在湿滑跑道上的起飞性能

TakeoffPerformanceon

Contaminated

and

SlipperyRunways

在湿滑跑道上的起飞性能

Agenda:议题BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本规则和定义PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性质OperationalPractice运行常规OperationalData/Applications运行数据/应用

AirplaneTakeoffPerformance

飞机起飞性能Contaminatedrunway受污染的跑道Acceleration/decelerationcapability(Slush,standingwater,snowcovered)

加速/减速能力(泥泞,积水,雪覆盖)Slipperyrunway滑跑道Decelerationcapability(Icecovered,compactedsnow,orwet)

减速能力(结冰,压紧的雪,或湿)RegulatoryRequirements法规要求FAAOperators在FAA法规下运行的航空公司Historically过去NodefinitiveregulatoryrequirementsforcontaminatedorslipperyrunwayperformanceadjustmentsinPart25or12125和121部分,没有明确的法规要求湿或滑跑道起飞的性能调整Current(737-6/7/8/900)-现在WetrunwayispartofAFMcertificationbasisNodefinitiveregulatoryrequirementsforcontaminatedorslippery(non-wet)湿跑道是AFM认证基础的一部分,受污染或滑(不湿)跑道没有明确的法规要求ProposedAdvisoryCircular91-6Bincludes:

提议的咨询通告91-6B包含:Guidelinesfortakeoffandlandingwithwater,slush,snoworiceonrunway

在积水,泥泞,积雪或结冰跑道起飞,降落的指南15-footscreenheightforaccelerate-go 加速起飞于跑道头达到机轮离地15英尺高度

Definesbrakingcoefficientusedforaccelerate-stopdistancecalculation 定明使用在加速-停机距离计算的刹车系数Reversethrustcreditforaccelerate-stop 反推帮助加速-停机Includeswetrunway包含湿跑道Definescontaminatedrunway定义受污染的跑道RunwayisWetwhen:

跑道是湿的,当:Pavementthoroughlysoaked

道面完全湿透Shinyinappearance表面发亮Depthlessthan1/8inch(3mm)ofwater

积水厚度小于3

毫米RunwayisCONTAMINATEDwhen:*

跑道是受污染的,当:Morethan25%ofthesurfacetobeusediscoveredbystandingwaterorslushmorethan1/8inch(3mm)deep

超过25%的使用道面被厚度超过3毫米的积水或泥泞覆盖OR或*AsdefinedbyFAAAdvisoryCircular91-6BFAA咨询通告91-6B

Hasanaccumulationofsnoworice(Note:AtBoeing,weconsidercompactsnowandIceasslipperyrunwayfordatapresentationpurposes)积雪或结冰(注:为了数据表达的目的,波音公司认为压紧的雪和结冰是滑跑道)Additionalconsiderations:

进一步的考虑Ifthecontaminantsarelyingonthatportionoftherunwaywherethehighspeedpartofthetakeoffrollwilloccur,itmaybeappropriatetoconsidertherunwaycontaminated.

如果跑道污染的部分是在起飞高速滑跑的位置,可以认为跑道是受污染的.DoNOTtakeoffwhenthedepthofstandingwaterorslushismorethan:

1/2inch(13mm)deep

当积水或泥泞厚度超过1/2英寸(13毫米),不要起飞Agenda:议题BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本规则和定义

PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性质OperationalPractice 运行常规OperationalData/Applications

运行数据/应用TakeoffDistanceIsProportionalto

起飞距离和加速度成反比

LargeAcceleration(a) ShortTakeoff大的加速度

Distance

短起飞距离SmallAcceleration(a) LongTakeoff小的加速度

Distance 长起飞距离1aDryRunwayAcceleration

乾跑道加速度Friction摩擦力Drag阻力Thrust推力gWa=Thrust-Drag-Friction[]加速度=重力加速度/重量(推力-阻力-摩擦力)AccelerationwithSlush/StandingWater

泥泞/积水时的加速度gWa=Thrust-Drag-Friction-SlushDragSlushDrag泥泞阻力[]Friction摩擦力Drag阻力Thrust推力加速度=重力加速度/重量(推力-阻力-摩擦力-泥泞阻力)Slush

force泥泞力Groundspeed地速SlushForce

泥泞力VHP滑水速度Hydroplaning滑水效应

AllEngineAccelerationCapability

-130Knots全发加速能力6mmofslush--10-20%reductioninallengineacceleration6毫米厚度泥泞--减低全发加速10-20%13mmofslush--20-40%reductioninallengineacceleration13毫米厚度泥泞--减低全发加速20-40%AllengineaccelerationKt/sec全发加速海里/秒乾跑道6毫米13毫米747767757737乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米4.03.02.01.00.0EngineOutAccelerationCapability

