大学专业英语unit2sectionAComputerHardware

ComputerEnglish

(FourthEdition)Unit2ComputerArchitectureSectionAComputerHardware厦门理工学院陈丹波ComputerHardware—IntroductionMonitor监视器，显示器Floppydisk软盘Laser激光Speaker扬声器ComputerHardware—IntroductionI.Introduction

Computerhardwareistheequipmentinvolvedinthefunctionofacomputerandconsistsofthecomponentsthatcanbephysicallyhandled.Thefunctionofthesecomponentsistypicallydividedintothreemaincategories:input,output,andstorage.Componentsinthesecategoriesconnecttomicroprocessors,specifically,thecomputer’scentralprocessingunit(CPU),theelectroniccircuitrythatprovidesthecomputational

abilityandcontrolofthecomputer,viawiresorcircuitrycalledabus.Consistof由…组成typically一般地Category种类computational计算的Via:通过，经过I.引言计算机硬件是计算机运行所需要的设备，由可进行物理处理的元件组成。这些元件的功能一般分为3个主要类别：输入、输出和存储。这些类别的元件与微处理器相连接，特别是与计算机的中央处理器相连接，而后者是通过被称之为总线的线路或电路来提供计算能力和对计算机进行控制的电子电路。ComputerHardware—IntroductionSoftware,ontheotherhand,isthesetofinstructionsacomputerusestomanipulatedata,suchasaword-processingprogramoravideogame.Theseprogramsareusuallystoredandtransferredviathecomputer’shardwaretoandfromtheCPU.Softwarealsogovernshowthehardwareisutilized;forexample,howinformationisretrieved

fromastoragedevice.TheinteractionbetweentheinputandoutputhardwareiscontrolledbysoftwarecalledtheBasicInput/OuthputSystem(BIOS)software.Video视频Govern控制Retrieve检索，找回Interation交互，互动

另一方面，软件是计算机用来处理数据的一套指令，如文字处理程序或者电子(视频)游戏。这些程序通常被存储起来，并由计算机硬件调入和调出中央处理器。软件也控制着硬件如何使用；例如，如何从存储设备中检索信息。输入与输出硬件的交互作用是由基本输入/输出系统（BIOS）软件控制的。ComputerHardware—IntroductionAlthoughmicroprocessorsarestilltechnicallyconsideredtobehardware,portionsoftheirfunctionarealsoassociatedwithcomputersoftware.Sincemicroprocessorshavebothhardwareandsoftwareaspectstheyarethereforeoftenreferredtoasfirmware.Portions部分Refer涉及，指Firmware固件尽管微处理器在技术上仍被认为是硬件，其部分功能也与计算机软件有关系。既然微处理器同时具有硬件与软件方面的特征，它们因此经常被称作固件ComputerHardware—InputHardwareII.InputHardwareInputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevices—thatis,componentsoutsideofthecomputer’sCPU—thatprovideinformationandinstructionstothecomputer.定语从句II.输入硬件输入硬件由给计算机提供信息和指令的外部设备——亦即计算机中央处理器以外的元件——组成。Alightpen

isastylus

withalightsensitivetipthatisusedtodrawdirectlyonacomputer’svideoscreenortoselectinformationonthescreenbypressingaclipinthelightpenorbypressingthelightpenagainstthesurfaceofthescreen.Thepencontainslightsensors

thatidentifywhichportionofthescreenitispassedover.Lightpen光stylus输入笔Clip夹子sensor传感器Passover经过，路过

