2018考研英语(二)真题及参考答案

2018考研英语（二）真题及参照答案（完好版）SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowisstrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3.Inaseriesofexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheWisconsinschoolofBusinesstestedstudents’willingness4themselvestotounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwithpenswereelectrified;anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified.7leftaloneintheroom.Thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewthatwould8.Subsequentexperimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasicdrivesfor11orshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicago.Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct—itcan12newscientificadvances,forinstance—butsometimessuch13canbackfire.Theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however.Inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughonone’scuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor.Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,Inotherwords,”Hseedonsays.read’tonlinecomments.B.protectC.discussD.resolveB.seekC.waitD.regretB.lastC.hurtD.misleadB.exposeC.tieD.treatB.messageC.reviewD.conceptB.deliverC.weakenD.interruptB.IfC.WhenD.ThoughB.continueC.disappearD.happen9.A.suchasB.ratherthanC.regardlessofD.owingtoB.forgiveC.discoverD.forgetB.foodC.marriageD.schooling12.A.beginwithB.restonC.leadtoD.learnfromB.withdrawalC.persistenceD.diligenceB.self-reliantC.self-evidentD.self-destructive精选文档B.defineC.replaceD.resistB.overlookC.designD.predictB.rememberC.promiseD.pretendB.outcomeC.planD.dutyB.whyC.whereD.whetherB.investmentsC.consequencesD.strategiesSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.Mr.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikeChain?AsKoziatekknow,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.Buthe’salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolinthefamilyofvocationaleducation“havethatstereotype...thatit’smakeitacademically,”he.saysOnonehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica’evolutions.Manufacturingisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncewas.ThejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.Buttheheadlongpushintobachelordegrees’forall—andthesubtledevaluingofanythingless—missesanimportantpoint:That’snottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomyneeds.Yes,abacheloropensmoredoors.Butevennow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skillmanufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonitspoliticalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheface.Thereisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostarendto’dotequippethem.Koziatek’sManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.Koziatek’sschoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.21.Abrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’.lackofA.academictrainingB.practicalabilityC.pioneeringspiritD.mechanicalmemorization22.Thereexiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho.A.haveastereotypedmindB.havenocareermotivation精选文档C.arefinanciallydisadvantagedD.arenotacademicallysuccessful23.wecaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.A.usedtohavemorejobopportunitiesB.usedtohavebigfinancialconcernsC.areentitledtomoreeducationalprivilegesD.arereluctanttoworkinmanufacturing24.Theheadlongpushintobachelorsdegreesforall.A.helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobsB.maynarrowthegapinworking-classjobsC.indicatestheovervaluingofhighereducationD.isexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcan.bedescribedasA.tolerantB.cautiousC.supportiveD.disappointedText2Whilefossilfuels—coal，oil，gas—stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheworldsenergysupply,’it'sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandsolar.Themovetorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld：Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables，especiallywindandsolar.Thecostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.Inmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergysource.InScotland，forexample，windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentofhomes.Whiletherestoftheworldtakesthelead，notablyChinaandEurope，theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch，forthefirsttime，windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS，reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels—especiallycoal—asthepathtoeconomicgrowth.InarecentspeechinIowa，hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergysource.ButthatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa，wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestates’electricitygeneration—andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’blowtorthesundoesn’shine?t”hasprovidedaquickput-downforskeptics.Butaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers，whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-poweredelectricvehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.Whiletheres’alongwaytogo，thetrendlinesforrenewablesarespiking.Thepaceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup—perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimatechange.WhatWashingtondoes—ordoesn’tdotopromote—alternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.