2023年浙江广播电视大学7月期末考试

卷号：8331/6247B卷浙江广播电视大学7月期末考试英语阅读（4）Passage1Readpassage1carefullyandcompleteitems1-5asrequired(15points,3points)GlobalWarmingMayNotEndupBeingWarmatAllMostscientistsarenowcertainthatglobalwarmingistakingplace.Gasessuchascarbondioxideproducedbyburningofcoal,oil,wood,togetherwithindustrialpollution,arecreatingawarmblanketaroundtheearth.Thisblanketistrappingheatintheatmosphere(theprocessknownas“thegreenhouseeffect”),andsoraisingthetemperatureoftheearth(globalwarming).Theevidenceforglobalwarmingcannowbeseenintheworld’schangingclimatestatistics.InEurope,eightofthelasttenyearshaveseenrecordhightemperatures.FornorthernEurope,thishasgenerallybeenachangeforthebetter.GardenerscannowevengrowsometropicalplantsinEngland,thoughLondonmayneverseea“WhiteChristmas”again.Ontheotherhand,thecountriesaroundtheMediterraneansea,andthosesouthoftheSaharadesertarereceivingevenlessrainthanbefore.Insub-SaharanAfricathecropsaredryingoutinthefieldsandpeoplearedyingofstarvation.IntheAmericas,theclimateisbecomingmoreextreme-thesummersaregettinghotterandthestormsarebecomingmoreviolent.In1999thesouthernUnitedStateswasstruckbyaseriesofdestructivehurricanes,whiletheendof1999sawtheworstfloodseverinVenezuela.Meteorologistsexpectsuchtrendstocontinue,andindeedtoworsen,ifglobalwarmingcannotbehalted.Inadditiontoworryingaboutrisingglobaltemperaturesandmoreextremeweatherconditions,scientistsarecloselyarecloselymonitoringsealevelsaroundtheworld.Theseareslowlyrising,asthenorthernandsouthernpolaricecapsstarttomelt.Thiswillhaveseriousconsequencesforlow-lyingcountriesnearthesea,suchasthecoralislandsinthePacific,andBangladeshwheretheRiverGangesalreadyfloodsthedeltaeveryyear.Alreadypartsoftheseplacesaredisappearingundertherisingtides.Accordingtonewresearch,onecontradictoryfeatureofglobalwarmingisthatitwillprobablyleadintheendtoaperiodofmuchcolderweather,atleastinEurope.Scientistsbasetheirtheoryonwhathappenedthelasttimetheworldwarmedup,8,300yearsago.TheyhavediscoveredthatwhentheicemeltedfromthenorthernpolaricecapitbecametrappedinanenormouslakeinnorthernCanada.Asmoreicemeltedthislakesuddenlyburstopen,releasingmillionsoftonsoffreezingfreshwaterintotheNorthAtlantic.ThisfloodofwaterwassolargethatitpreventedthenormalflowofwaterintheAtlantic,whichtakeswarmwaterfromthetropicsnorthtoEurope.Whenthisflowofwarmwaterwascutoff,temperaturesinEuropedroppedbybetweenthreeandeightdegreesCelsiusoverthenexttwohundredyears.ScientistsbelievethatasimilarprocesscouldoccurinthenextcenturyiftheGreenlandIceSheetstartstomelt.“Ultimately,that’stheinteresthere,”saysRichardAlley,anAmericanclimateexpert.“Theclimatehasn’tvariedmuchin8,000years.Butthebigchangescouldcomeback!”Selecttheappropriateanswerforeachofthefollowingquestions.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistherelationbetweenglobalwarmingandthegreenhouseeffect?Globalwarmingcausesthegreenhouseeffect.Thegreenhouseeffectcausesglobalwarming.Globalwarmingandthegreenhouseeffectarebothtypesofindustrialpollution.Globalwarmingandthegreenhouseeffectarenotconnectedinanyway.AccordingtoParagraph2,theoveralleffectofglobalwarmingonEurope’sclimateis_____________.adeclineinrainfallamoretropicalclimateageneralimprovementintheweatherbetterforsomecountriesandworseforothersBangladeshismentionedinParagraph3becauseitis_________________.acountrymadeupofcoralislandsacountrywithgoodseadefencesacountrythreatenedbyrisingsealevelsadevelopingcountryAccordingtoParagraph4,theclimateinEuropebecamecolder