电子商务中英对照EcommerceChaer

Chapter

5Business-to-BusinessActivities:Improvingefficiencyandreducingcosts企业间电子商务战略(B2B)

2电子商务VS传统商务传统商务B2BC2CB2CB2CB2B支持在互联网上的销售和采购活动所需要的交易和业务流程LearningObjectives学习目标Inthischapter,youwilllearnabout:Strategiesthatbusinessesusetoimprovepurchasing,logistics,andothersupportactivities

改进采购、物流和其他支持活动的业务战略;LearningObjectives学习目标Electronicdatainterchange,howitworks,andhowbusinessesaremovingittotheInternet电子数据交换(EDI)及其工作原理;HowbusinessesaremovingelectronicdatainterchangeoperationstotheInternet企业在互联网上开展EDI的方式;LearningObjectives学习目标Electronicmarketplacesandportalsthatmakepurchase-salenegotiationseasierandmoreefficient

提高采购与销售业务效率的电子集市与门户。LearningObjectives学习目标8什么是企业价值链?(Valuechain）9

10Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivitiesElectroniccommercepossessesthepotentialforcostreductionandbusinessprocessimprovementinpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivities.在采购购—物流—支持活活动过过程中中，为为了节节省的的成本本和对对业务务流程程的改改进，，电子子商务务发挥挥了巨巨大的的潜力力。12Companiesuseelectroniccommerceto:ImprovepurchasingandlogisticsImproveallsupportactivitiesProvidepotentialcostreductions,businessprocessimprovements企业通通过电电子商商务，，可以以改善善价值值链中中的采采购和和物流流活动动，以以及支支持活活动。。降低潜潜在成成本，，改善善业务务流程程Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities13Anemergingcharacteristicofpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivitiesisthattheyneedtobeflexible.采购—物流流—支持活活动的一个个新特征就就是要求这这些活动具具备灵活性性。Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities14Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivities在全球价值值链垂直分分离的过程程中，外包包和离岸是是其两个重重要的特征征。Outsourcing外包：Theuseofotherorganizationtoperformspecificactivities使用其他组组织来执行行特定的活活动15Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivitiesOffshoring离岸外包包：Theoutsourcingisdonebyorganizationinothercounties扩展到海海外的外外包。主主要有有外包、、创建全全资子公公司或与与当地企企业创办办合资公公司。16Purchasing,Logistics,andSupportActivitiesBusinessprocessoffshoring(BPO)业务流程程离岸外外包：Companiesoffshorenon-manufacturingactivities是将业务务任务或或业务流流程，转转移到低低成本的的国家。。供应商商与企业业之间的的交互主主要通过过电话和和网络进进行。5.2.1PurchasingActivities采购活动动Purchasingactivitiesinclude:采购活动动包括：：Identifyingvendors寻找卖主主/供应商Evaluatingvendors评估卖主主/供应商Selectingspecificproducts选择特定定产品Placingorders发送订单单Resolvinganyissuesthatariseafterreceivingtheorderedgoodsandservices解决收货货后出现现的问题题PurchasingActivities采购活动动Procurementincludesallpurchasingactivities,plusthemonitoringofallelementsofpurchasetransactions.“采购””一词涵涵盖所有有购买活活动以及及对购买买过程中中所有活活动的监监控Procurementalsocalledsupplymanagement企业的采采购流程程20E-sourcing:thevendorsinthismarketcansavethecostofprintingandshippingcatalogsandthecostofhandlingtelephoneorders.在网络上上处理订订单可以以让供应应商节省省印刷与与邮寄产产品目录录的成本本和处理理电话订订购的成成本。PurchasingActivities采购活动动Directvs.IndirectmaterialspurchasingBusinessesmakeadistinctionbetweendirectandindirectmaterials.企业认为为直接物物料与间间接物料料完全不不同Directmaterialsarethosematerialsthatbecomepartofthefinishedproduct.直接物料料是指在在生产过过程中进进入成品品的物料料；22Directmaterialspurchasing:twotypesReplenishmentpurchasing(contractpurchasing)合同采购购/订约采购购Companynegotiateslong-termmaterialcontracts2.Spotpurchasing现货采购购Purchasesmadeinlooselyorganizedmarket(spotmarket)Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing23Indirectmaterialsareallothermaterialscompanypurchases间接物料是公公司采购的其其他物料Directvs.IndirectmaterialspurchasingProductsthatcompaniesbuyonarecurringbasisarecalledmaintenance,repair,andoperating(MRO)supplies.很多企业经常常性地采购的的那些间接物物料称为MRO产品（办公用用品集中采购购）Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing25MRO是指在实际的的生产过程不不直接构成产产品，只用于于维护、维修修、运行设备备的物料和服服务。MRO物料通常是一一些低值易耗耗的商品，其其种类繁杂而而且采购量不不定，因此在在采购和库存存管理上与直直接物料也有有着较大的差差异。Directvs.IndirectmaterialspurchasingTwoofthelargestMROsuppliersintheworldareMcMaster-CarrandW.W.Grainger.

