2023年北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题

北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅠListeningComprehension(20points)(略)PartⅡReadingComprehension(30points)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthepart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthem,thereare4choicesmarkedA,B,CandD．Readthepassagescarefullyanddecideonthebestchoice.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Passage1Scientistsnowtendtoagreethatthenoiselevelforpotentialhearinglossbeginsatabout70decibels.Someofthemareveryconcernedbecausenormaldailylifeoftenexposespeopletonoiselevelsofabout70decibelseveninsidetheirhomes.Citieshavealwaysbeennoisy,butnoiseisnowspreadingtoareasthatwerequietjustafewyearsago.Clearly,somethingmustbedoneornoisewillseriouslyandpermanentlymaimthepopulation.Fortunately,theknowledgeandmethodstocontrolnoisealreadyexist.Asamatteroffact,thisisoneinstancewheretheknowledgeofcontrolmethodsexceedstheknowledgeabouttheeffectsonhumanlifeandontheenvironment.Therearetwocommonmeansforcontrol.Thefirstisreducingnoiseatitssource,andthesecondischangingthesoundpathbydistanceorbyshielding.Thesecondapproachisbeingusedmoreoftentodayaspeoplebecomemoreawareofthedangerofnoise.Newbuildingcodesrequirebettersoundinsulationinhomesandapartments.Moreandmoretownsarepassingzoningordinancesthattrytosegregatenoisyfactoriesorairportsfromresidentialareas.Sound-absorbentmaterialsandconstructiondesignedtoblocksoundpathsareslowlycomingintouseinofficesandhomes.Newhighwaysarebeingbuilttoredirecttrafficnoiseupandawayfromnearbyareas.Aircraftareincreasinglybeingrequiredtousereducedpowerflightsaroundairports.Therearemanyexamplesofavailablenoisecontrolmethodsthatarenotbeingused.Moreflexiblebuildingcodeswouldpermittheuseofquieterkindsofplumbingpipes.Sound-absorbingmaterialscanreducethenoiseofmotorsandengines.Powergeneratorscanbequietedwithbaffles,exhaustsilencers,andsoundabsorbers.Trucktirescanbemadewithquietertreads.Inmanycases,thecostofbuildingquietermachinesisthesameoronlyslightlyhigherthanthatofthecurrentnoisyones.Eventhoughthenewequipmentmaycostmoreinitially,itcanprovemoreprofitableinthelongrun.Thenewjumbojets,forexample,arequieterthantheolderones,yettheyaremorepowerfulandcarrytwiceasmanypassengers.Allofthesemethodsareonlypartialmeasuresasnoisylevelscontinuetorise.Mostspecialistsinthefieldagreethatmuchofthesolutionmustcomefromeliminatingsomeofthenoiseatitssource,thereforesavingthroughpreventionthelargecostsofhearingloss.21．Thenoiselevelforpossiblehearinglossbeginsatabout______.A．30decibelsB．75decibelsC．100decibelsD．noneoftheabove22．Jetpilotsarebeingadvisedtoland______.A．onlongerrunwaysB．fromnearbyareasC．afterdarkD．withreducedpower23．Howmanypracticalmeansforcontrollingnoisedoestheauthorpresent?A．One.B．Two.C．Three.D．Four.24．Thereadercanassumethatairportofthefuturewill______.A．haverunwaysinanorth-southpatternB．belocatedinunpopulatedareasC．berequiredtowarnpassengersofhighnoiselevelsD．innearbyareas25．Jumbojetsarementionedasexamplesof______.A．efficienttransportationwithlowlevelsofnoiseB．vehiclesthatcauseseriousairpollutionC．scientificadvancesthatdomoreharmthangoodD．quieterandoldervehiclePassage2Everytimeapersoneatssomethinghemakesanutritionaldecision.Heacceptsorrejectsthefoodavailabletohimathomeformealsorsnacks.Orheselectsfoodforhimselfatmanyplacesinthecommunity,suchassupermarkets,drive-ins,restaurants,andfoodcountersindrugstores.Theseselectionsmakeadifferenceinhowanindividuallooks,howhefeels,andhowwellhecanworkandplay.Whenagoodassortmentoffoodinappropriateamountsisselectedandeaten,theconsequencesaremorelikelytobeadesirablelevelofhealthandenoughenergytoallowonetobeasactiveasoneneedsandwantstobe.Whenchoicesarelessthandesirable,theconsequencesarelikelytobepoorhealthorlimitedenergyorboth.StudiesofdietsofindividualsintheUnitedStatesshowthatfoodselectionisahighlyindividualmatter,evenamongyoungchildren.Furthermore,fartoomanyindividualsofallagesaremakingpoorchoicesdayafterdayandareeithernowlivingwiththeconsequencesorwillbeinthefuture.Nutritionistsandworkersinalliedprofessionshavebeenconcernedabouthelpingpeoplelearntoselectandenjoyawidevarietyoffoodcombinationsthatcanadduptoagooddiet.Mostpeoplebelievethattheyarewellfed—thatthechoicestheymakearegoodones.Afterall,theyarenotreallysick,neitheraretheyhungry.However,theirnutritionisusuallypoorinonerespectoranother.Milkandmilkproducts,suchascheeses,icecreamormilk,buttermilk,andyogurt,areoftenslighted.Thenpeoplemayskipmanyfruitsandvegetables,particularlythosethataregoodsourcesofvitaminsAandC．Theseincludedarkgreenleafyvegetables;deepyellowvegetables;andcitrusfruitsandvegetables,suchascabbage,tomatoes,andgreenpeppers.EveryAmericanhastherighttochoosetobeuniformedaboutnutritionaswellastobeinformed.Ifapersonbelievesthatsheiswellfed,attitudes,habits,andinformationcannotbeforceduponher.Therearelifesituations,however,thattendtocauseallindividualtowanttoknowhowtomakethebestchoices.Forexample,ayoungcoupleisstartingafamilyandmustpreparefoodforyoungchildren.26．FoodpreferenceinAmericais______.A．culturallyorientedB．inheritedC．individualisticD．accordingtoages27．GoodamountsofvitaminAcanbefoundin______.A．celeryB．bananaC．milkD．cabbage28．Accordingtotheauthor,nutritionistsareconcernedwith______.A．improvingthevitamincontentofprocessedfoodsB．restrictingthemanufactureofhighcholesterolfoodsC．informingthepublicaboutwholesomefoodsD．helpingpeopleenjoyinguninformedaboutnutrition29．Somepeoplejudgetheirnutritionbythe______.A．statusoftheirhealthB．grocerystoreswheretheyshopC．amountofproteinintheirdietsD．foodtheytook30．TheauthoradvocatesA．requiringhighschoolstudentstotakecoursesonnutritionB．makinginformationonnutritionavailabletothepublicC．forcingfoodmanufacturerstolistingredientsonpackagesD．peoplehastherighttochoosefoodPassage3Almostsincethebeginningofmankind,governmentshavebeenrecordingthenumbersoftheirpopulace.Thefirstknowncensusreporttookplacein3800B.C.inBabyloniaforthepurposeofdecidingwhoshouldpaytaxes.Astimewentby,governmentsfoundother,morecreativeusesforknowingtheirnumbers.EgyptianKingRamsesⅡusedthecensusnotonlytodeterminewhoshouldpaytaxes,butalsotofigureouthowtodividelandforfarmingandtodecidewhocouldprovidemanpowerforvariousgovernmentprojects.Thesenewideascameaboutinthemid-1200s-B.C.WilliamtheConquerorbroughttheconceptofcensustakingtoEnglandin1085.Alllandownerswererequiredtonametheirholdingsforthepurposeoftaxation.Bythefifteenthcentury,TudorkingsfoundanewtwisttotheEgyptians'useofthecensus.Theytoousedthepopulationcountasameansofgettingreadymanpowerforimportantgovernmentproject'namely,replenishingtroopsintheongoingbattlesinwesternEurope.ArebellioustidesweptoverEngland,however,inthemid-1700s.AbilltoauthorizearegularcensuswasdefeatedinParliamentonthegroundsthatitwouldgivevaluableinformationtoEngland'senemies.Butthetideofrebellionsoonturned,andin1800Englandestablisheditsfirstregularcensus.MeanwhiletheUnitedStateshadalreadyhadanongoingcensusfortenyears.ItwasauthorizedintheConstitutionforthepurposeofdecidinghowmanymembersofCongresswouldbeneededforafairrepresentationoftheAmericanpeople.Theconstitutionalarticlealsoestablishedthatthecensuswouldbetakenin1790andeverytenyearsthereafter.Andsoithas.Sinceitsbeginning,theAmericancensushasgonethroughmanychanges.Todaythecensusprovidesmorethanacountofthepeoplewholivehere.Ittakespollsontransportation,economicplanning,andagriculture.Thecensusalsoprovidesdataformostgovernmentagencystatistics,suchastheunemploymentrate.Countingcostshaverisensince1790．Thegovernmentspentaboutapennyperpersontocountpost-RevolutionaryAmericans.Todaythecensuscosts$250million—morethanadollarperperson.That'salongwaysince3800B．