--130Knots单发失效条件下的加速能力

6mmofslush--15-50%reductioninengineoutacceleration6毫米泥泞--减低单发失效条件下加速15-50%13mmofslush--30-110%reductioninengineoutacceleration13毫米泥泞--减低单发失效条件下加速30-110%7470.01.02.03.04.06毫米1/4"1/4"1/2"13毫米1/2"Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速-0.5单发失效乾跑道7677577376毫米13毫米单发失效乾跑道6毫米13毫米单发失效乾跑道6毫米13毫米单发失效乾跑道Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速accelerationKt/sec加速,海里/秒Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速OneEngineInoperativeDecelerationCapability130Knots单发失效减速能力

DecelerationKt/sec减速海里/秒乾跑道6毫米1/2"13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米8.06.04.02.00.0747767757737Dry-AFMperformance-includesmaximumbraking,spoilers,idlethrust

乾跑道-AFM性能-包含最大刹车,扰流板,慢车推力Slush-includeswheelbraking,spoilers,

reversethrust,andslushdrag

泥泞-包含轮刹车,扰流板,反推,和泥泞阻力Agenda:议题BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本规则和定义

PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性质OperationalPractice 运行常规OperationalData/Applications运行数据/应用BoeingContaminatedRunwayDataAdjustments

波音受污染跑道数据修正Package1-Allenginesoperating 第一部-全部发动机操作Weightreduction减少重量NoV1adjustmentprovided没有提供V1

修正值Preserves15%marginaboveMinimumFARRequiredDryRunwayLength在最低FAR乾跑道长度规定上,保留15%余度

Package2-Enginefailureisconsidered-Jarops1 第二部-考虑发动机故障

WeightreductionandV1adjustmentprovided

减少重量和提供V1修正

Creditforreversethrust计入反推作用15footscreenheight在跑道头达到15英尺机轮离地高度DatapresentedinairplaneOperationsManualandPEM飞机运行手册和PEM提供数据ConstantFieldLengthWeightReduction

AllEngineData

固定跑道长度重量减轻-全发数据Note:Stophasnotbeenconsiderednorhascontinuedtakeofffollowingenginefailure不考虑停机,不考虑单发失效时继续起飞Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度

Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重

Slush

AllEngineFieldLengthIncreasedDistance增加的距离{泥泞,全发跑道长度ConstantFieldLengthWeightReduction

AllEngineData

固定跑道长度重量减轻-全发数据Note:Stophasnotbeenconsiderednorhascontinuedtakeofffollowingenginefailure不考虑停机,不考虑单发失效时继续起飞Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度

Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重ConstantFieldLength固定跑道长度

Slush

AllEngineWeightReduction泥泞,全发重量减轻DWt(slush)重量差泥泞,全发跑道长度Slush

AllEngineFieldLengthSampleQRHSlush/StandingWaterWeightAdjustment

AllEngineData-737-300/20KRating

样本QRH泥泞/积水重量修正-全发数据ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道长度重量减轻和V1修正-考虑单发失效

Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重

Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度Brakereleasegrossweight

松刹车起飞全重V1FARV1{SlushFieldLength泥泞跑道长度{泥泞SlushV1ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道长度重量减轻和V1修正-考虑单发失效

Brakereleasegrossweight

松刹车起飞全重

Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度Brakereleasegrossweight

松刹车起飞全重V1FARV1SlushFieldLength泥泞跑道长度泥泞

SlushV1ConstantFieldLength固定跑道长度DWt(slush)重量差(泥泞)DV1(slush)V1差(泥泞)SampleQRHSlush/StandingWater