MC和WWG是世界上最大大的MRO供应商。国内比较知名名的MRO工业品服务商商主要有：阿阿里巴巴（工工业品商城））、沃的工业业城（WOGYC）、拜优、工工品汇Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing2728Purchasingcards(p-cards)provide:Managersanabilitytomakemultiplesmallpurchases可支持多次、、数额小的购购买Cost-trackinginformationtoprocurement可查询消费信信息Directvs.Indirectmaterialspurchasing物流流活活动动classicobjective:Toprovidetherightgoodsintherightquantitiesintherightplaceattherighttime.物流流以以前前的的目目标标是是在在正正确确时时间间将将正正确确数数量量的的正正确确物物品品送送到到正正确确地地点点。。物流流活活动动Businesseshavebeenincreasingtheiruseofinformationtechnologytoachievethisobjective.企业业是是通通过过加加强强信信息息技技术术的的应应用用来来实实现现这这个个目目标标。。31Importantsupportactivityforsalesandpurchasing物流流是是销销售售和和采采购购的的重重要要支支持持活活动动Includesmanagingthemovementsof:Inboundmaterialsandsupplies进Outboundfinishedgoodsandservices出物流流活活动动32WebandtheInternet：Providingincreasingnumberofopportunitiestobettermanageactivities网络络和和互互联联网网:为更更好好地地管管理理活活动动提提供供越越来来越越多多的的机机会会物流流活活动动33Real-timeshipmentinformationoncustomers’’browsers很多多物物流流公公司司已已为为顾顾客客提提供供了了网网站站上上实实时时货货运运跟跟踪踪。。物流流活活动动34Third-partylogistics(3PL)provider第三三方方物物流流Operatesall(largeportion)ofcustomer’’smaterialsmovementactivitiesExamples:RyderandWhirlpool,FedEx,UPS，顺顺丰丰，，申申通通物流流活活动动35Supportactivitiesinclude支持持活活动动包包括括：：Financeandadministration财务务与与行行政政管管理理Humanresources人力力资资源源Technologydevelopment技术术开开发发支持持活活动动36支持持活活动动OnlineBenefitsisafirmthatduplicatesitsclients’humanresourcefunctionsonasecureWebsitethatisaccessibletoclients’employees.OnlineBenefits帮助助一一家家公公司司将该该公公司司客客户户的的人人力力资资源源职职能能复复制制在在加加密密的的网网站站上上，，实实现现客客户户的的员员工工可可访访问问此此网网站站。。TrainingandKnowledgeManagement培训训与与知知识识管管理理Onecommonactivitythatunderliesmultipleprimaryactivitiesistraining.支持持多多种种基基本本活活动动的的一一个个常常见见活活动动就就是是培培训训。。Puttingtrainingmaterialsoncompanyintranet把培培训训材材料料放放在在公公司司内内部部网网39Knowledgemanagementisanothersupportactivity:intentionallycollects,classifies,anddisseminatesinformationitsproducts,anditsprocesses.知识识管管理理是是专专门门收收集集、、分分类类和和发发布布有有关关企企业业、、产产品品和和业业务务流流程程的的信信息息。。TrainingandKnowledgeManagement培训训与与知知识识管管理理40BroadVisionhasinstalledKnowledgeNetwork,thatorganizesalltheinformationsourcesthatitsemployeesuseregularlyintheirjobs.宏道道（（BroadVision）公公司司的的内内部部知知识识网网（（K-Net）将将自自己己员员工工在在工工作作中中经经常常使使用用的的信信息息源源组组织织起起来来。。TrainingandKnowledgeManagement培训训与与知知识识管管理理41Advantages:generatenewideas有助助于于创创新新2.helpsolveproblems帮助解决问问题3.improvebusinessprocesses改善业务流流程TrainingandKnowledgeManagement培训与知识识管理5.2.5E-Government电子政务governmentsdonottypicallysellproductsorservicestocustomers,theydoperformmanyfunctionsfortheirstakeholders.虽然政府并并不向客户户销售产品品或服务，，但他们要要为利益相相关者执行行许多职能能。435.2.5E-Government电子政务Theuseofelectroniccommercebygovernmentsandgovernmentagenciestoperformthesefunctionisoftencallede-government.政府及其机机构利用电电子商务执执行这些职职能称为电电子政务。。44Governmentsalsoperformbusiness-likeactivities:theyemploypeople,buysupplies,anddistributebenefitpaymentsofmanykinds.政府也会进进行类似企企业的活动动，如雇佣佣员工、采采购用品、、发放工资资和福利。。5.2.5E-Government电子政务E-Government电子政务2000年，美国政政府的财政政管理局（（FMS）建立了P网站responsibleforreceivingthegovernment’stax,license,andotherfeerevenue.