C．.31．ThefirstknowncensusreporttookplaceinBabyloniain______.A．1085B．1200B.C．3800B.C.D．179032．Thefirstcensuswascreatedforthesolepurposeof______.A．countingavailabletroopsB．dividingfarmlandC．providingmanpowerD．taxingthepopulace33．TheAmericancensustodaycoststhegovernmentapproximately______.A．$0.01/personB．$0.10/personC．$1.00/personD．$10.00/person34．Parliamentdefeatedabillauthorizingaregularcensusbecauseit______.A．mightgivevaluablenewstoEnglandB．wouldgiveEngland'senemiescauseforrebellionC．wouldbetooexpensiveD．mightdiscloseinformationtoEngland'senemies35．TheauthorimpliestheAmericancensusis______.A．relativelyinexpensivetoconductB．importanttovariousgovernmentbranchesC．anexactcountofthecitizenryD．fairlyexpensivebefore1790Passage4Itdidn'thappenovernight.Theproblemofpollutedairhasbeenfesteringforcenturies.Suddenlytheproblemofairpollutionisbecomingcriticalandiseruptingrightbeforeoureyes.Notonlydooureyesburnastheyfocusthroughmurkyair,butwhentheairclears,weseetreesandvegetationdying.Wemustrealizethatthisdestructioncannolongerbepinnedtosomemysteriouscause.Theonemajorculpritisairpollution.Today'sairpollutionisanunfortunateby-productofthegrowthofcivilization.Civilizedmalldesiresgoodsthatrequireheavyindustrializationandmassproduction.Machinesandfactoriessometimespolluteandtainttheairwithsubstancesthataredangeroustomanandtheenvironment.Thesesubstancesincluderadioactivedust,saltspray,herbicideandpesticideaerosols,liquiddropletsofacidicmatter,gases,andsometimessoilparticles.Thesematerialscanactalonetoirritateobjectsandformsoflife.Moredangerously,theyjointogethertoactupontheenvironment.Onlylatelyhavewebegunrecognizingsomeoftheirdangerousconsequences.Scientistshavenotyetbeenabletoobtainacompletereportontheeffectsofairpollutionontrees.Theydoknow,however,thatsulfurdioxide,fluorides,andozonedestroytreesandthatindividualtreesresponddifferentlytothenumerousparticulateandgaseouspollutants.Sometimestreesgrowinginasingleareaunderattackbypollutantswillshowsymptomsofinjuryorwilldiewhiletheirneighborsremainhealthy.Scientistsbelievethisdifferenceinresponsedependsonthekindoftreeanditsgeneticmakeup.Otherfactors,suchasthetree'sstageofgrowthandnearnesstothepollutionsource,theamountofpollutant,andthelengthofthepollutionattackalsoplayapart.Inshort,whetherornotatreediesasaresultofairpollutiondependsonacombinationofhostandenvironmentalfactors.Forthemostpart,airpollutantsinjuretrees.Toconifers,whichhaveyear-roundneedles,airpollutioncausesearlybalding.Inthisevent,treescannotmaintainnormalfoodproductionlevels.Undernourishedandweakened,theyareopentoattackbyahostofinsects,diseases,andotherenvironmentalstresses.Deathoftenfollows.Airpollutionmayalsocausehardwoodstolosetheirleaves.Becausetheirleavesareborneonlyforaportionoftheyearandarereplacedthefollowingyear,airpollutioninjurytohardwoodsmaynotbesosevere.36．Theauthorattributestoday'sairpollutionto______.A．thegrowthofcivilizationB．man'scarelessnessC．environmentalimbalanceD．somemysteriouscause37．Theresistanceofsometreestodiseasecanbetracedto______.A．protectivefoliageB．thickbarkC．geneticmakeupD．taintedair38．Airpollutioncausesthemostdamageto______.A．hardwoodsB．conifersC．fruittreesD．fluorides39．Theauthorimpliesthatthegreatestsourceofpollutionis______.A．heavyindustryB．chemicalprocessingplantsC．urbanexpansionD．saltspray40．Wecanconcludethat______.A．airpollutioniseasiertocontrolthanwaterpollutionB．theproblemofpollutedairisaproblemovernightC．theimpactofairpollutionhasbeenknownforcenturiesD．researchontheeffortsofairpollutionisincompletePartⅢVocabulary(10points)Directions:Inthispart,thereare20sentenceswithfourchoicesbeloweachsentence.Choosethebestonefromthe4choices.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.41．