光笔是具有光敏端头的输入笔，用来在计算机屏幕上直接写画，或者通过按光笔上的夹子或用光笔接触屏幕来在屏幕上选择信息。这种笔含有光传感器，能够识别屏幕上笔经过的部分。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmouseisapointingdevicedesignedtobegrippedbyonehand.Ithasadetectiondevice(usuallyaball)onthebottomthatenablestheusertocontrolthemotionofanon-screenpointer,orcursor,bymovingthemouseonaflatsurface.Asthedevicemovesacrossthesurface,thecursormovesacrossthescreen.Toselectitemsorchoosecommandsonthescreen,theuserpressesabuttononthemouse.Grip抓握Pointer指针Cursor光标Flat平的，平坦鼠标是为一只手抓握而设计的指示设备。它在底部有一个检测装置（通常是一个圆球），使用户通过在一个平面上移动鼠标能够控制屏幕上指针或光标的运动。当鼠标滑过平面的时候，光标随着在屏幕上移动。要在屏幕上选择项目或命令，用户就点击鼠标上的按钮。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAjoystick

isapointingdevicecomposedofalever

thatmovesinmultipledirectionstonavigateacursororothergraphical

objectonacomputerscreen.Joystick操纵杆lever杆子，直杆Navigate操纵，导航graphical图形的操纵杆是由一根杆子组成的指示设备，该杆以向多个方向移动来操纵计算机屏幕上的光标或者其他图形对象。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAkeyboardisatypewriter-likedevicethatallowstheusertotypeintextandcommandstothecomputer.Somekeyboardshavespecialfunctionkeysorintegratedpointingdevices,suchasatrackballortouch-sensitive

regionsthatlettheuser’sfingermotionsmoveanon-screencursor.Keyboard键盘Typewriter打字机Trackball轨迹球Touch-sensitive触敏的键盘是一个像打字机的设备，它使用户得以向计算机键入文本和命令。有些键盘有特殊功能键或集成的指示设备，如轨迹球或者可以让用户通过手指的移动来移动屏幕上光标的触敏区。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAnopticalscanner

useslight-sensingequipmenttoconvertimagessuchasapictureortextintoelectronicsignalsthatcanbemanipulatedbyacomputer.Forexample,aphotographcanbescannedintoacomputerandthenincludedinatextdocumentcreatedonthatcomputer.Thetwomostcommonscannertypesaretheflatbedscanner,whichissimilartoanofficephotocopier,andthehand-heldscanner,whichispassedmanuallyacrosstheimagetobeprocessed.Scanner扫描仪Convertinto转变成Flatbed平板式Hand-held手持式Photocopy复印机光扫描仪利用光感应设备将图片或文本等形式的图像转换成计算机能够处理的电子信号。例如，一张照片能够被扫入一台计算机，然后包括在该计算机建立的文本文件中。最常见的两种扫描仪类型是平板式扫描仪和手持式扫描仪，前者类似一台办公复印机，后者用手动的方式从要处理的图像上扫过。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmicrophoneisadeviceforconvertingsoundintosignalsthatcanthenbestored,manipulated,andplayedbackbythecomputer.Avoicerecognitionmoduleisadevicethatconvertsspokenwordsintoinformationthatthecomputercanrecognizeandprocess.Playback回放Module模块麦克风是将声音转换成可被计算机存储、处理和回放的信号的设备。语音识别模块是将说的话转换成计算机能够识别和处理的信号的设备。ComputerHardware—InputHardwareAmodem,whichstandsfor

modulator-demodulator,isadevicethatconnectsacomputertoatelephonelineandallowsinformationtobetransmittedtoorreceivedfromanothercomputer.Eachcomputerthatsendsorreceivesinformationmustbeconnectedtoamodem.调制解调器代表调制器―解调器，是将计算机与电话线连接、允许信息传给或接自另一台计算机的设备。每台发送或接收信息的计算机都必须与调制解调器相连接。Modem调制解调器Standfor代表Modulator调制器

Demodulator解调器ComputerHardware—InputHardwareTheinformationsentfromonecomputerisconvertedbythemodemintoanaudiosignal,whichisthentransmittedbytelephonelinestothereceivingmodem,whichconvertsthesignalintoinformationthatthereceivingcomputercanunderstand.Audio音频，声音计算机发送的信息由调制解调器转换成音频信号，然后通过电话线传送到接收调制解调器上，由其将信号转换成接收计算机能够理解的信息。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareIII.OutputHardwareOutputhardwareconsistsofexternaldevicesthattransferinformationfromthecomputer’sCPUtothecomputeruser.Avideodisplay,orscreen,convertsinformationgeneratedbythecomputerintovisualinformation.Transfer…into传送给Display显示器Visual可见，可视的III.输出硬件输出硬件由将信息从计算机中央处理器传给计算机用户的外部设备构成。视频显示器或屏幕将计算机生成的信息转换成可视信息。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareDisplayscommonlytakeoneoftwoforms:avideoscreenwithacathoderaytube