主要负责接接收政府的的税费收入入，并负责责发放社保保金、退休休金、退税税及其他支支出。E-Government电子政务5.2.6NetworkModelofEconomicOrganization经济组织的的网络模式式Thetrendinpurchasing,logistics,andsupportactivitiesisashiftawayfromhierarchicalstructurestowardnetworkstructures.采购、物流流和支持活活动的一个个发展趋势势是从等级级制度结构构转向网络络结构5.2.6NetworkModelofEconomicOrganization经济组织的的网络模式式TheWebisenablingthisshiftfromhierarchicalformsofeconomicorganizationtonetworkforms.网站可以支支持经济组组织结构由由等级制形形式转向网网络形式HighlyspecializedfirmscannowexistandtradeservicesveryefficientlyontheWeb.高度专业化化的公司现现在能够在在网上生存存并有效地地提供服务务5.2.6NetworkModelofEconomicOrganization经济组织的的网络模式式TherootsofWebtechnologyforB2Btransactionslieinelectronicdatainterchange(EDI).企业间交易易的Web技术却来自自于一种方方法——电子数据交交换（EDI）50Theseemergingnetworksoffirmsaremoreflexibleandcanrespondtochangesintheeconomicenvironmentmuchmorequicklythanhierarchicallystructuredbusinessesevercould.这些网络形形式的公司司非常灵活活，比等级级制结构的的企业更快快地对环境境变化做出出反应5.2.6NetworkModelofEconomicOrganization经济组织的的网络模式式5.3ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)电子数据交交换EDIisacomputer-to-computertransferofbusinessinformationbetweentwobusinessesthatusesastandardformat.

EDI是一某种标标准形式，，为商业或或行政事务务处理，在在企业之间间以计算机机对计算机机的方式传传递企业信信息电子数据交交换（EDI）是企业的的内部应用用系统之间间，通过计计算机和公公共信息网网络，以电电子化的方方式传递商商业文件的的过程。。EDI就是供应商商、零售商商、制造商商和客户等等在其各自自的应用系系统之间利利用EDI技术，通过过公共EDI网络，自动动交换和处处理商业单单证的过程程。525.3ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)电子数据交交换53Thetwobusinessesthatareexchanginginformationarecalledtradingpartners.交换信息的的两家企业业通常称为为贸易伙伴伴FirmsthatexchangedatainspecificstandardformatsaresaidtobeEDI-compatible.如果企业是是以特定标标准形式来来交换数据据，则称企企业是EDI兼容的。5.3ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)电子数据交交换5.3ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)电子数据交交换Thebusinessinformationexchangedisusuallytransactiondata;however,itcanincludeotherinformationrelatedtotransactions,suchaspricequotesandorder-statusinquiries.所交换的业业务信息通通常是交易易数据，但但也包括同同交易有关关的其他信信息，如报报价和订单单状态等。。55TransactiondatainB2Btransactionsincludestheinformationusuallyonpaperinvoices,purchaseorders,requestsforquotations,billsoflading,andreceivingreports.企业间的交交易数据一一般包括：：发票、订订购单、报报价请求、、发货单和和收货通知知等。5.3ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)电子数据交交换5.3.2EmergenceofBroaderEDIStandards广泛标准的的出现TheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)hasbeenthecoordinatingbodyforstandardsintheU.S.since1918.美国国家家标准协协会(ANSI)是成立于于1918年的美国国国家标标准的协协调组织织。57In1979,ANSIcharteredanewcommitteetodevelopuniformEDIstandards.ThiscommitteeiscalledtheAccreditedStandardsCommitteeX12(ASCX12).在1979年，ANSI制定一个个新的子子委员会会来制定定统一的的EDI标准，该该委员会会称为公公认标准准委员会会(ASCX12).广泛标准准的出现现58In1987,theUnitedNationspublisheditsfirststandardsunderthetitle“EDIforAdministration,Commerce,andTransport(EDIFACTorUN/EDIFACT)”.1987年，联合合国以““管理、、商务和和运输””的EDI名义公布布了第一一个标准准广泛标准准的出现现5.3.3HowEDIworksEDIreducespaperflowandstreamlinestheinterchangeofinformationamongdepartmentswithinacompanyandbetweencompanies.

