonhadastronginfluenceonthespellinganddevelopmentofthelanguage.wereFrenchstorieswhichhetranslatedhimself.BR_WilliamCaxton

第二十五页，共207页。OttoJespersen(1860~1943)BR_OttoJespersen

OttoJespersenwasaDanishphilologist,grammarian,andeducationist.Hepromotedtheuseofthe“directmethod”inlanguageteachingwiththepublicationofhistheoreticalworkHowtoTeachaForeign

Language(1904).Otherbooksincludehisseven-volumeModernEnglishGrammar(1909~1949).第二十六页，共207页。Renaissance

BR_Renaissance1第二十七页，共207页。BR_Renaissance2TheRenaissanceemergedinnorthernItalyinthe1300swhen,notcontentwiththeabstractandhighlysubjectivethinkingoftheMiddleAges,scholarsturnedforinspirationtotheancientGreeksandRomanswiththeirloveofearthlylife.ItalianarchitectsrediscoveredancientconstructiontechniquesandincorporatedGreekandRomancolumns,arches,anddomesintotheirpublicbuildings.Insteadoftheflat,stifffiguresoftheMiddleAges,Renaissanceartistsportrayedrounded,flesh-and-bloodpeople,peoplefilledwithemotions.Todepicttheworldtheylivedinrealistically,Renaissanceartistsdevelopedlinearperspective,whichcreatesona第二十八页，共207页。flatsurface

theillusionof

depth.Renaissancescholarsexploredtheirworldthroughmathematics,science,andengineering.ProbablythemostfamouspeopleoftheRenaissancetimesareLeonardodaVinciandMichelangelo.Bythe1500stheRenaissancehadspreadtoSpainandthecountriesofnorthernEurope,wherepeoplesoughttoblendtheintenseinterestinhumanaffairswithspiritualideals.BR_Renaissance3第二十九页，共207页。GR_mainPartDivisionoftheText

FurtherUnderstanding

第三十页，共207页。GR_FurtherUnderstandingPairDiscussion

English–theSeaofLanguage

QuestionsandAnswersFurtherUnderstanding第三十一页，共207页。GR_PartDivisionoftheText1PartDivisionoftheTextPartsPara(s).MainIdeas11~324~16MassiveborrowingfromotherlanguagesisamajorfeatureoftheEnglishlanguage.TellsaboutthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagefromtheIndo-EuropeanparentlanguagetomodernEnglish. 第三十二页，共207页。GR_PartDivisionoftheText2PartsMainIdeas317~19Tolerance,loveoffreedom,andrespectfortherightsofothers—thesequalitiesintheEnglish-speakingpeopleexplaintherichnessoftheirlanguage.Para(s).第三十三页，共207页。PairDiscussionDirections:Lookatthepicturebelow.Answerthesequestionswithapartner.WhataredifferencesbetweenEnglishandFrenchinborrowingforeignwords?EnglishhasavocabularyofaboutonemillionwordswhileFrenchhasonlyabout75,000words.EnglishhasborrowedalotofwordsfromotherlanguageswhileFrenchhasn’t.AndtheFrenchgovernmenteventriestobanwordsfromEnglish.GR_PairDiscussion1

第三十四页，共207页。2.WhatcanweinferfromtheinventionofaFrenchword“balladeer”?Inborrowingforeignwords,Englishpeopleareopen-mindedwhileFrenchpeopleareconservative.GR_PairDiscussion2WeknowthereasonwhyEnglishhasbecomethefirsttrulygloballanguage.3.Howdidtheword“Walkman”comeintobeing?TheJapaneseputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.第三十五页，共207页。English–theSeaofLanguageeyeangelskyroyalkinglycapsulewaterthermometerhabitual

mahjongOldEnglishVikingsFrenchChineseLatinChristianityGreekGR_English–theSeaofLanguage

第三十六页，共207页。QuestionsandAnswers1.WhoisOttoJespersen?HeisaDanishscholar.2.AccordingtoOttoJespersen,whatisthecauseforEnglishtobecomewhatitis?It’stheresultofthegreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividual.3.WhatisEnglishlanguageintheauthor’sopinion?Englishisthetongueofcommonman.GR_QuestionsandAnswers

