南开大学光学工程内部课件Sep 7th

OpticsSun,Qian(孙骞)Photonicsresearchcenter,SchoolofPhysics,NankaiUniversity,Tianjin300071,P.R.ChinaEmail:Qiansun@

TEL:0086-22-23506238课程概述54课时。周一3,4节，双周周三1，2节。平时作业10分，论文及论述20分，期末70分。答疑时间：周一下午四点至五点半，三教106室习题课教师：张永强，王珏1InthebeginningGodcreatedtheheavensandtheearth.2Nowtheearthwasformlessandempty,darknesswasoverthesurfaceofthedeep,andtheSpiritofGodwashoveringoverthewaters.3AndGodsaid,"Lettherebelight,"andtherewaslight.4Godsawthatthelightwasgood,andheseparatedthelightfromthedarkness.5Godcalledthelight"day,"andthedarknesshecalled"night."Andtherewasevening,andtherewasmorning-thefirstday.BibleGenesis1

TheBeginning

“Lightis,inshort,themostrefinedformofmatter.”LouisdeBroglie德布罗意AtomsNebulaWhystudyoptics?Lasersandfiberopticsnowarereplacingwires.Whatislight?Howdoeslightact(propagate)?Howtogeneratelight?Howtotransmitandmanipulate?Howtodescribequantitativelylight?Whataretheusagesoflight?…………WhatShouldBeMadeClear物理学二级学科理论物理粒子物理与原子核物理原子与分子物理等离子体物理凝聚态物理声学光学无线电物理NobelLaureatesinthefieldofOpticsW.Ketterle(MIT),E.Cornell,C.Wieman–Physics2001•Z.Alferov,H.Kroemer,J.Kilby–Physics2000A.Zewail–Chemistry1999S.Chu,C.Cohen-Tannoudji,W.Phillips–Physics1997E.Ruska–Physics1986N.Bloembergen,A.Schawlaw,K.Siegbahn–Physics1981A.Cormack,G.Housefield–BiologyorMedicine1979M.Ryle,A.Hewish–Physics1974D.Gabor–Physics1971A.Kastler–Physics1966C.Townes(MIT),N.Basov,A.Prokhorov–Physics1964F.Zernicke–Physics1953C.Raman–Physics1930W.H.Bragg,W.L.Bragg–Physics1915G.Lippman–Physics1908A.Michelson–Physics1907J.W.Strutt(LordRayleigh)–Physics1904H.Lorentz,P.Zeeman–Physics1902W.Röntgen–Physics1901参考书目赵凯华钟锡华著《光学》北京大学出版社M.BornandE.Wolf,PrincipleofOptics,7thedition,CambridgeUniversityPressEugeneHecht,Optics,4thed,AddisonWesley,2002母国光战元龄著《光学》人民教育出版社参考书目37Username:opticsPassword:optics-nk/opt/index//course/optics/IntheBeginning墨翟，公元前468－376，《墨子》《墨子》现存53篇，对几何学，力学，光学等进行了描述Briefhistoryofoptics影子的形成(《经下》16/271/—·—)经：景不徙。说在改为。影子从不移动。道理在于改变行为经说：景，光至，景忘；若在，尽古息。光一照到，影子就消失。但如果影子不受到扰动，它将永远存在下去Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)本影与半影(《经下》17/—/38·16)经：景二。说在重。有两个影子。道理在于双重(两个光源)经说：景，二光夹一光。一光者景也。两条光夹于一个光点。这样，从每一光点得到一个影子Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)焦点的定义，小孔成像中像的反演(《经下》18/—/40·17)经：景到，在午有端与景长。说在端。像由于交叉（午）因此是倒立的。交叉的地方是一个点（端）。这影响像（景）的大小。理由在于点（端）经说：景，光之人，照若射。下着之人也高，高者之人也下。足蔽下光，故成景于上；首蔽上光，故成景于下。在远近有端于光，故景库内也。一个受到光照射的人，看起来就好像他在发射出（光线）一样。人的下部成为（像的）上部，而人的上部成为（像的）下部。人的脚（好像发出）光在下方被遮蔽（即照到了针孔的下方），（但另一些光线）在上方成像。人的头（好像发出）光在上方被遮蔽（即照到了针孔的上方），（但另一些光线）在下方成像。在（离开光源、反射体或像）较远或较近的某个位置上，有一个距激光的点（端）（即针孔），结果像就只被允许通过聚集之处（库）的光线所形成