EDI减少了纸纸面单证证的流动动，使公公司内部部各部门门之间以以及公司司之间的的信息交交换更为为顺畅。。605.3.3HowEDIworksBasicidea基本思想想:straightforwardImplementation实施:complicatedExample:Companyreplacingmetal-cuttingmachineStepstopurchaseusingpaper-basedsystemStepstopurchaseusingEDI61FIGURE5-7Informationflowsinapaper-basedpurchasingprocess62EDIpurchasingprocessMailservicereplacedwithEDInetworkdatacommunicationsPaperflowswithinbuyer’’sandvendor’sorganizationsreplacedwithcomputersRunningEDItranslationsoftware5.3.3HowEDIworks63FIGURE5-8InformationflowsinanEDIpurchasingprocess64TradingpartnerscanimplementtheEDInetworkandEDItranslationprocessesinseveralwaysusingeitherdirectconnectionorindirectconnection.贸易伙伴伴可通过过多种方方式来实实现EDI网络和EDI翻译处理理，这些些方式可可分为直直接连接接和间接接连接。。增值网DirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners贸易伙伴伴间的直直接连接接方式DirectconnectionEDIrequireseachbusinessinthenetworktooperateitsownon-siteEDItranslatorcomputer.直接连接接EDI：要求网网络上每每个企业业都运行行自己的的EDI翻译计算算机。66TheseEDItranslatorcomputersarethenconnecteddirectlytoeachotherusingmodemsanddial-upphonelinesordedicatedleasedlines.这些EDI翻译计算算机通过过调制解解调器以以及拨号号电话线线或专线线直接连连接。如下图所所示：DirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners贸易伙伴伴间的直直接连接接方式DirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartnersIndirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners贸易伙伴伴间的间间接连接接方式Insteadofconnectingdirectlytoeachofitstradingpartners,acompanymightdecidetousetheservicesofavalue-addednetwork.除了与贸贸易伙伴伴直接连连接外，，企业还还可以通通过增值值网与贸贸易伙伴伴间接连连接。69IndirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartners贸易伙伴伴间的间间接连接接方式Avalue-addednetwork(VAN)isacompanythatprovidesthecommunicationsequipment,software,andskillsneededtoreceive,store,andforwardelectronicmessagesthatcontainEDItransactionsets.增值网是是指一个个企业提提供接收收、存储储和发送送电子信信息（包包括EDI报文）所所需的通通信设备备、软件件和技术术。IndirectConnectionBetweenTradingPartnersVAN增值网CompaniesthatprovideVANservicesincludeGeneralElectricInformationServices,GPAS,HarbingerCorp.,IBMGlobalServices,etc.提供增值值网服务务的公司司有：GeneralElectricInformationServices,GPAS,HarbingerCorp.,IBMGlobalServices,etc.72CostisanissuetoVAN.MostVANsrequireanenrollmentfee,amonthlymaintenancefee,andatransactionfee.VAN的一个问题是是成本太高。。大部分VAN要收注册费、、月租费、和和交易费。VAN增值网5.4EDIontheInternet互联网上的EDITradingpartnerswhohadbeenusingEDIbegantoviewtheInternetasapotentialreplacementfortheexpensiveleasedlines.随着互联网的的出现，那些些原来采用EDI的贸易伙伴开开始考虑用互互联网替代昂昂贵的专线和和拨号连接5.4EDIontheInternet互联网上的EDIThemajorroadblocktoconductingEDIovertheInternetwassecurity.在互联网上进进行EDI的主要障碍是是互联网的安安全性较差75AstheTCP/IPwasenhancedandSHTTPprotocolwasdeveloped,businessesworriedlessaboutsecurityissues.随着互联网的的TCP/IP基础结构用SHTTP等安全协议和和多种加密技技术增强之后后，企业对互互联网安全问问题的担心减减少了，但还还没有完全消消除。