高考常考化学方程式、离子方程式归纳

高考常考化学方程式、离子方程式归纳高考常考化学方程式、离子方程式归纳化学方程式汇总 第化学方程式汇总 第1页共8页 一、无机化学方程式AgAg+2HNO3(浓)===AgNO3+NO2T+HO 3Ag+4HNO3(稀)===3AgNO3+NOT+2H2OAl2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2T2Al+2OH-+2H2O===2AlO2-+3H2TA1+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NOT+2H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+===2Al3++3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2OAl2O3+2OH-===2AlO2-+H2O△2Al(OH)3^=Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl===AlCl3+3H2O3++2H2OAl(OH)33++2H2OAl(OH)3+NaOH===NaAlO2+2H2OAl3++3OH-===Al(OH)3,Al(OH)3+OH-===AlO2-+2H2OAlClAl3++3OH-===Al(OH)3,AlCl3+4NaOH===NaAlO2+3NaCl+2H2OAl3++4OH-===AlO2-+2H2OAlCl3Al3++4OH-===AlO2-+2H2OAlCl3+3NH3H2O===Al(OH)3卜3NH4ClAl3++3NH3.H2O===Al(OH)3J+3NH+2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O===2Al(OH)3/3CO2件6NaCl2Al3++3CO32-+3H2O===2Al(OH)3J+3COTAlCl3+3NaHCO3===Al(OH)3J+3CO2Al3++3HCO3-===Al(OH)3J6CO2TAlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O===4Al(OH)3卜3NaClAl3++3AlO2-+6H2O===4Al(OH)3JAl2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O===2Al(OH)3J+3H2ST2AlNaAlO2溶液滴加少量HClNaAlO2溶液滴加足量HClNaAlO2溶液滴加FeCl3铝盐水解3++3S2-+6H2O===2Al(OH)3,+3HSTAlO2-+H++H2O===Al(OH)3JAlO2-+4H+===Al3++2H2O3AlO2-+Fe3++6H2O===Fe(OH)3J+3Al(OH)3JAl3++3H2O二Al(OH)3+3H+高温C+H高温C+H2O^^=CO+H2（生成水煤气）2C+SiO2:^=Si+2CO(制得粗硅)△C+2H△C+2H2SO4(浓)^=C02T+2SO2T+2H2O△C+4HNO3(浓)CO2T+4NO2T+2H2O催化剂CO+H催化剂CO+H2O△CO2+H2CO2+2NaOH(过量)===Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)===CaCO3J+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3J+Na2CO3点燃CO2+2Mg 2MgO+CCO2+2OH-===CO32-+H2OCO2+OH-===HCO3-Ca2++CO2+2OH-===CaCO3J+H2OCO2+OH-===HCO3-2AlO2-+CO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3J+CO2-CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3(变浑浊)C6H5O-+CO2===C6H50H+HCO3-CO2+NH3+NaCl+H2O===NaHCO3J+NH4cl(侯德榜制碱法)