(CRT)oravideoscreenwithaliquidcrystaldisplay

(LCD).ACRT-basedscreen,ormonitor,lookssimilartoatelevisionset.InformationfromtheCPUisdisplayedusingabeamofelectronsthatscansaphosphorescentsurfacethatemitslightandcreatesimages.Cathoderaytube阴极射线管Liquidcrystaldisplay液晶显示Beam束，扎Phosphorescen发磷光的显示器一般有两种形式：阴极射线管视频屏幕和液晶显示视频屏幕.基于阴极射线管的屏幕或监视器看起来就像一台电视机。从中央处理器输出的信息，使用电子束显示出来，其过程是电子束扫描荧光屏，而荧光屏则发出光并产生图像。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwareAnLCD-basedscreendisplaysvisualinformationonaflatterandsmallerscreenthanaCRT-basedvideomonitor.LCDsarefrequentlyusedinlaptop

computers.Monitor监视器Laptop膝上型基于液晶显示器的屏幕将可视信息显示在比基于阴极射线管的视频监视器更平、更小的屏幕上。液晶显示器常常用于膝上型计算机。ComputerHardware—OutputHardwarePrinterstaketextandimagefromacomputerandprintthemonpaper.Dot-matrix

printersusetinywirestoimpactuponaninkedribbontoformcharacters.Laserprintersemploybeamsoflighttodrawimagesonadrum

thatthenpicksupfineblackparticlescalledtoner.Thetonerisfused

toapagetoproduceanimage.Inkjet

printersfiredroplets

ofinkontoapagetoformcharactersandpictures.Dot-matrix点阵Impactupon打击，冲击Ribbon带drum鼓，Toner色粉fuse熔化，保险丝Inkjet喷墨droplet小墨滴打印机将计算机输出的文本和图像打印在纸上。点阵打印机使用细小的金属丝打击色带，从而形成字符。激光打印机使用光束在磁鼓上画图像，然后由磁鼓吸起被称之为色粉的微小黑粒。色粉熔凝到纸上，形成图像。喷墨打印机将小墨滴喷射到纸上，形成字符和图像。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareIV.StoragehardwareStoragehardwareprovidespermanentstorageofinformationandprogramsforretrievalbythecomputer.Thetwomaintypesofstoragedevicesaredisk

drives

andmemory.Thereareseveraltypesofdiskdrives:hard,floppy,magneto-optical,andcompact.Diskdrive磁盘驱动器Floppy软的Magneto-optical磁光的Compact紧密的IV.存储硬件存储硬件为计算机检索提供信息和程序的永久性存储。两种主要的存储设备是磁盘驱动器和存储器。磁盘驱动器有几种类型：硬盘、软盘、磁光盘和光(紧密)盘。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareHarddiskdrivesstoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinadisk.Usuallyapermanentpartofthecomputer,harddiskdrivescanstorelargeamountsofinformationandretrievethatinformationveryquickly.Permanent永久的，固定的Largeamountsof大量的硬盘驱动器将信息存储在盘中嵌入的磁性颗粒中。硬盘驱动器通常是计算机的固定部分，能存储大量的信息并对其进行快速的检索。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareFloppydiskdrivesalsostoreinformationinmagneticparticlesembeddedinremovabledisksthatmaybefloppyorrigid.Floppydisksstorelessinformationthanaharddiskdriveandretrievetheinformationatamuchslowerrate.Floppydiskdrive软盘驱动器Rigid硬的，坚固的软盘驱动器也将信息存储在磁性颗粒中，但这些颗粒是嵌入在可移动的盘中，而这些盘既可能是软的也可能是硬的。软盘比硬盘存储的信息少，检索该信息的速度也慢得多。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareMagneto-opticaldiscdrivesstoreinformationonremovablediscsthataresensitivetobothlaserlightandmagneticfields.Theycantypicallystoreasmuchinformationasharddisksbuthaveslightlyslowerretrievalspeeds.Magneticfield磁场磁光盘驱动器将信息存储在对激光和磁场都敏感的可移动盘上。它们可存储的信息通常与硬盘一样多，但检索速度稍微慢一点。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareCompactdiscdrives(CD-ROM)storeinformationonpits