5.4EDIontheInternet互联网上的EDI5.4.1OpenArchitectureoftheInternet互联网的开放放式体系结构构Anumberofnewfirms,suchasCommerceOneandIPNet,havebegunprovidingEDIservicesontheInternet.CommerceOneandIPNet等很多新企业业已开始提供供互联网的EDI服务。5.4.1OpenArchitectureoftheInternet互联网的开放放式体系结构构EDIontheInternetisalsocalled“openEDI”becausetheInternetisanopenarchitecturenetwork.互联网的体系系结构是开放放的，所以互互联网EDI也称为开放式式EDI5.4.1OpenArchitectureoftheInternet互联网的开放放式体系结构构Newtools,suchasXML,arehelpingtradingpartnersbeevenmoreflexibleinexchangingdetailedinformation.XML等新工具可以以使贸易伙伴伴间的信息交交换更加开放放灵活TheEDItransactionsetsthatprovideinstructionstoatradingpartner’sbankarecalledfinancialEDI(FEDI).向贸易伙伴的的银行发出指指令的EDI报文标准称为为金融EDIAllbankshavetheabilitytoperformelectronicfundstransfers(EFTs).所有银行都可可以进行电子子资金转帐(EFTs).金融EDIMostEFTsarehandledthroughtheAutomatedClearingHouse(ACH).美国大部分的的EFTs都是通过自动动清算所(ACH)完成的SecurityandreliabilityareissuesofFEDI.FEDI的问题是安全全性和可靠性性HybridEDISolutions混合的EDI解决方案SomefirmsareofferinghybridEDIsolutionsthatusetheInternetforpartofthetransaction.一些企业提供供混合的EDI解决方案，即即通过互联网网完成部分交交易活动BottomlineTechnologies’payBasepackageisanexampleofhybridEDI.Bottomline技术公司提供供的payBase软件包就是混混合的EDI的实例。5.5SupplyChainManagement供应链管理Thepartofanindustryvaluechainthatprecedesaparticularstrategicbusinessunitisoftencalledasupplychain.某个战略业务务单元之前的的行业价值链链通常称为供供应链83SupplychainmanagementJobofmanagingintegrationofcompanysupplymanagementandlogisticsactivities供应链管理，，指使供应链链运作达到最最优化，以最最少的成本，，令供应链从从采购开始，，到满足最终终客户的所有有过程5.5SupplyChainManagement供应链管理5.5SupplyChainManagement供应链管理Supplychain：alltheactivitiesundertakenbyeverypredecessorinthevaluechaintodesign,produce,promote,market,deliver,andsupporteachindividualcomponent.企业产品或服服务的供应链链：包括价值值链上的各种种经营者所开开展的设计、、生产、促销销、销售、运运输和支持等等活动。85围绕核心企业业，通过对信信息流，物流流，资金流的的控制，从采采购原材料开开始，制成中中间产品以及及最终产品，，最后由销售售网络把产品品送到消费者者手中。它是是将供应商,制造商，分销销商，零售商商,直到最终用户户连成一个整整体的功能网网链模式。5.5SupplyChainManagement供应链管理5.5.1ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供应链中的价价值创造Theprocessoftakinganactiveroleinworkingwithsupplierstoimproveproductsandprocessesiscalledsupplychainmanagement(SCM).主动同供应商商合作，来改改进产品和业业务流程的过过程称为供应应链管理ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供应链中的价价值创造Supplychainmemberscanreducecostsandincreasethevalueofproductsorservicestotheultimatecustomer.通过合作，供供应链成员可可以降低成本本、增加最终终顾客获得的的产品或服务务的价值Thepurchasingdepartmenthastraditionallybeenchargedwithbuyingallthesecomponentsatthelowestpricepossible.传统意义上，，采购部门负负责以可能低低的价格购买买所有零件，，而忽略了供供应链的总成成本。ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供应链中的价价值创造ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供应链中的价价值创造Today,SCMisusedtoaddvalueintheformofbenefitstotheultimateconsumerattheendofthesupplychain.现在，供应链链管理的目标标是为供应链链末端的最终终客户提供价价值Achievehigher-qualityorlower-costproductattheendofthechain90ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供应链中的价价值创造Tier-onesuppliers一级供应商SmallnumberofverycapablesuppliersOriginalbusinessestablishesalong-termrelationshipTier-twosuppliers二级供应商Largernumberofsupplierswhotier-onesuppliersdeveloplong-termrelationshipswithforcomponents,rawmaterialsTier-threesuppliersNextlevelofsuppliersKeyelement:trust91Supplyalliances供给性联盟Long-termrelationshipsamongparticipants(参与者)inthesupplychainMajorbarrier：LevelofinformationsharingExample: DellComputerReducedsupplychaincostsbysharinginformationwithsuppliersValueCreationintheSupplyChain供应链中的价价值创造92ValueCreationintheSupplyChain供应链中的价价值创造Successfulsupplychainmanagementkeyelements供应链管理成成功的关键因因素：Clearcommunications明确的沟通Quickresponsestothosecommunications对沟通的快速速的反应/回应InternetTechnologiesintheSupplyChain供应链中的网网络技术TechnologiesoftheInternetandtheWebcanbeveryeffectivecommunicationenhancers.互联网技术是是实现这一沟沟通的有效工工具InternetTechnologiesintheSupplyChain供应链中的网网络技术在供应链管理理中使用互联联网技术的好好处95InternetTechnologiesintheSupplyChain供应链中的网网络技术IncreasingEfficiencyintheSupplyChain提高供应链的的效率InternetandWebtechnologiesmanagesupplychainsinwaysthatyieldincreasingefficiencythroughoutthechain.很多公司利用用互联网技术术管理供应链链，以提高整整个供应链的的效率971997年，生产和计计划的失误使使得波音公司司损失超过15亿美元波音公司用EDI和互联网连接接，同供应商商合作，使供供应商能够在在正确的时间间提供正确的的零部件。IncreasingEfficiencyintheSupplyChain提高供应链的的效率TechnologyintheSupplyChain供应链技术DellComputerhasalsousedtechnology-enabledSCMtogivecustomersexactlywhattheywant.戴尔公司也采采用技术支持持的供应链管管理手段向客客户准确提供供所需产品Dellhasbeenabletodramaticallyreducetheamountofinventoryitmusthold.通过掌握更多多的市场信息息，大幅度降降低了库存。。Dellhasalsosharedthisinformationwithmembersofitssupplychain.戴尔公司也与与供应链的其其他成员共享享这些信息。。99Material-trackingtechnologies物料跟踪技术术Troublesometask棘手的任务Trackingmaterialsastheymovefromonecompanytoanother跟踪踪物物料料的的物物流流信信息息Opticalscannersandbarcodes光学学扫扫描描仪仪和和条条形形码码Helptrackmovementofmaterials100IntegrationofbarcodingandEDI:prevalentSecondwaveofelectroniccommerceIntegrationofnewtypesoftrackingintoInternet-basedmaterials-trackingsystemsMaterial-trackingtechnologies物料料跟跟踪踪技技术术101FIGURE5-12Shippinglabelwithbar-codedelementsfromEDItransactionset856,AdvanceShipNotification102RadioFrequencyIdentificationDevices(RFIDs)无线线射射频频Smallchipsusingradiotransmissionstotrackinventory使用用无无线线电电传传输输跟跟踪踪库库存存的的小小芯芯片片，，可可以以实实现现远远距距离离、、多多标标签签识识别别。。OlderRFIDtechnologyEachRFIDrequireditsownpowersupplyMaterial-trackingtechnologies物料料跟跟踪踪技技术术103RFIDsreadmuchmorequickly,withhigherdegreeofaccuracythanbarcodesRFIDs比条条形形码码扫扫描描速速度度快快，，更更精精准准Importantdevelopment:passiveRFIDtagMadecheaplyandinverysmallsizesNopowersupplyrequiredMaterial-trackingtechnologies物料料跟跟踪踪技技术术UsingTechnologytoCreateanUltimateConsumerOrientation建立立消消费费者者导导向向Oneofthemaingoalsofsupplychainmanagementistohelpeachcompanyinthechainfocusonmeetingtheneedsoftheconsumerwhoisattheendofthesupplychain.