WeightAdjustment

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

样本QRH泥泞/积水重量修正-考虑单发失效SampleQRHSlush/StandingWater

V1Adjustment

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

样本QRH泥泞/积水V1修正-考虑单发失效SlipperyRunway

滑跑道Noeffectonacceleration对加速没有影响

Engineoutaccelerate-go单发失效,加速起飞

Goto15-ftscreenheight以机轮离地15英尺高度过跑道头

Accelerate-stop加速-停机

Reducetiretogroundfriction 减小轮和地面之间的摩擦Creditforreversethrust计入反推作用Allengine-Noeffectoncalculationofallenginetakeoffdistance全发-计算全发起飞距离没有影响µ=Averageairplanebrakingcoefficientduringthestop

停机时,平均飞机刹车系数

(Note:thisisnottiretogroundfriction)注:这不是轮胎对地面的摩擦AirplaneBrakingCoefficient-µ

飞机刹车系数BL升力W重力StoppingForceduetowheelbrakes从轮刹车来的停机力

mB(W-L)=BConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道长度重量减轻和V1修正-考虑单发失效

Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重

Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重V1FARV1{SlipperyFieldLength滑溜跑道长度{SlipperyV1滑溜跑道V1ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.

EngineFailureConsidered

固定跑道长度重量减轻和V1修正-考虑单发失效

Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重

Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重V1FARV1SlipperyFieldLength滑溜跑道长度slipperyV1ConstantFieldLength固定跑道长度DWt(slippery)

重量差DV1(slippery)V1差,滑溜跑道Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼滑溜跑道,V1SampleQRHSlipperyRunwayData

WeightAdjustments

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

样本QRH滑溜跑道数据重量修正-考虑单发失效SampleQRH

SlipperyRunwayData

V1Adjustments

EngineFailureConsidered-737-300/20KRating

样本QRH滑溜跑道数据V1修正-考虑单发失效SlipperyRunway滑溜的跑道Boeingdoesnotcorrelate“frictionvehiclereportedrunwayfriction”toairplanebrakingcoefficient.

波音没有将摩擦车辆报告跑道摩擦与飞机刹车系数相连Pilotreportedrunwaybrakingconditionadvisoryinformationonly 驾驶员报告的跑道刹车情况仅作为咨询信息优良0.20合宜0.10不良0.05AssumedAirplaneBrakingCoefficientGoodFairPoor假定的飞机刹车系数V1MCGConsiderations

V1MCG地面最小控制速度的考虑V1reductionsassociatedwithslipperyandcontaminatedrunwaysincreasesthepossibilityofbeinglimitedbyV1MCGconsiderations.

与跑道湿滑有关的V1减小,使考虑受到V1MCG限制的可能增大SampleQRHSlush/StandingWater

V1(MCG)LimitWeight

737-300/20KRating

样本QRH泥泞/积水V1(MCG)限制重量SampleQRHSlipperyRunway

V1(MCG)LimitWeight

737-300/20KRating

样本QRH滑溜跑道V1(MCG)限制重量Agenda:议题BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本规则和定义

PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性质OperationalPractice运行常规OperationalData/Applications运行数据/应用

OperationalData

运行数据737-300/CFM56-3@20KTakeoffatZBAA,Runway36R北京起飞,跑道36RRWYLength3800M,Elev.36M 跑道长度3800米,标高36米OAT4DegC,ZeroWind,A/CAuto,Flaps5 机场温度4摄氏度,无风,自动空调,襟翼56mm(0.25”)Slush

泥泞厚度6

毫米Step1- DetermineMTOWforSlushRunway 第一步-决定泥泞跑道,最大起飞全重Step2- CheckV1(MCG)LimitWeight 检查V1(MCG)极限重量Step3- DetermineV1

决定V1Step1-DetermineMTOWforSlushRunway

第一步-决定泥泞跑道,最大起飞全重DryMTOW=57100Kg乾跑道最大起飞全重DryField/ObstacleLimitWeight=60500Kg乾跑道/障碍极限全重MaxCertifiedWeight=61234Kg最大审定全重=61234公斤(ClimbLimitedforDryRunway)(乾跑道爬升极限)(V1/VR/V2=139/142/149forDryMTOWatOAT)(V1/VR/V2=139/142/149乾跑道最大起飞全重)

Step1-(Continued)续Apply6mmSlushGrossWeightReduction使用6毫米泥泞全重减载量60500-8100=52400Kg<57100Kg,DryMTOW乾跑道最大起飞全重6mmSlushMTOW=52400KG

6毫米泥泞最大起飞全重Step2-CheckV1(MCG)LimitWeight

检查V1(MCG)极限全重V1(MCG)LimitWeight>