第三十七页，共207页。ThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages.ThatiswhyEnglishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords,whileothermajorlanguageshavefarfewer.French,forexample,hasonlyabout75,000words,andthatincludesEnglishexpressionslikesnackbarandhitparade.TheFrench,however,donotlikeborrowingforeignwordsbecausetheythinkitcorruptstheirlanguage.ThegovernmenttriestobanwordsfromEnglishanddeclaresthatWalkmanisnotdesirable;sotheyinventaword,balladeur,whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinstead—buttheydon’t.DR_Text1THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISHRobertMacNeil第三十八页，共207页。Walkmanisfascinatingbecauseitisn’tevenEnglish.Strictlyspeaking,itwasinventedbytheJapanesemanufacturerswhoputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.Thatdoesn’tbotherus,butit

doesbothertheFrench.SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish.Thathappytolerance,thatwillingnesstoacceptwordsfromanywhere,explainstherichnessofEnglishandwhyithasbecome,toaveryrealextent,thefirsttrulygloballanguage.DR_Text2第三十九页，共207页。HowdidthelanguageofasmallislandoffthecoastofEuropebecomethelanguageoftheplanet—morewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherhaseverbeen?ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearns

aboutidentity(I,me,you);possession(mine,yours);thebody(eye,nose,mouth);size(tall,short);andnecessities(food,water).ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonEnglish,thecoreofourlanguage.Usuallyshortanddirect,thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous.GreatspeakersoftenuseOldEnglishtoarouseouremotions.第四十页，共207页。VirtuallyeveryoneofthosewordscamefromOldEnglish,exceptthelast—surrender,whichcamefromNormanFrench.Churchillcouldhavesaid,“Weshallnevergivein,”butitisoneofthelovely—andpowerful—opportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix,foreffect,differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds.Yetthereissomethingdirecttotheheartthatspeakstousfromtheearliestwordsinourlanguage.Forexample,duringWorldWarII,WinstonChurchillmadethisspeech,stirringthecourageofhispeopleagainstHitler’sarmiespositionedtocrosstheEnglishChannel:“Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender.”第四十一页，共207页。TwocenturiesagoanEnglishjudgeinIndianoticedthatseveralwordsinSanskritcloselyresembledsomewordsinGreekandLatin.Asystematicstudyrevealedthatmanymodernlanguagesdescendedfromacommonparentlanguage,losttousbecausenothingwaswrittendown.WhenJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainin55B.C.,Englishdidnotexist.TheCelts,whoinhabitedtheland,spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyasWelsh.Wherethoselanguagescamefromisstillamystery,butthereisatheory.第四十二页，共207页。Identifyingsimilarwords,linguistshavecomeupwithwhattheycallanIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,spokenuntil3500to2000B.C.Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow,beeandwolfbutnowordforsea.Sosomescholarsassumetheylivedsomewhereinnorth-centralEurope,whereitwascold.Travelingeast,someestablishedthelanguagesofIndiaandPakistan,andothersdriftedwesttowardthegentlerclimatesofEurope.SomewhomadetheearliestmovewestwardbecameknownastheCelts,whomCaesar’sarmiesfoundinBritain.NewwordscamewiththeGermanictribes—theAngles,theSaxons,etc.—thatslippedacrosstheNorthSeatosettleinBritaininthe5thcentury.TogethertheyformedwhatwecallAnglo-Saxonsociety.第四十三页，共207页。TheAnglo-Saxonspassedontoustheirfarmingvocabulary,includingsheep,ox,earth,wood,fieldandwork.Theymusthavealsoenjoyedthemselvesbecausetheygaveusthewordlaughter.ThenextbiginfluenceonEnglishwasChristianity.ItenrichedtheAnglo-Saxonvocabularywithsome400to500wordsfromGreekandLatin,includingangel,discipleandmartyr.第四十四页，共207页。ThenintothisrelativelypeacefullandcametheVikingsfromScandinavia.TheyalsobroughttoEnglishmanywordsthatbeginwithsk,likeskyandskirt.ButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived,andsoyoucanrearachild(English)orraiseachild(Norse).Othersuchpairssurvive:wishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin.EachsuchadditiongaveEnglishmorerichness,morevariety.Anotherfloodofnewvocabularyoccurredin1066,whentheNormansconqueredEngland.Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.