供应应链链管管理理的的一一个个主主要要目目标标是是帮帮助助供供应应链链上上的的每每家家公公司司专专注注于于满满足足供供应应链链末末端端的的消消费费者者的的需需求求UsingTechnologytoCreateanUltimateConsumerOrientation建立立消消费费者者导导向向SinceInternettechnologiesaretoolsthatimprovecommunicationsataverylowcost,theyareidealaidsforenhancingthecreationofahighlycoordinatedandeffectivesupplychain.由于于互互联联网网技技术术是是以以低低成成本本进进行行沟沟通通的的工工具具，，因因此此非非常常适适合合辅辅助助建建立立协协调调与与高高效效的的供供应应链链。。建立立与与维维系系供供应应链链的的信信任任Themajorissuethatmostcompaniesmustdealwithinformingsupplychainalliancesisdevelopingtrust.对大大多多数数企企业业来来说说，，建建立立供供应应联联盟盟的的主主要要问问题题是是建建立立彼彼此此间间的的信信任任关关系系Continualcommunicationandinformationsharingarekeyelementsinbuildingtrust.持续续的的沟沟通通和和信信息息共共享享是是建建立立信信任任的的主主要要手手段段建立立与与维维系系供供应应链链的的信信任任VendorsarefindingthattheWebgivesthemanopportunitytostayincontactwiththeircustomersmoreeasilyandlessexpensively.供应应商商发发现现互互联联网网为为自自己己提提供供了了同同客客户户进进行行方方便便、、低低成成本本沟沟通通的的机机会会。。5.6ElectronicMarketplacesandPortals电子集市市与门户户itwouldprovideanopportunityforcompaniestoestablishinformationhubsForeachmajorindustry.在20世纪90年代中期期互联网网出现的的时候，，很多企企业研究究顾问认认为，它它可以提提供一个个为企业业建立行行业信息息中心的的机会5.6ElectronicMarketplacesandPortals电子集市市与门户户Theseindustryhubswouldoffernews,researchreports,analysesoftrends,andin-depthreportsoncompaniesintheindustry.这些行业业信息中中心提供供新闻、、研究报报告、趋趋势分析析和公司司深度分分析等，，就像行行业贸易易杂志的的内容Inadditiontoinformation,thesehubswouldoffermarketplacesandauctions.除此之外外，它还还提供交交易和拍拍卖中心心。110Industry-focusedhubsOffermarketplacesandauctionsforcontactandbusinesstransactions提供市场场，拍卖卖和商业业交易Doorway(orportal)totheInternetforindustrymembers提供门户户给互联联网行业业成员Verticallyintegrated垂直一体体化ElectronicMarketplacesandPortals电子集市市与门户户ElectronicMarketplacesandPortals电子集市市与门户户offeradoorwayforindustrymembersverticallyintegratedtheseplannedenterpriseswerecalledverticalportalsorvortals.这些交易易中心为为本行业业成员提提供了网网上门户户和垂直直集成，，这些企企业也被被称为垂垂直门户户。行业集市市Thefirstcompaniestolaunchindustryhubsthatfollowedtheverticalportalmodelcreatedtradingexchangesthatwerefocusedonaparticularindustry.最早采用用垂直门门户模式式的公司司建起行行业交易易中心，，它强调调特定的的行业，，专注于一一个特定定的行业业贸易交交流行业集市市Theseverticalportalsbecameknownbyvariousnamesincludingindustrymarketplaces,independentexchanges,orpublicmarketplaces.这些垂直直门户有有各种名名称，包包括行业业电子集集市，第第三方交交易中心心，或公公共电子子集市。。114行业集市市Independentindustrymarketplaces独立的行行业集市市的各种种名称，，特点Industrymarketplaces:focusedonasingleindustryandsellersjustenteringtheindustry行业电子子集市:专注于一一个行业业115Independentexchanges:notcontrolledbyestablishedbuyerorsellerintheindustry第三方交交易中心心:在行业内内不是由由买方或或卖方控控制3.Publicmarketplaces:opentonewbuyers公共电子子集市:开放给刚刚进入市市场的新新买家行业集市市IndustryMarketplaces行业集市市Ventroopeneditsfirstindustrymarketplace,Chemdex,in1997totradebulkchemicals.Ventro公司在1997年初建立立了自己己第一个个行业电电子集市市Chemdex。117PromedixforspecialtymedicalsuppliesAmphireSolutionsforfoodserviceMarketMileforgeneralbusinessproductsandservicesandanumberofothers.