Ca高温CaCO3+SiO2 CaSiO3+CO2Ca高温CaCO3+SiO2 CaSiO3+CO2TClCI2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3CI2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HC1C12+H2O===HC1+HC1OC12+2NaOH===NaC1+NaC1O+H2O2C12+2Ca(OH)2===CaC12+Ca(C1O)2+2H2OCu△3CuO+2NH3^=3Cu+N2+3H2OCaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2fC12+2Fe2+===2Fe3++2C1-C12+SO2+2H2O===SO42-+4H++2C1-C12+H2O===C1-+H++HC1OC12+2OH-===C1-+C1O-+H2OC12+2OH-===C1-+C1O-+H2OFe高温Fe2O3+2A1A12O3+2Fe△Fe2O3+3CO^=2Fe+3CO2△FesO4+4H2^=3Fe+4H2O高温3Fe+4H2O(g) Fe3O4+4H2△Fe3O4+8HC1(浓)^=FeC12+2FeC13+4H2O4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3Fe3O4+8H+===Fe2++2Fe3++4H2O△2Fe(OH)3^=Fe2O3+3H2O2FeC13+Fe===3FeC122FeC13+Cu===2FeC12+CuC12(用于腐蚀线版)2FeC13+H2SO3+H2O==H2SO4+2FeC12+2HC12FeC13+H2s===2FeC12+2HC1+SJ2FeC13+2KI===2FeC12+2KC1+I2FeC13+3NH3-H2O===Fe(OH)3J+3NH4C1Fe+2Fe3+===3Fe2+Cu+2Fe3+===2Fe2++Cu2+2Fe3++H2SO3+H2O==2Fe2++SO42'+4H+2Fe3++S2-===2Fe2++SJ2Fe3++2I-===2Fe2++12Fe3++3NH3-H2O===Fe(OH)3J+3NH4+2FeC13+3Na2CO3+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3J+3CO2T+6NaC12Fe3++3CO32-+3H2O===2Fe(OH)3J+3COTFeC13+3NaHCO3===Fe(OH)3,+3CO2T Fe3++3HCO3-===Fe(OH)3,+3COT2FeC13+SO2+2H2O==2FeC12+H2SO4+2HC1 2Fe3++SO2+2H2O==2Fe2++SO42-+4H+FeC13FeC13+3KSCN==Fe(SCN)3+3KC1Fe3++3SCN-===Fe(SCN)3(血红色溶液)H2H2H2+F2===2HF(冷暗处爆炸)HF4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2OHC1催化剂3H2+N2•・高温高压2NH3△4HC1(△4HC1(浓)+MnO2^=MnC12+Cl2+2H2O△、4H++2C1-+MnO2^=Mn2++C12f+2H2O16HC1+2KMnO4===2KC1+2MnC12+5C12+8H2O△16H++10C1-+2MnO4-^^2Mn2++5C12f+2H2OH2O2催化剂 c2H2O2△2H2O+O2T (MnO2、FeC13和Cu2+等做催化剂)5H2O2+2KMnO4+3H2SO4==2MnSO4+K2SO4+5O2f+8H2O5H2O2+2MnO4-+6H+==2Mn2++502T+8H2OHC1OHC1O===HC1+O2T(光照分解)HNO3

△4HNO3（浓）+C CO2T+4NO2T+2H2O FeO+4HNO3===Fe（NO3）3+NO2T+2H2O4HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2O（见光或受热分解）3Na2S+8HNO3（稀）===6NaNO3+2NO+3SJ+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3（稀）===3Na2SO4+2NOT+H2OH2SO3H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX（X表示Cl2、Br2、l2） 2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO45H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO4△△2H2SO4（浓）+Cu^=CuSO4+SO2T+2H2O H2SO4（浓）+NaCl^=NaHSO4+HClTIA-I2+H2♦ 2HIKAl（SO4）22KAl（SO4）2+6NaOH==K2SO4+3Na2SO4+2Al（OH）3J2KAl（SO4）2+3Ba（OH）2==K2SO4+3BaSO4J+2Al（OH）3JKAl（SO4）2+2Ba（OH）2==KAlO2+2BaSO4JLi△4Li+O2 2Li2O 