burnedintothesurfaceofadiscofreflectivematerial.Theinformationstoredon

CD-ROMscannotbeerased

oroverwritten

withnewinformation.Theycanstoreaboutasmuchinformationasaharddrivebuthaveaslowerrateofinformationretrieval.Compactdisk高密盘，光盘Pit坑，深洼reflective反射的Erase擦除Overwrite改写，重写harddisk硬盘由反射材料制成的光盘，其表面烧蚀出凹陷区。光驱（CD-ROM）就是将信息存储于此。存储在光盘上的信息不能擦除或用新信息改写。它们能够存储和硬盘差不多的信息量，但信息检索速度比其慢。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareMemoryreferstothecomputerchipsthatstoreinformationforquickretrievalbytheCPU.Random

accessmemory(RAM)isusedtostoretheinformationandinstructionsthatoperatethecomputer’sprograms.Typically,programsaretransferredfromstorageonadiskdrivetoRAM.RAMisalsoknownasvolatilememory

becausetheinformationwithinthecomputerchipsislostwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.Ramdom随机的Volatile挥发，易失的Turnoff关闭存储器是指存储信息供中央处理器快速检索的计算机芯片。随机访问存储器（RAM）用来存储操作计算机程序的信息和指令。通常，程序由磁盘驱动器的存储区调到随机访问存储器中。随机访问存储器也称作易失性存储器，因为当计算机的电源关闭时，计算机芯片中的信息随着丢失。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareRead-onlymemory(ROM)containscriticalinformationandsoftwarethatmustbepermanentlyavailableforcomputeroperation,suchastheoperatingsystemthatdirectsthecomputer’sactionsfromstartuptoshutdown.ROMiscallednonvolatilememory

becausethememorychipsdonotlosetheirinformationwhenpowertothecomputeristurnedoff.Read-only只读的Startup开始，开机Nonvolatilememory非易失性存储器只读存储器（ROM）包含必须永久可供计算机操作使用的关键信息和软件，如从开机到关机一直指挥计算机的运行的操作系统。只读存储器称之为非易失性存储器，因为当计算机的电源关闭时，存储芯片中的信息不会丢失。ComputerHardware—StorageHardwareSomedevicesservemorethanonepurpose.Forexample,floppydisksmayalsobeusedasinputdevicesiftheycontaininformationtobeusedandprocessedbythecomputeruser.Inaddition,theycanbeusedasoutputdevicesiftheuserwantstostoretheresultsofcomputations

onthem.Computation计算有些设备有不止一种用途。例如，软盘也可用作输入设备，如果它们含有计算机用户要使用和处理的信息的话。此外，它们也可用作输出设备，如果用户想将计算结果存储在它们上面的话。ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsV.HardwareConnectionsTo

function,hardwarerequiresphysicalconnectionsthatallowcomponentstocommunicateandinteract.Abusprovidesacommoninterconnectedsystemcomposedofagroupofwiresorcircuitrythatcoordinatesandmovesinformationbetweentheinternalpartsofacomputer.Function运转Bus总线Interconnect互连V.硬件连接要想运转，硬件需要物理连接，使元件之间能够交流和相互作用。总线提供了一种常见的互连系统，它由一组导线或电路组成，在计算机的内部组成部分之间协调和移动信息。ComputerHardware—HardwareConnectionsAcomputerbusconsistsoftwochannels:onethattheCPUusestolocatedata,calledtheaddress

bus