8,300yearsagobecause__________.globalwarmingreversed,andsotemperaturesstartedtodroparoundtheworldicemovedsouthtocoverEuropeandtheNorthAtlanticenormouslakesoffreezingwatercoveredCanadaandEuropemeltediceintheNorthAtlanticstoppedwarmwaterfromreachingEuropeAccordingtothepassage,scientistsbelievethatglobalwarming_____________________.willdefinitelyproduceacolderEuropewithin200yearswillprobablyproduceacolderEuropein8,000yearswilldefinitelynotproduceacolderEuropewillprobablyproduceacolderEuropeeventuallyPassage2Readpassage2carefullyandcompleteitems6-10asrequired(15points,3points)AcidRainWhenfossilfuelssuchascoal,gasoline,andfueloilsareburned,theyemitoxidesofsulfur,carbon,andnitrogenintotheair.Theseoxidescombinewithmoistureintheairtoformsulfuricacid,carbonicacid,andnitricacid.Whenitrainsorsnows,theseacidsfallontheearthinwhatiscalledacidrain.Duringthe20thcentury,theacidityoftheairandacidrainhavecometoberecognizedasleadingthreatstothestabilityandqualityofEarth’senvironment.MostofthisacidityisproducedintheindustrializednationsoftheNorthernHemisphere-theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,andmanycountriesofEurope.Theeffectsofacidraincanbeverydestructivetomanyformsoflife,includinghumanlife.Itseffectscanbemostvividlyseen,however,inlakes,rivers,andstreams.Acidityinwaterkillsvirtuallyalllifeforms.Bytheearly1990s,tensofthousandsoflakeshadbeendestroyedbyacidrain.TheproblemhasbeenmostsevereinNorway,Sweden,andCanada.ScientistsusewhatiscalledthePHfactortomeasuretheacidityoralkalinityofliquidsolutions.Onascalefrom0to14,thenumber0representsthehighestlevelofacid.14representsthemostbasicoralkaline.RainfallsintheeasternUnitedStatesandinWesternEuropeoftenhaveaPHfactorrangingfrom4.5to4.0.Thethreatposedbyacidrainisnotlimitedbygeographicboundaries.Windscarrythepollutantsaroundtheglobe.Forexample,muchresearchsupportstheconclusionthatpollutionfromcoal-poweredelectricgeneratingstationsinthemidwesternUnitedStatesistheultimatecauseofthesevereacid-rainproblemineasternCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStates.Norarethedestructiveeffectsofacidrainlimitedtothenaturalenvironment.Structuresmadeofstone,metal,andcementhavealsobeendamagedordestroyed.Someoftheworld’sgreatmonumentshaveshownsignsofdamage.Thisdamageisprobablycausedbyacidrain.Thecostofantipollutionequipmentsuchasburners,filters,andchemicalandwashingdevicesisgreat.However,thecostindamagetotheenvironmentandhumanlifeisestimatedtobemuchgreaterbecausethedamagecausedbyacidrainmaybeirreversible.Althoughpreventivemeasuresarebeingtaken,upto5000,000lakesinNorthAmericamaybedestroyedbeforethe20thcentury.Selecttheappropriateanswerforeachofthefollowingquestions.6.Itcanbeconcludedfromthearticlethatacidrain_______________.isaproblemthatcannotbesolvedbyonecountryaloneisathreatthatcannotbeeliminatedisthemostimportantproblemfacingtheworldiscausingsevereproblemsinAfrica7.Thearticletellsusthatthedestructionoflakesbyacidrainhasbeenmostseverewhere_______________.A)thereisthemostindustryB)theacidleveloftherainfallC)windisthestrongestD)rainfallsatefrequentWelearnfromthearticlethatlakesaredestroyedbyacidrainbecause_________________.lakescannotexistwithoutlifeformsinwateraciditykillsallformsoflifewhetheronlandorinthewaterthesurroundingvegetationiskilledthereisnooxygeninthewaterTheonlywaytoreversetheeffectsofacidrainisthrough_________________.educationantipollutionequipmentmeasuringwateraciditybarringtheuseoffossilfuelsThemostdamagingeffectsofacidrainmayeventuallybe________________.lossofallrivers,lakes,andstreamscompletedestructionofhistoricalmonumentssomelossofhumanlifetheeventualdestructionofcivilizationPassage3Readpassage3carefullyandcompleteitems11-15asrequired(15points,3points)ConversationalBallGamesAfterIwasmarriedandhadlivedinJapanforawhile,myJapanesegraduallyimprovedandIcouldtakepartinsimpleconversationswithmyhusbandandhisfriendsandfamily.Ibegantonoticethatoften,whenIjoinedin,theotherswouldlooksurprised,andtheconversationaltopicwouldcometoahalt.Afterthishappenedseveraltimes,itbecamecleartomethatIwasdoingsomethingwrong.Butforalongtime,Ididn’tknowwhatitwas.Finally,afterlisteningcarefullytomanyJapaneseconversations,Idiscoveredwhatmyproblemwas.EventhoughIwasspeakingJapanese,IwashandingtheconversationinaWesternway.Japanese-styleconversationsdevelopquitedifferentlyfromWestern-styleconversation.Andthedifferenceisn’tonlyinthelanguages.IrealizedthatjustasIkepttryingtoholdWestern-styleconversationsevenwhenIwasspeakingJapanese,somyEnglishstudentskepttryingtodoholdJapanese-styleconversationsevenwhentheywerespeakingEnglish.Wewereunconsciouslyplayingentirelydifferentconversationalballgames.AWestern-styleconversationbetweentwopeopleislikeagameoftennis.IfIintroduceatopic,aconversationalball,Iexpectyoutohititback,ifyouagreewithme,Idon’texpectyousimplytoagreeanddonotingmore.Iexpectyoutoaddsomething–areasonforagreeing,anotherexample,oranelaborationtocarrytheideafurther.ButIdon’texpectyoualwaystoagree.Iamjustashappyifyouquestionme,orchallengeme,orcompletelydisagreewithme.Whetheryouagreeordisagree,yourresponsewillreturntheballtome.Andthenifismyturnagain.Idon’tserveanewballfrommyoriginalstartingline.Ihityourballbackagainfromwhereithasbounced.Icarryyourideafurther,oransweryourquestionsorobjections,orchallengeorquestionyou.Andsotheballgoesbackandforth.Iftherearemorethantwopeopleintheconversation,thenitislikedoublesintennis,orlikevolleyball.There’snowaitinginline.Whoeverisneatestandquickesthitstheball,andifyoustepback,someoneelsewillhitit.Noonestopsthegametogiveyouaturn.You’reresponsiblefortakingyourownturn.Butwhetherit’stwoplayersoragroup,everyonedoeshisorherbesttokeeptheballgoing,andnoonepersonhastheballforverylong.AJapanese-styleconversation,however,isnotatallliketennisorvolleyball.It’slikebowling.Youwaitforyourturn.Andyoualwaysknowyourplaceinline.Itdependsonsuchthingsaswhetheryouareolderoryounger,aclosefriendorarelativestrangertothepreviousspeaker,inaseniororjuniorposition,andsoon.Whenyourturncomes,youstepuptothestartinglinewithyourbowlingballandcarefullybowlit.Everyoneelsestandsbackandwatchespolitely,murmuringencouragement.Everyonewaitsuntiltheballhasreachedtheendofthealleyandwatchestoseeifitknocksdownallthepins,oronlysomeofthem,ornoneofthem.Thereisapause,whileeveryonerecordsyourscore.Then,aftereveryoneissurethatyouhavecompletelyfinishedyourturn,thenextpersoninlinestepsuptothesamestartingline,withadifferentball.Hedoesn’treturnyourball,andhedoesnotbeginfromwhereyourballstopped.Andthereisalwaysasuitablepausebetweenturns.Thereisnorush,norush,noscramblefortheball.NowondereveryonelookedsurprisedwhenItookpartinJapaneseconversations.Ipaidnoattentiontowhoseturnitwasandkeptsnatchingtheballhalfwaydownthealleyandthrowingitbackatthebowler.Ofcoursetheconversationdied.Iwasplayingthewronggame.Butifyouhavebeentrainedallyourlifetoplayonegame,itisnosimplemattertochangetoanother,evenifyouknowtherules,.Knowingtherulesisnotatallthesamethingasplayingthewronggame