第四十五页，共207页。With

threelanguagescompeting,thereweresometimesdifferenttermsforthesamething.Forexample,Anglo-Saxonshadthewordkingly,butaftertheNormans,royalandsovereignenteredthelanguageasalternatives.TheextraordinarythingwasthatFrenchdidnotreplaceEnglish.OverthreecenturiesEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench,andbytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedwasamodified,greatlyenrichedlanguage—MiddleEnglish—withabout10,000“borrowed”Frenchwords.第四十六页，共207页。Around1476WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpressinEnglandandstartedacommunicationsrevolution.PrintingbroughtintoEnglishthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance.TranslationsTranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage,andwiththemthousandsofLatinwordslikecapsuleandhabitual,andGreekwordslikecatastropheandthermometer.TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions,likevideo,televisionandcyberspace.第四十七页，共207页。AssettlerslandedinNorthAmericaandestablishedtheUnitedStates,Englishfounditselfwithtwosources—AmericanandBritish.ScholarsinBritainworriedthatthelanguagewasoutofcontrol,andsomewantedtosetupanacademytodecidewhichwordswereproperandwhichwerenot.Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.第四十八页，共207页。Thattoleranceforchangealsorepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.DanishscholarOttoJespersenwrotein1905,“TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself.”Ilikethatidea.

ConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld.ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland,andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica.TheEnglish-speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.第四十九页，共207页。Indeed,theEnglishlanguageisnotthespecialpreserveofgrammarians,languagepolice,teachers,writersortheintellectualelite.Englishis,andalwayshasbeen,thetongueofthecommonman.第五十页，共207页。DR_SentenceTHEGLORIOUS1英语(yīnɡyǔ)中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象。THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISHTranslatethetitleintoChinese.第五十一页，共207页。DR_SentenceTHEGLORIOUS2Therhetoricaldeviceusedhereiscalledoxymoron(矛盾修饰法).Anoxymoronputstwocontradictorytermstogethertopuzzlethereader,luringhim/hertopauseandexplorewhy.Here“Glorious”isacommendatory(褒义(bāoyì)的)term,while“Messiness”isderogatory(贬义的).Asthereaderreadson,he/shewillknowthatEnglishismessy,butthemessinessreflectssomecommendablequalitiesofEnglish,suchastolerance,theloveoffreedom,andtherespectforothers’rights.Atthispointthereadercannotbutadmiretheauthor’singenuity.Whatkindofrhetoricaldeviceisusedinthetitle?第五十二页，共207页。DR_Sentence2…which

Paraphrasethesentence.Frenchchildrenareexpectedtosaytheword“balladeer”insteadof“Walkman”buttheydon’tsayit.…whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinstead–buttheydon’t.

第五十三页，共207页。DR_Sentence3Suchis

Whatcanweknowabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsEnglishfromthissentence?Hethinksmuchofit.SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish.

第五十四页，共207页。DR_Sentence4Thehistory

Paraphrasethispart.ThehistoryofEnglishisrevealedinthefirstwordsachildlearnsabout…ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsabout…

TranslatethispartintoChinese.英语的历史体现(tǐxiàn)在孩子最先学会用来表示…的词汇当中。第五十五页，共207页。DR_Sentence5…“We

Whatkindofrhetoricaldeviceisusedhere?Andwhat’sthefunctionofit?Therhetoricaldeviceusedhereiscalledparallelism(排比(páibǐ)法).Withthisdevicethesentencesbecomemorepowerfulandwillleaveadeeperimpressiononlistenersorreaders.…“Weshallfight…surrender.”