Hiddenhotelcostscanbeasourceoffrustrationtothefrugaltraveler.A．carefulB．cleverC．ignorantD．economical42．Thickwithtreesandsparsewithhomes,thistranquilarea50milesnorthofHoustoncouldbeasliceofheaven.A．moltenB．sereneC．isolatedD．snobbish43．Accommodationsmustbemadeforstudentswithlearningdisabilities.A．criminalB．pumpC．psychologyD．lodgings44．Historywasbeingcataloguedhere,themissedopportunities,blunders,andoutrightmistakes.A．attemptsB．insultsC．mistakesD．arguments45．Thepressmockedhisattemptstoappealtoyoungvoters.A．ridiculedB．entertainedC．ignoredD．drew46．Thefederalcourthasbeenputtingpressureonthestatetoadheretothepopulationcapsinthedecree.A．encounterB．sticktoC．prepareD．anticipate47．Widespreadwagereductionswereimposedduringtherecessionof1906～1909andpriceinflationthereafterimpededtherecoveryofrealwagelevels.A．convolutedB．beliedC．encumberedD．stoked48．Helplesslysheblinkedupathim,feelingaslowlethargycreepthroughherwholebody.A．provisionB．cylinderC．contradictionD．exhaustion49．Theattackwasmeticulouslyplannedandexecuted.A．negligentlyB．slovenlyC．fussilyD．discreetly50．Atthesametime,medicalandsocialscienceresearchbegantoindicatethatretirementitselfhaddetrimentaleffects.A．damagingB．magnificentC．usefulD．relevant51．Thebatteriescanberechargedwhentheyrun______.A．overB．downC．outD．along52．Theriotersheadeddowntown,______theyattackedcityhall.A．sinceB．asC．whereuponD．yet53．Monday'searthquake______windowsandwokeresidents.A．slammedB．prosecutedC．rattledD．pierced54．Environmentalists______thatitwillnotbeeasytopersuadecardriverstousetheirvehicleslessoften.A．deliverB．deserveC．contrastD．concede55．Lately,therestaurantchain,which______mainlytoblue-collardiners,hasbeenhurtbycompetition.A．catersB．fabricatesC．facilitatesD．flees56．Thenation______thedeathofitsgreatwarleader.A．protrudedB．lamentedC．rebukedD．racked57．Thereport______poorsafetystandardsfortheaccident.A．blamesB．chargesC．complainsD．accuses58．Thenewschoolbuildingis______completion.A．nearlytoB．closetoC．almostatD．justaboutat59．Walkingisexcellentforworking______tension.A．outB．awayC．downD．off60．Anynegativestatementsandaccusationsmadeshouldbe______andforthrightlyanswered,preferablyatthelevelonwhichtheyoriginate.A．promptlyB．thoroughlyC．punctuallyD．exactlyPartⅣCloze(10points)Directions:Inthispart,thereareincompletesentencesinthefollowingpassage.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD．Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Itisnotlongsinceconditionsinthemineswereworsethantheyarenow.Therearestill61afewveryoldwomenwhointheiryouthhaveworked62,withharnessroundtheirwaists,andachain63passedbetweentheirlegs,crawlingonall64anddraggingtugsofcoal.Theyusedtogoon65thisevenwhentheywerepregnant.And66now,ifcoalcouldnotbeproducedwithoutpregnantwomendraggingit67andfro,Ifancyweshouldletthemdoit68thandepriveourselvesofcoal.Butmostofthetime,ofcourse,weshould69toforgetthattheyweredoingit.Itisthe70withalltypesofmanualwork;itkeepsusalive,andweareobliviousofitsexistence.Morethananything71perhaps,theminercanstandasthetypeofmanualworker,notonlybecauseitissovitallynecessaryand72so73,thatwearecapable74forgettingitasweforgetthebloodinourveins.In75wayitisevenhumiliatingtowatchcoal-minersworking.Itraisesinyouamomentarydoubt76yourownstatusasan“intellectual”andasuperiorpersongenerally.Foritisbrought77toyou,atleastwhileyouarewatching,thatitisonly78minerssweattheirgutsout79superiorpersonscan80superior.61．A．aliveB．livingC．walkingD．breathing62．A．undergroundB．aboveC．belowD．late63．A．itB．thisC．whoD．that64．A．limbsB．foursC．legsD．bodies65．A．makingB．workingC．doD．doing66．A．justB．evenC．rightD．well67．A．fromB．forC．toD．at68．A．ratherB．moreC．wouldD．less69．A．askB．preferC．makeD．willing70．A．sameB．whatC．soD．that71．A．moreB．besideC．tooD．else72．A．butB．yetC．howeverD．also73．A．efficientB．silentC．blackD．required74．A．toB．forC．of