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)平面镜(《经下》19/—/42·—)经：景迎日。说在转。影子可以由反射(迎)太阳(的光线)形成。理由在于翻转经说：景，日之光反烛人，则景在日与人之间。如果太阳光反射到人身上，那么形成的影在人和太阳之间Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)折射率(《经下》56/—/57·21)经：荆之大，其沈浅也。说在见。荆棘（在水中）的（表观的）大小是这样的，其沉没的部分看起来是浅的。理由在于表观（见）经说：荆，沈，荆之见也。则沈浅非荆浅也。若易，五之一。沉没的部分是荆棘的外表，因而沉没部分的深浅并非荆棘本身的深浅。如果做一个比较，（那么可以发现实际深度与表观深度之间的差）是五分之一Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)《韩非子》(外储说左，上)客有为周君画荚者，三年而成。君观之，与髹荚者同状。周君大怒。画荚者曰：“筑十版之墙，凿八尺之牖，而以日始出时加之其上而观。”周君为之，望见其状，尽成龙蛇禽兽车马，万物之状备具。周君大悦。此荚之功非不微难也，然其用与素髹同。豆荚映画：最早的小孔放大镜，投影仪的先驱Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)

《淮南子》，公元前120左右，淮南王刘安及其门客的著作。记录了阳燧（阳燧见日，则燃而为火）蛙钮螭纹铜阳燧Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)《淮南万毕术》，公元前120左右，淮南王刘安及其门客的著作。记录了用冰制作透镜的方法：“削冰令圆，举以向日，以艾承其影，则火生。”还记录了潜望镜的雏形：“取大镜高悬，置水盆于其下，则见四邻矣。”Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)谭峭《化书》，约公元940年(南唐)。书中有一段十分有趣的记录：小人常有四镜。一名圭，一名珠，一名砥，一名盂。圭视者大，珠视者小，砥视者正，盂视者倒。观彼之器，查我之型，由是无大小，无短长，无妍丑，无美恶。描述的很有可能是四种透镜的成像性质。圭是双凹发散透镜，珠是双凸透镜，砥是平凹透镜，盂是平凸透镜。Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)沈括《梦溪笔谈》，公元1086年，记录了诸多光学现象，如凹透镜，凸透镜，暗箱成像，魔镜（世有透光鉴，鉴背有铭文，凡二十字，字极古，莫能读。以鉴承日光，则背文及二十字皆透在屋壁上，了了分明。人有原其理，以谓铸时薄处先冷，为背文上差厚，后冷而铜缩多，文虽在背，而鉴面隐然有迹，所以于光中现。余观之，理诚然如是）等Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)Euclid,Catoptrics,rectilinearpropagationoflight,thelawofreflectionHeroofAlexandria,assertedthatlighttraversestheshortestallowedpathbetweentwopoints.Plato,Republic,theapparentbendingofobjectspartlyimmersedinwaterBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)Cleomedes(50A.D.),ClaudiusPtolemy(130A.D.),tabulatedfairlyprecisemeasurementsoftheanglesofincidenceandrefractionforseveralmedia.