2Li+2H2O==2LiOH+H2T2LiOH+CO2==Li2CO3J+H2OMgMg+2H2O==2Mg（OH）2J+H2T（热水）N2点燃N2点燃N2+3Mg^^=Mg3N2N2+3H2-高温高压2NH3 N2+O2 2NO2NO+O2==2NO2 NO+NO2+2NaOH==2NaNO2（硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的 NO和NO2）催化剂6NO+4NH3 △5N2+6H2ONO2+SO2==SO3+NO 3NO2+H2O==2HNO3+NONH3镂盐△2NH△2NH3+3CuO^=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2==N2+6HCl催化剂4NH3+5O2△4NO+6H2ONH3+HCl==NH4cl（白烟）4NH3+3O2（纯氧） 2N2+6H2O8NH3+3Cl2==N2+6NH4Cl催化剂4NH3+6NO△5N2+6HO（用氨清除NO）ANH3-H2O^=NH3T+H2O（NH4）2CO3==2NH3T+H2O+CO2T（嫡增力口，自发进行）△△2NH4Cl+Ca（OH）2^=CaCl2+NH3T+H2O NH4Cl+NaOH^=NaCl+NH3T+H2O△（NH4）2SO4+2NaOH Na2SO4+2NH3?+2H2ONa、钠盐△2Na+H2^=2NaH△2Na+H2^=2NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O 2Na+O2= Na2O22Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2f 2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H22Na2O2+2H2O==4NaOH+O2T（Na2O2既是氧化齐【J,也是还原剂）2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2（Na2O2既是氧化剂，也是还原剂）NaH+H2O==NaOH+H2T 2NaOH+Si+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2T2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2O（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）高温Na2CO3+HCl==NaHCO3+NaClNa2CO3+SiO2 Na2CO3+HCl==NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+H2O+CO2NaNONaHCO3+HCl==NaCl+H2O+CO2NaNO2+NH4Cl==NaCl+N2T+2H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl==H2SQ3J+2NaClO2放电O2+N2 2NO2O3==3O2SS+H2^=H2s(可逆反应)△2NaHCO3 Na2CO3+CO2T+H2ONa2s2O3+HCl==2NaCl+S+SO2+H2OC6H5ONa+CO2+H2O==C6H5OH+NaHCO33O2"12O3O3+2HI==I2+O2+H2OS+6HNO3(浓)==H2SO4+6NO2T+2H2O△3S+6NaOH^=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O点燃S+O2 SO23S+4HNO3(稀)==3SO2T+4NOT+2H2OSO2+2H2s===3S+2H2O催化剂2SO催化剂2SO2+O2△2SO3（可逆反应）SO2+H2O==H2SO3(可逆反应)2SO2+O2+2H2O==2H2SO4SO2+2NH3+H2SO2+O2+2H2O==2H2SO4SO2+2NH3+H2O==(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O==2NH4HSO3(工业清除SO2)SO2+Ca（OH）2==CaSO3J+H2O（不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别）Si△Si(△Si(粗)+2Cl2^=SiCl4SiCl4+2H2^=Si(t)+4HClASi(粉)+O2^=SiO2 Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SQ3+2H2f△ 电炉2C+SiO2^=Si+2CO(制得粗硅) 