又创办了了面向医医疗用品品的Promedix，面向食食品业的的AmphireSolutions面向企业业普通用用品与服服务的MarketMile以及其他他许多电电子集市市。IndustryMarketplaces行业集市市IndustryMarketplaces行业集市市Thenumberofnewentrantsintothesebusinessesgrewrapidlyduringthenexttwoyears.接下来的的两年进进入这些些行业的的很多公公司快速速成长Bymid-2000,thereweremorethan2200independentexchangesinawidevarietyofindustries.到2000年中期，，大约有有2200家各行各各业的第第三方交交易中心心。例如如仅金融融行业就就有200家交易中心心在运营IndustryMarketplaces行业集市By2010:fewerthan70industrymarketplacesstilloperating到2010年:只有少于70行业市场仍仍然操作Duetolackofventurecapitalandprofits由于缺乏风风险资本和和利润120B2BmarketplacemodelsgraduallyreplacedindependentmarketplacesB2B市场模型逐逐渐取代独独立的市场场IndustryMarketplaces行业集市5.6.2PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals专门店铺与与客户门户户Asestablishedcompaniesinvariousindustrieswatchednewbusinessesopenmarketplaces,theybecameconcernedthattheseindependentoperatorswouldtakecontroloftransactionsawayfromtheminsupplychains.各行业的公公司都在关关心着这些些新建的公公共电子集集市，担心心这些电子子集市会从从他们手里里夺取供应应链交易的的控制权，，而这是他他们花了多多年才取得得的。1225.6.2PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals专门店铺与与客户门户户LargesellershavecustomerportalB2Bsites大卖家有客客户门户的的B2B网站OfferprivatestoresalongwithservicesB2Bprivatestorehaspassword-protectedentranceOffersnegotiatedpricereductionsonlimitedproductselection5.6.2PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals专门店铺与与客户门户户Largecompaniesthatselltomanyrelativelysmallcustomerscanexertgreatpowerinnegotiatingprice,quality,anddeliverytermswiththosecustomers.面对很多小小客户的大大公司，就就价格与交交付条款进进行谈判时时，处于有有利地位。。他们担心行行业电子集集市会夺取取/稀释这个权权力。PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals专属店铺与与客户门户户ManyoftheselargecompanieshadalreadyinvestedheavilyinWebsitesthattheybelievedwouldbettermeettheneedsoftheircustomersthananyindustrymarketplace.这些大公司司已经在自自己的网站站上投入巨巨资，认为为自己会比比任何行业业电子集市市更好地满满足客户。。PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals专属店铺与与客户门户户Forexample,CiscoandDellofferprivatestoresforeachoftheirmajorcustomerswithintheirsellingWebsites.例如：思科科和戴尔都都在自己的的网站上为为大客户提提供专属店店铺。PrivateStoresandCustomerPortals专属店铺与与客户门户户Othercompanies,suchasGraingerandMilacron,provideadditionalservicesforcustomersontheirsites.其他公司，，例如GraingerandMilacron公司还提供供额外的服服务。5.6.3PrivateCompanyMarketplaces专属电子集集市Largecompanies：purchasefromvendors，exertgreatpower,inpurchasingnegotiations.从许多小的的供应商那那里采购的的大公司在在交易谈判判时也处于于有利地位位。5.6.3PrivateCompanyMarketplaces专属电子集集市Thesecompaniescaninvestinprocurementsoftware.这些公司能能在采购软软件上投资资，采购。。Companiesthatimplemente-procurementsoftwareusuallyrequiretheirsupplierstobidfortheirbusiness.实施了电子子采购软件件的公司会会要求供应应商在网上上投标PrivateCompanyMarketplaces私人电子集集市Whenindustrymarketplacesopenedforbusiness,theselargecompanieswerereluctanttoabandontheirinvestmentsine-procurementsoftware.出现行业电电子集市以以后，这些些大公司不不愿意放弃弃自己在电电子采购软软件方面的的投资PrivateCompanyMarketplaces私人电子集集