Alhazen(1000A.D.),elaboratedonthelawofreflection,puttingtheanglesofincidenceandreflectionintehsameplanenormaltotheinterface;studiedsphericalandparabolicmirrorsandgaveadetaileddescriptionofthehumaneyeBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)FromtheseventeenthcenturyHansLippershey,Oct.2,1608,applieda(maybethefirst)patentonrefractingtelescopeZachariasJansten(1588-1632)compoundmicroscopeGalileoGalilei(1564-1642),Galileantelescope,andintroducedexperimentsintophysicsRenéDescartes(1596-1650),Consideredlightasapressuretransmittedthroughaperfectlyelasticmedium(theether)whichfillsallspace--wavetheory.LightwasbelievedasalongitudinalwaveintheetherBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)WillebrordSnell,1621,LawofRefractionPierredeFermat,1657,PrincipleofLesttimeRobertBoyle,RobertHooke,thefirstphenomenonofinterference,colorsexhibitedbythinfilmsnowknownas“Newtons’srings”FrancescoMariaGrimaldi,Hooke,observedpresenceoflightinthegeometricalshadow,i.e.“diffraction”Hookeadvocatedforthefirsttimethatlightconsistsofrapidvibrationspropagatedinstantaneouslyorwithaverygreatspeed.At1675,Olaf

RömerdiscoveredthefinitespeedoflightfromobservationsoftheeclipsesofJupiter’ssatellites

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)IsaacNewton,basicqualityofcolor,interferenceandemission(orcorpuscular)theoryHookebelievedthatinahomogeneousmedium,everyvibrationwillgenerateaspherewhichgrowssteadily.ChristianHuygens(1629-95)enunciatedHuygensprincipleErasmusBartholinus,1669,founddoublerefractionHuygensmadethefundamentaldiscoveryofpolarization.ÉtienneLoisMalus(oneeveningof1808)foundpolarizationoflightbyreflection.

ThomasYoung,1801,discoveredtheprincipleofinterferenceandexplainedthecolorofthinfilm.

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)In1818,theParisAcademysetaprizequestionofdiffractionintheexpectationthatatreatmentofthissubjectwouldleadtothecrowningtriumphofthecorpusculartheory.AugustinJeanFresnelwontheprize,whosetreatmentconsistedofsynthesisofHuygens’andEnvelopeConstructionwithYoung’sPrincipleofInterference.Fresnelexplainednotonlythe“rectilinearpropagation”oflightbutalsotheminutedeviationfromit–diffractionphenomena

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)In1816,FresnelandDominique

FrançoisArago,investigatedtheinterferenceofpolarizedlightandfoundthattworayspolarizedatrightanglestoeachotherneverinterfere.Young,whohadheardofthisdiscoveryfromArago,foundin1817thekeyofopticswhenheassumedthatthevibrationsweretransverseIn1821,Fresnelgavethefirstindicationofthecauseofdispersionbytakingintoaccountthemolecularstructureofmatter.Fresneldeducedthelawswhichnowbearhisname,governingtheintensityandpolarizationoflightproducedbyreflectionandrefraction.

Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)In19thcentury,manyresearchersdevotedtodeveloptheelasticethertheory.Forexamples,AugustineLoisCauchy,Siméon

DnisPoisson,GeorgeGreen,WilliamThomson(LordKelvin),GustavKirchhoffandJohnWilliamStrutt(LordRayleigh)Theelectromagnetictheoryoflightiscapableofexplaining,intheirmainfeatures,allphenomenaconnectedwiththepropagationoflight.Butitfailstoelucidatetheprocessesofemissionandabsorption,twoexamplesofinteractionbetweenmatterandlight

In20thcentury,quantumopticsBriefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)20thcentury–Quantumtheoryexplainswave-particleduality–Inventionofholography(1948)–ConceptofOpticaltransferfunction(1955)–Inventionoflaser(1956)–Opticalapplicationsproliferatecommunications,computing,fundamentalscience,medicine,manufacturing,entertainment,……Briefhistoryofoptics(cont’ed)JohannesKepler(1571–1630)WillibrordSnell(1591-1626)Rene

Descartes(1596-1659)ChristiaanHuygens

(1629-1695)IsaacNewton(1642-1727)AugustinFresnelJamesClerkMaxwell(1831-1879)AlbertMichelson(1852-1931)AlbertEinstein(1879-1955)Newcoming!!OutlineofOpticsGeometricopticsWaveopticsQuantumopticsSomeModerntopicsUnderstandingtheideasofeachlecturerequirestheknowledgeofthepreviouslectures.Ifyoukeepup,youwon’tenduplookinglikethisthenightbeforethequizzes!见过于师，方堪传授