3C+SiO2SiC+2COT4HF+SiO2==SiF4+2H2O(HF与玻璃中的SiO2反应，HF需保存在塑料瓶中)高温 高温SiO2+CaO^^=CaSiO3 SiO2+Na2CO3 Na2SiO3+CO2(工业制玻璃原理)SiO2+2NaOH==Na2SQ3+H2O (常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)高温SiO2+CaCO3 CaSiO3+CO2 2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2O二、离子反应方程式AlAlAlAl3++3NH3.H2O==Al(OH)3J+3NH+2Al3++3CO32-+3H2O==2Al(OH)3,+3COTAl3++3AlO2-+6H20f4Al(OH)3JAlO2-+4H+==Al3++2H2O2AlO2-+CO2+3H2O==2Al(OH)3J+CO2-Al2O3+6H+==2Al3++3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+==Al3++2H2OAgAg++NH3.H2O==AgOH+NH4+；2Ag++CO32-==Ag2CO3JAl3++3HCO3-==Al(OH)3J+3COTAlO2-+H++H2O==Al(OH)3,3AlO2-+Fe3++6H2O==Fe(OH)3J+3Al(OH)3JAlO2-+CO2+2H2O==Al(OH)3J+HCQAl2O3+2OH-==2AlO2-+H2OAl(OH)3+2OH-==AlO2-+2H2OAg++2NH3.H2O==[Ag(NH3)2]++H2OAg2CO3+2H+==2Ag++CO2T+HO2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-+CH3CHO=^=CH3COO-+NH4++2AgJ+3NH+H2OBaBa2++SO42-==BaSO4J Ba2++CO32-==BaCO3JBa2++2OH-+2H++SO42-==BaSO4J6H2O(NaHSO4溶液中加Ba(OH)2,使溶液呈中性)Ba2++OH-+H++SO42-==BaSO4(+HO (NaHSO4溶液中力口Ba(OH)2,使Ba2+全部沉淀)BaCO3+2H+==Ca2++CO2T+HOCCO32-+H2OHCO3-+OH- 3CO32-+2Al3++3H2O==2Al(OH)3J+3COT3CO32-+2Fe3++3H2O==2Fe(OH)3j+3COT CO2+SiO32-+H2O==H2SQ3J+CO2-CaCa2++2OH-+CO2==CaCO3,+H2O Ca2++2OH-+SO2==CaSO3J+H2OCa2++2ClO-+2SO2+4H2O==CaSO4J+?Cl"+4H++SO42-(足量SO2)CaCO3+2H+==Ca2++CO2T+HOClCl2+2Fe2+—2Fe3++2Cl-(向FeBr2溶液中通入少量Cl2)3Cl2+2Fe2++4Br--2Fe3++2Br2+6Cl-(足量Cl2)2cl2+2Fe2++2Br--2Fe3++Br2+4Cl- (当n(FeBr2)/n(Cl2)一1：1时)2Cl-+4H++MnO2==Mn2++Cl2T+2HOCuCu+2Fe3+==2Fe2++Cu2+ 3Cu+2NO3-+8H+==3Cu2++2NOT+4HOCxHyOzC6H5O-+H2O C6H50H+OH-C6H5O-+CO2==C6H50H+HCO3-6c6H50H+Fe3+==[Fe(C6H5O)6]3-(紫色溶液)+6H+CH3CHO+2Ag[(NH3)2]++2OH-=^=CH3COO-+NH4++2AgJ+3NHj+H2OCH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2=^=CH3COOH+Cu2OJ+2HO2CH3COOH+CaCO3==2CH3COO-+Ca2++CO2T+HO5c2O42-+2MnO4-+16H+==2Mn2++10CO2T+8HOFe2Fe2++Cl2==2Fe3++2Cl- 6Fe2++Cr2O7-+14H+==6Fe3++2Cr3+ +7H2O5Fe2++MnO4-+8H+==5Fe3++ Mn2+ 4H2O 3Fe2++NO3-+4H+==3Fe3++NOT+ 2HO2Fe3++Cu==2Fe2++Cu2+ 2Fe3++Fe==3Fe2+Fe3++3AlO2-+6H2O==Fe(OH)3J+ 3Al(OH)3 J2Fe3++3CO32-+3H2O==2Fe(OH)3J +3COT2Fe3++S2-==2Fe2++SJ 2Fe3++2I-==2Fe2++I22Fe3++SO2+2H2O==2Fe2++SO42-+4H+ Fe3++3SCN-==Fe(SCN)3(红色溶液)Fe3++3H2OFe(OH)3(胶体)+3H+ Fe3O4+8H+==Fe2++2Fe3++4H2OH2O2H2O+2Na==2Na++2OH-+H2T 2H2O+2Na2O2==4Na++4OH-+02TH2O+Cl2==Cl-+H++HClOH2O25H2O2+2MnO4-+6H+==2Mn2++5O2f+8H2O H2O2+SO2==2H++SO42-H2CO3系歹UH2O+CO32- HCO3-+OH-HCO3-+H2O H2CO3+OH-2HCO3-+Ca2++2OH-==CaCO3^-2H2O+CO32-(向NaHCO3溶液中加入少量澄清石灰水)HCO3-+Ca2++OH-==CaCO3J+HO(足量澄清石灰水)HCO3-+Ca2++OH-==CaCO3j+HO(向Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入少量NaOH溶液)2HCO3-+Ca2++2OH-==CaCO3j42H2O+CO32-(Ca(HCO3)2溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)HCO3-+NH4++2OH'==CO32'+H2O+NH3.H2O(向NH4HCO3溶液中加入足量NaOH溶液)2HCO3-+SO2==SO32-+CO2T+H2OHCO3-+AlO2-+H2O==Al(OH)3J+CO2-I2I-+2Fe3+==2Fe2++I2 2I-+CI2==2Cl-+I22I-+Br2==2Br-+12 I-+Ag+==AgIJ2I-+H2O2+2H+==I2+2H2O 5I-+IO-+6H+==3I2 + 3H2OI2+5CI2+6H2O==12H++10CI-+2IO3-MnMnO2+2CI-+4H+==Mn2++Cl2T+2HOMnO4-+5Fe2++8H+==5Fe3++Mn2+4H2O2MnO4-+5SO2+2H2O==2Mn2++5SO42-+4H+2KMnO4+5H2O2+6H+==2Mn2++502T+8Ho12MnO4+5c2H4+36H+==12Mn2++10CO2T+28HO2MnO4-+5c2O42-+16H+==2Mn2++1OCO2T+8HONN3系歹UNH4++H2O NH3.H2O+H+2NH3.H2O+Ag+==[Ag(NH3)2]++H2O (足量氨水)：3NH3.H2O+Al3+==Al(OH)3J+3NH+S3S+6OH-==2S2-+SO32-+3H2OSO2+2Fe3++2H2O==2Fe2++SO42-+4H+SO2+H2O2==2H++SO42-SO2+H2O H2SO35SO2+2MnO4+2H2O==2Mn2++5SO42-+4H+S2O32-+2H+==SJ+SOT+HOSiSi+2OH-+H2O==SiO32-+2H2TSiO2+2OH-==SiO32-+H2OSiO32-+CO2+2H2O==H2SQ3J+HCO3-(CO2足量)SiO32-+2H+==H2SiO3j三、电极反应方程式(一)、原申，泄申，极反应方程式CuH2SO4Zn原曲泄正极：2H++2e==H2T 负极：Zn-2e==Zn2+总反应式： Zn+2H+==Zn2++H2TCu—FeCl3—C原电池正极：2Fe3++2e-==2Fe2+ 负极：Cu-2e-==Cu2+总反应式：2Fe3++Cu==2Fe2++Cu2+钢铁在潮湿的空气中发生吸氧腐蚀正极：O2+2H2O+4e-==4OH- 负极：2Fe-4e-==2Fe2+总反应式：2Fe+O2+2H2O==2Fe(OH)2J

.氢氧燃料电池（中性介质）正极：。2+2H2O+.氢氧燃料电池（中性介质）正极：。2+2H2O+4e-==4OH总反应式：2H2+O2==2H2O.氢氧燃料电池（酸性介质）正极：。2+4H++4e-==2H2O总反应式：2H2+O2==2H2O.氢氧燃料电池（碱性介质）正极：。2+2H2O+4e-==4OH总反应式：2H2+O2==2H2O负极:负极:负极:2H2-4e==4H+2H2-4e==4H+2H2-4e+4OH==4H2O正极（PbO2）:PbO2+2e-+SO42-+4H+==PbSO4j+2H2O负极（Pb）:Pb-2e-+SO42-==PbSO4J总反应式：Pb+PbO2+4H++2SO42-==2PbSO4J+2H2O.AlNaOHMg原电池正极：6H20+6e-==3H2T+6OH负极：2Al-6e-+8OH-==2A102-+4H2O总反应式：2A1+2OH-+2H20==2A102-+3H2T.CH4燃料电池（碱性介质）正极：2O2+4H2O+8e-==8OH- 负极：CH4-8e-+10OH-==CO32-+7H2。总反应式：CH4+202+20H-==CO32-+3H2O.熔融碳酸盐燃料电池（Li2CO3和Na2CO3熔融盐作电解液，C