.Butifyouhavebeentrainedallyourlifetoplayonegame,itisnosimplemattertochangetoanother,evenifyouknowtherules.Knowingtherulesisnotatthesamethingasplayingthegame.Evennow,duringaconversationinJapanese,Iwillnoticeasurprisedreactionandrealize,thoughabittoolate,thatonceagainIhaverudelyinterrupted.Itisnoeasierformeto“justlisten”duringaconversationthanitisformyJapanesestudentsto“justrelax”whenspeakingwithforeigners.NowIcantrulysympathizewithhowhardtheymustfindittotrycarryonaWestern-styleconversation.Selectthemostappropriateanswerforeachofthefollowingquestions.Themainideaofthisarticlethat_____________.peopletalkdifferentlyinJapanthanintheWestit’simportanttotakepartinconversationsit’sdifficulttohaveaconversationwithsomeonefromanothercountryit’srudetointerruptsomeonewhoisspeakingThewritermakesuseofallthefollowingargumentsexcept________________.A)Japanese-styleconversationsarelikebowingB)Western-styleconversations,youmustwaityourturntospeakInJapanese-styleconversations,youmustwaityourturntospeakWestern-styleconversationsarelongerthanJapanese-styleconversationsWeknowfromthepassagethatthewriter__________________.A)wasborninJapanB)IsateacherC)nolongerlivesinJapanD)isanathleteToshowthedifferencesinrulesofconversationoflanguageswithdifferentcultures,thewritercomparesconversationsto________________.variousballgamesrulesofpolitenesstennisrulesvolleyballrulesThereasonwhythewriterwasunsuccessfulintalkingwithherJapanesefriendswasthat_________________.shekeptinterruptingthemshecouldnotspeakJapanesewellshedidnotliveinJapanlongenoughshedidnotknowtherulesofbowlingPassage4Readpassage4carefullyandcompleteitems16-20asrequired(15points,3points)IndustryandtheEnvironmentDoyourecycleyournewspapers?Doyoualwaystakeshoppingbagwithyouwhenyougoshopping,sothattheshopdoesn’twasteplasticbags?Ifso,thenyouarea“Green”youare“environmentallyconscious”.Thatmeansthatyouareawarethathumanbeingsareusinguptheresourcesoftheworldtoofast-andthattoconservetheworld’sresources,wemust“thinkgreen”.Consumersallovertheworldareincreasinglybeginningtorealizetheneedtobuy“greenproducts”-productsthatareeconomicallyandharmlesslyproduced,andharmlesslyproduced,andharmlesslydisposedofafteruse.Therearealsocampaignstoencouragepeopletorecycleglass,paper,plasticandmetal.Asaresultofsuchcampaigns,fewerresourcesarebeingwasted.However,onethingisclear:withoutthecooperationofindustry-bigbusiness-theworldwillnotgrowcleaner.Foritisindustrythatturnsrawmaterialsintoconsumerproducts.Usingmoderntechnology,industrycancreateenvironmentaldisorderandconfusion,wastingrawmaterials,andpollutingtheearth.Therearesignsthatindustryisbecomingincreasinglyawareofpowertopreserve,ordestroy,theenvironment.Industryhasforsometimetriedtousenaturalresourcesmoreeconomically.Forexample,powerstationshavebecomemuchmoreefficient.Asaresult,theyhavebecomelesswastefulintheiruseofresources.However,inrecentyears,industryhascometoworrymuchmoreaboutcontrollingtheamountofpollutionduringproduction.Responsiblecompaniesaretryingtoreducetheamountofairpollution.Apartfromreleasingharmfulgases,otherproblemsincludethedischargeofheavymetalsintoriversandthesea,andthedifficultyoffindingenoughspacetodisposesafelyoftheworld’srubbish.Industry’stasknowisfindwaystoreduceoreliminateformsofpollution.Increasinglytheworldwillneedproductsthat,duringtheirlifetime,dominimaldamagetotheplanet,andthat,attheendoftheirlives,caneitherbesafelydisposedof,orrecycled-puttonewuses.So,companiesarenowtryingtoensurethatrubbishisdisposedofsafely,orrecycledwherepossible.Whyshouldanycompanystartthisrevolution?Therearemanypressuresforchange:customers’tasteschange,astheconsumerstartsto“thinkgreen”.Customersvotewiththeirwalletsandpurses,astheyquestionwhatproductsinvolvepoisonousgasesintheirmanufacture,andwhatproductsarebiologicallyharmfulduringtheiruse,andaftertheirusefulliftcomestoanend.Morerelevantperhapsinthelongrun,customersalsohaveaninfluenceongovernment:governmentsarenowimposingstrongerregulationsonindustry,andheavierpenaltiesforpolluting.Governmentscanmakenewlawsaboutchemicaldischarges,taxtheuseofrawmaterials,andpunishcompaniesforpollutingaccidents.Inshort,societywillandmustdemandcleanerandlesswastefulindustrialprocesses,cleanerproducts,andcleanerwaysofdisposingoftheseproducts,orrecyclingthem.Todeveloptheseprocesses,andinventcleanerproducts,willcallwholenewtypesoftechnology.Thechangemanywellbeenormous.Whatdfortuneawaitsthecompanythatinvents,say,awayoftransportingpeoplerapidly,safelyandquietly,withoutdischargingnastygases,inacontainerthatmeltsintotheearthassoonasitreachestheendofitslonglife!Thegreatengineeringprojectsofthenextcenturywillnotbecivilengineeringofdamsorbridges,butthebio-engineeringofsewageworksandgarbagedumps.Thestarscientistswillbethosewhofindcheaperwaystodisposeofplastics,ortocleanuppollutedsoil.Forfar-sightedcompanies,theenvironmentmayturnouttobethebiggestopportunityforenterpriseandinventiontheindustrialworldhasseen.Selectthemostappropriateanswerforeachofthefollowingquestions.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,“Green”arepeoplewho________________.classifywastebeforedisposingofitonlybuyagriculturalproductsproducedingreenhousesavoidusingplasticshoppingbagsknowthattheworld’sresourcesarenotlimitlessAnimportantfactorinthepreservationofenvironmentis_______________.thecooperationofindustryconsumers’choiceofgoodsincreasedgovernmentcontroloverindustryproperguidanceonwastedisposalWhen“Customersvotewiththeirwalletsandpurses,”itmeantheycan________________.influencetheelectionofgovernmentofficialscanaskquestionsaboutthekindofmaterialsusedbyindustryrefusetobuybiologicallyharmfulproductsputpressureonindustrybyonlybuyingcleanproductsThereisagreatfutureforcompaniesthatcan__________________.findacheapwaytotransportpeoplequicklyandsafelydevelopthetechnologyneededforprotectingtheenvironmentavoidtheoccurrenceofpollutingaccidentsensurethesafedisposalofindustrialwasteInthenextcentury,thetaskofimportantengineeringprojectswillbeto_________________.findenvironmentallysafewaystotreatwastewaterdeveloptransportationsystemsthatdonotpollutetheairfindwaystodealwithwasteusingbiologicalprocessesplanandconstructbridgesanddamsPassage5Readpassage5carefullyandcompleteitemsasrequiredChinaandUKTurntoAlternativeEnergySources1.Indevelopedanddevelopingcountriesaroundtheworld,individualareturningtosolarandwindpowerasaninexpensive,environmentallyfriendlyalternativetotraditionalpollutingfossilfuelssuchasoilandcoal.“Theimpactonindividuallivesisextraordinary,”saysMarkFitzgerald,executivedirectoroftheInstituteforSustainablePowerinColorado,“Thepotentialisoutstanding.”Sofar,Chinaleadstheworldinthenumberofsolarinstallations,butothercountriessuchastheUK,theUSandJapanarecatchingup,andhaveplansforlargefutureinstallationsasawayoflimitingthepollutionoffossilfuelsandthepotentialdangersofnuclearenergy.China2InthecaseofChina,theuseofsolarenergyhasoriginatesbecauseofcostefficiencyratherthanenvironmentalconcerns,andhasresultedinquitesignificantlifestylechanges.ManypeopleinChinalivewithoutelectricityinsignificantlifestylechanges.ManypeopleinChinalivewithoutelectricityintheremotenorthernandwesternprovincesofInnerMongolia,Xinjiang,Tibet,GansuandQinghai.Therearealso300islandsofftheChinesecoastswhichremainwithoutelectricity,becauseofthehugecostsofbuildingpowerplantsandinstallingelectricallines.Conventionalenergygridsystemsjustdon’treachtheseareas.Photovoltaics,orPV,thetechnologythatturnssunlightintoelectricity,providesasmall-scaleanswer.Solarhomesystemsmadefromphotovoltaiccellscanrunafewlightbulbsandablack-andwhileTVforaboutfourhoursaday.Forruralpeoplewhohavelivesbythelightofbutter-oillamps,itappearstobeagreatimprovement.Thelocalsalsousethesystemstodrivewaterpumps,refrigeratemedicinesforfarmanimals,andpowertheradiosandtelevisionsthathelptoconnectthemtotherestofChinaandtheworld.3CottageindustriesintheseremoteareasofChinaarealsobenefitingfromtheintroductionofalternativeenergy.Seamstressesworkingintheirhomescanworklongerhoursbythelightoffluorescentbulbsintheevenings,andthusincomesareboosted.Itdoestakeaninitialoutlayofcapital,however,whichofcoursemostfamiliesdonothave.A20-wattsystemthatprovidesfourhoursofelectricityadaycostsabout$200,whichistoughly14timestheannualcostoftraditionalenergyexpensesforkerosenelamps,matches,andbutteroil.Butiftheextratimegivenbyeveninglightisspentinworking,thecostscanbemadeupinaboutayear.4ForChina,thiskindoftechnologymaymeanananswertoworryingenergytrends.China’senergyrequirementsarevastandtheforecastedneedisalarming.In1995,itconsumedabout748billionkilowatt-hoursofelectricity,andby,thatnumberispredictedtoreach2,457billionkilowatt-hours-anannualgrowthrateofabout6%,comparedwith2.6%world-wide.Theuseofcoal,whichprovides80%ofthecountry’selectricityneedsisexpectedtoincreasefive-foldby.SoalongwiththelifestylebenefitsfortheseruralChinesefolk,renewableenergieslikesolarpowercanhelpChinadiversifyawayfromthepollutingfossilfuels.By1998,about40,000familiesinChinaownedthesesystems,andnumbersaresteadilyincreasing.UnitedKingdom5Overthenext20years,architectSusanRoafeestimatesshewillspend$10,000onheatingandlightingherenergy-efficientsix-bedroomhouseinOxford,southernEngland.Butherneighbor,livinginasimilarVictorianhouse,will,shecalculates,spend$120,000.Shepredictsthatmainstreamenergycostswilldoublenthenext10yearsasreservesofnaturalgasaredepleted.6Roafe,alectureratOxfordBrookesUniversity,ownsoneofjustfiveresidentialhousesintheUKequippedtogeneratetheirownelectricityusingsolarpanels.ButifEuropeanCommissionproposalsapprovedtwoweeksagoarefulfilled,another70,000homeswillhavesolarrooftopsby.7Althoughthenumbersaresmall,morepeopleinBritainarebecominginterestedintheideaofgeneratingtheirownelectricity.TheEcologyBuildingSocietysaysthemaingreenthemesfromitsloanapplicantsarewaterconservationandelectricitygeneration.8SomepeopleinremoteareashavefounditcheapertotheirownelectricitythantopayforaconnectiontotheNationalGrid,whichsuppliesmosthouseandbusinessesandcancostmorethan$30,000.AnthropologistandwriterFelixPadelwouldhavehadtopayabout$10,000fiveyearsagetoconnecthishousenearFishguard,Pembrokeshire,tothegrid.Hedecidedinsteadtoinstalla9-meterwindmill,atacostofabout$6000.Hecannotrunawashingmachineontheelectricitygeneratedbythewindmillbuteverythingelseinhishomeispoweredbyit,andtherearehigh-poweredbatteriestostoreelectricityforusewhenthewindisnotbowing.9Butforpeoplelivinginurbanareas,installingawindmillisnotapracticalpossibility.Theenvironmen