第五十六页，共207页。DR_Sentence6…French

Whatkindofrhetoricaldeviceisusedhere?Therhetoricaldeviceusedhereiscalledmetonymy(转喻).Heretheword“churches”standsforreligiousinstitutionsandthosewhoareinvolvedinreligiouspractices.Anotherexample,inthesentence“Thekettleboils.”,theword“kettle”standsto“thewaterinthekettle”.…Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.第五十七页，共207页。DR_Sentence7TranslationsofGreek

WhatistheChineseversionofthispart?希腊罗马经典著作的译文(yìwén)纷纷印成书册。TranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage,

Whatkindofrhetoricaldeviceisusedhere?Theauthorusedpersonification(拟人法)inthispart.第五十八页，共207页。DR_Sentence8Todaywestill

Wherearethetwowords“television”and“cyberspace”from?Theword“television”isformedby“tele”(Greek,meaning“faroff”)and“vision”(Latin,meaning“tosee”.Theword“cyberspace”isformedby“cyber”(Greek,meaning“tosteer”)and“space”(OldFrench,Latin)

.TodaywestillborrowfromLatin…cyberspace.

第五十九页，共207页。DR_Sentence9Fortunatelytheir

Whatcanweinferfromthissentenceabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsEnglish?TheauthorpreferswhatEnglishistodaytowhatsomeBritishscholarswantedtodo.Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.

第六十页，共207页。DR_Sentence10Ilikethatidea.

Whatdoes“thatidea”referto?ItreferstothefactthattheEnglishlanguagetodayresultsfromthegreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandhisfreedomtostrikeoutnewpathforhimself.Ilikethatidea.

第六十一页，共207页。Therhetoricaldeviceusedinthesesentencesiscalledmetaphor.Heretheauthorusessustainedmetaphor:theculturalsoil,thefirstshootssprangup,…grewstronger,buildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.InthiscasetheEnglishlanguageiscomparedtoplants,andthevariousculturesinfluencingitarecomparedtothesoil,whileusersofEnglisharecomparedtogardeners.Besidesthis,theauthoremploysmanyothermetaphorsinthistext,suchascoreofEnglish(Para.4),anotherfloodofnewvocabulary(Para.14),andthespecialpreserveofgrammarians(Para.19).Whatkindofrhetoricaldeviceisusedinthesesentences?Considerthat…aroundtheirlanguage.

DR_Sentence11Considerthat…around第六十二页，共207页。DR_word_corruptcorrupt:vt.TheAcademyruledthatsuchforeignexpressionswerenotpermitted,astheycorruptedthelanguage.HasJapanesebeencorruptedbytheintroductionofforeignwords?causeerrorstoappearincausetoactdishonestlyinreturnforpersonalgainsToourgreatsurprise,theformermayorturnedouttohavebeencorruptedbythedesireformoneyandpower.Togainmoreprofits,thebusinessmantriedeverymeanstocorrupttheofficialsinthelocalgovernment.第六十三页，共207页。DR_word_ban1ban:vt.

1.forbid(sth.)officially(usedinthepattern:bansth.;

bansb.

fromsth./doingsth.

Thelocalgovernmentwillbansmokinginallofficeslaterthisyear.Tomwasbannedfromdrivingforsixmonthsafterbeingcaughtspeedingagain.LadyChatterley’sLoverwasbannedwhenitwasfirstpublished.第六十四页，共207页。DR_word_ban2CF:Thetreatybansallnucleartests.该条约(tiáoyuē)禁止一切核试验。forbid是普通用词(yònɡcí)，可用于较细小的事物。例如：Heforbadehischildrensweetsbecausehedidn’twanttheirteethtoberuined.他不许孩子们吃糖果，因为他不希望(xīwàng)他们的牙齿蛀坏。ban,forbid&prohibit这三个是及物动词，均含“禁止”之意。ban语气最重，指权威机关“正式禁止”。一般含有“严厉谴责”的意思，只能用于严重危害公众利益的事物。例如：

第六十五页，共207页。prohibit指“（通过法律、法令或严正警告）禁止某些事物”，应用(yìngyòng)范围较ban广。例如