见与师齐，灭师半德论文及论述每周阅读一篇英文论文，提出对论文内容的意见或看法，周日晚10点前将论文pdf文件及阅读报告上传至：37/2009/每周报告每周尝试一个光学设计实验，并将结果以论文形式在周日晚10点前上传至：37/2009/设计实验期末研究性论文：个人报告+小组报告+辩论请用office2003编辑常用的文献数据库南开大学图书馆数据库：/nav/index.aspOpticsinfobase:/OpticsLetters,OpticsExpress,JOSA,andetal.AIP:/AppliedPhysicsLetters,JournalofAppliedPhysicsAPS:/PhysicsReviewLetters,PhysicsReviewAandBPart1GeometricOpticsLightmayoftenconvenientlyberepresentedbyrays,whicharegeometricallinesalongwhichlightenergyflows.Thetermgeometricopticsisderivedfromthisconcept.Inshort,GeometricalOpticstreatsthecontrolledmanipulationofwavefronts(orrays)bymeansoftheinterpositioningofreflectingandorrefractingbodies,neglectinganydiffractioneffects.WhatisGeometricalOpticsBasicconceptsandlawsofGeometricOpticsLensMirrorsStopAberrationsInstrumentsofopticsContentBasicconceptsandlawsofGeometricOptics第一章第一节RectilinearPropagationLightasitadvancesthroughfreespaceorthroughhomogenous,isotropic

linearmatterfollowsthelawofrectilinearpropagation.RectilinearPropagationRectilinearPropagationSampleofnonuniformcaseFig.6from“Single-modeguidingpropertiesofsubwavelength-diametersilicaandsiliconwirewaveguides”,Opt.Exp.,Vol.12,No.6,1025(2004).SampleofnonuniformcaseFig.1Experimental[(a),(c)]andtheoretical[(b),(d)]intensitydistributionsforlow-powerexcitationofthedual-corecoupler.Theupperedgeofeachpanelcorrespondstotheinputfacet,theloweredgetotheoutputfacet.Panels(a)and(b)showanunmodulatedcoupler,whilepanels(c)and(d)correspondtoamodulatedcouplerFrom:PRL102,153901(2009)SampleofnonuniformcaseFIG.4.Experimentalandtheoreticalintensitydistributionsforsurface[(a),(b)]andcenter[(c),(d)]waveguideexcitations.Theoreticalplots,showingthepropagationdynamicsinsidethesample,areplacedontopofphotographsshowingexperimentaloutputintensitydistributions.Panels(a)and(c)correspondtotheunmodulatedarrays,whilein(b)=0.15and/b=1.05,andin(d)=0.15and/b=1.07.Thepeakpowersfromtoptobottomare(a)0.16MW,0.93MW,and1.41MW,(b)0.16MW,0.88MW,and1.60MW,(c)0.16MW,0.85MW,and1.41MW,and(d)0.16MW,1.01MW,and2.13MW.From:PRL102,153901(2009)SampleofanisotropiccaseSampleofnonlinearcaseFanningnoiseinLiNbO3:FecrystalTwoconsequencesoftherectilinearpropagationoflightFormationofShadowAbasicconceptofOptics——RayRectilinearPropagation

Rayarelinesdrawninthedirectionofpropagationoflight.Raysassuchdonotexist,norcantheybeisolatedexperimentally.Theyexistonlyintheoryandonthechalkboard.Itisjustausefultoolforustoanalyzethepropagationoflight.RaysarelinesperpendiculartothewavefrontsoftheelectromagneticwaveRayHypotheticalsurfacesthatareperpen-diculartoraysarecalledwavefront.Wavefrontnormalsareessentiallythesameasrays.WavefrontNowwecometothefirstsurfaceofopticalsystem.AssumethatthefirstsurfaceisplaneLawofreflectionLawofreflectionTheincidentray,thereflectedray,andthenormaltothesurfacealllieinthesameplane,andtheangleorreflectionequalstheangleofinci