精选文档26.Theword“plummeting（Line”3，Para.2）isclosestinmeaningto.A.stabilizingB.changingC.fallingD.rising27.AccordingtoParagraph3，theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.A.isprogressingnotablyB.isasextensiveasinEuropeC.facesmanychallengesD.hasprovedtobeimpractical28.ItcanbelearnedthatinIowa,.A.windisawidelyusedenergysourceB.windenergyhasreplacedfossilfuelsC.techgiantsareinvestingincleanenergyD.thereisashortageofcleanenergysupply29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6?A.Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.B.Itiscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.C.Itscontinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.D.Itssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy.A.willbringtheUSclosertoothercountriesB.willaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchangeC.isnotreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernmentD.isnotcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscostText3Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing—AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor$13.5bn，buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice，whichdoesn’thaveanyphysicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofitsusers’friendshipsandsocialvesli．FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumberstoFacebookidentities，butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough．Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages，theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe．Whatpoliticaljournalist，whatpartywhip，wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaMaysenemies’arecurrentlyplotting?ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower．Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplacedbynewabusesofpower．Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,too.Competitionlawaspresentlyinterpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumersandthisisnotobviouswhentheusersoftheseservicesdon’tpayforthem．Theusersoftheirservicesarenottheircustomers．Thatwouldbethepeoplewhobuyadvertisingfromthem—andFacebookandGoogle，thetwovirtualgiants，dominatedigitaladvertisingtothedisadvantageofallothermediaandentertainmentcompanies．Theproductthey’resellingis，dandtawe，theusers，convertourlivestodataforthebenefitofthedigitalgiants.Justassomeantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsforthehoneydewtheyproducewhentheyfeed,精选文档soGooglefarmsusforthedatathatourdigitallivesyield．Antskeeppredatoryinsectsawayfromwheretheiraphidsfeed;Gmailkeepsthespammersoutofourinboxes.Itdoesn’tfeellikeahumanordemocraticrelationship，evenifbothsidesbenefit．AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits.A.digitalproductsB.userinformationC.physicalassetsD.qualityservice32.LinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay.A.worsenpoliticaldisputesB.messupcustomerrecordsC.posearisktoFacebookusersD.misleadtheEuropeancommission33.Accordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw.A.shouldservethenewmarketpowersB.mayworsentheeconomicimbalanceC.shouldnotprovidejustonelegalsolutionD.cannotkeeppacewiththechangingmarket34.CompetitionlawaspresentlyinterpretedcanhardlyprotectFacebookusersbecause.A.theyarenotdefinedascustomersB.theyarenotfinanciallyreliableC.theservicesaregenerallydigitalD.theservicesarepaidforbyadvertisers35.Theantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate.A.awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiantsB.atypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiantsC.thebenefitsprovidedfordigitalgiants’customersD.therelationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusersText4Tocombatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingbusy,CalNewport,authorofDeepwork:RulesforFocusedSuccessinaDistractedworld,recommendsbuildingahabitof“deeptheworkability”to—focuswithoutdistraction.Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork—beitlengthyretreatsdedicatedtoaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga“journalistic”approachtoseizingmomeworkwhenyoucanthroughouttheday.Whicheverapproach,thekeyistodetermineyourlengthoffocustimeandsticktoit.Newportalsorecommends“deepscheduling”tocombatconstantinterruptionsandgetmoredoneinlesstime.“Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepworkscheduledforoughlyrthenextmonth.OnceonthecalendarIprotectthistimelikeIwouldadoctor’sappointmentorimportantmeeting”,hewriteAnotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyouprioritizeyourday—inparticularhowwecraftourto-dolists.TimHarford,authorofMessy:ThePowerofDisordertoTransformOurLives,pointstoastudyintheearly1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwogroups:somewereadvisedtosetoutmonthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplanactivitiesandgoalsinmuchmoredetail,daybyday.Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbemosteffectivewhenitcametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetaileddailyplansdemotivatedstudents.Harfordarguesthatinevitabledistractionsoftenrenderthedailyto-dolistineffective,whileleavingroomfor精选文档improvisationinsuchalistcanreapthebestresults.Inordertomakethemostofourfocusandenergy.Wealsoneedtoembracedowntime,orasNewportsuggests,“belazy.”“Idlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensabletobebrainasVitaminDistothebody...[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessarytogettinganyworkdone,”heargues.SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,believesthiscounter-intuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybeduetothewayourbrainsoperateWhenourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient.“Whatpeopledon’trealiseisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedtouseboththefocusandunfocuscircuitsintheirbrain.saysPillay”.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto________.A.keeptoyourfocustimeB.listyourimmediatetasksC.makespecificdailyplansD.seizeeveryminutetoworkThestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat________.A.distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiencyB.dailyschedulesareindispensabletostudyingC.studentsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoalsD.detailedplansmanynotbeasfruitfulasexpectedAccordingtoNewport,idlenessis________.A.adesirablementalstateforbusypeopleB.amajorcontributortophysicalhealthC.aneffectivewaytosavetimeandenergyD.anessentialfactorinaccomplishinganywork39.Pillaybelievesthatourbrains’shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused._______A.canresultinpsychologicalwell-beingB.canbringaboutgreaterefficiencyC.isaimedatbetterbalanceinworkD.isdrivenbytaskurgency40.Thistextismainlyabout_______.A.waystorelievethetensionofbusylifeB.approachestogettingmoredoneinlesstimeC.thekeytoeliminatingdistractionsD.thecauseofthelackoffocustimePartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)JustsayitBepresentPayauniquecomplimentName,places,thingsFindthe“metoo”sSkipthesmalltalkAskforanopinion精选文档FivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneConversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanewpersonalinkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwillstrengthenthelink.Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeopleatworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers.41._____A_______Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon’tknowandsomethingwithinyousays“Iwatalkwiththispersonthisis”something—themostlyhappenswithallofus.Youwantedtosaysomething—thefirstword—butitjustwon’tcomeoutfeels.Ilikeitisstucksomewhere,Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvicejustgetitout.Justthink:thatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon’ttalkwitharenotyu?talkingWell,theywithyounow!Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:“Hi”,“Hey”or“Hellodothe”best—youcantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay“Hi”.42.______F______It’saproblemallofusface:youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof,““howhi”are,“you?hello””and“goingwhat’on?s”youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthat’scanmakeitsomemorable.Sodon’tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,youllbesurprisedtoseehow’muchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.43._____E_______Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,you’llfindallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.44._____B_______Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.Makeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.45._____D_______Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn’tthatawkward!Sorememberthelittledetailsofthepeopleyoumetoryoutalkedwith;perhapstheplacestheyhavebeentotheplacetheywanttogo,thethingstheylike,thethingthehate—whateveryoutalkabout.Whenyouremembersuchthingyoucanautomaticallybecomeinvestorintheirwellbeing.Sothefeelaresponsibilitytoyoutokeepthatrelationshipgoing.That’s.itFiveamazingwaysthatyoucanmakeconversationwithalmostanyone.Everypersonisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Afifthgardergetsahomeworkassignmenttoselecthisfuturecareerpathfromalistofoccupations.精选文档Heticks“astronaut”butquicklyadds“scientist”tothelistandselectsitaswell.Theboyisconvincedtifhereadsenough.Hecanexploreasmanycareerpathsashelikes.Andsohereads—everythingfromencyclopediastosciencefictionnovels.Hereadssopassionatelythathisparentshavetoinstitutea“noreadingpolicy”atthedinnertable.ThatboywasBillGates,andhehasn’tstoppedreadingyetnoteven—afterbecomingoneofthemostsciencefictionandreferencebooks;recently,herevealedthathereadsatleastsononfictionbooksayear.Gateschoosesnonfictiontitlebecausetheyexplainhowtheworldworks.“Eachbookopensupnewavenuesofknowledge,”Gatessays.【参照译文】一个五年级的学生需要完成一份作业，作业的内容是要从工作清单中选出自己将来的职业。他在“宇航员”那处画了线，但是又很快加上了“科学家”。他相信，若是他读的书够多，就可以任意选择他所喜爱的职业。因此他读了从百科全书到科幻小说特别多的书。他对于读书过分于沉浸致使于他的父亲母亲不得不拟定了在餐桌上“严禁读书政策”。这个男孩就是比尔盖茨，他到现在都没有停止过阅读，即便已经成为世上最成功的人士之一。如今，他不单阅读科幻作品和百科丛书：他近来透漏自己一年最少阅读50本非小说书本，由于这些书揭秘了世界的运行方式。比尔盖茨说：“每一本书都开拓了探究知识的新路径”。SectionⅣWritingPartA47.Directions:SupposeyouhavetocancelyourtravelplanandwillnotbeabletovisitProfessorSmith.Writehimanemailto1）apologizeandex