Reiss莱斯文体分类

KatharinaReiss凯瑟琳娜·莱斯功能学派代表人物及作品凯瑟琳娜·莱斯（KatharinaReiss）--文本类型理论汉斯·弗米尔（HansVermeer）--目的论贾斯塔·霍茨-曼塔里（JustaHolzManttari）--翻译行为论克里斯汀娜·诺德（ChristianeNord）--功能加忠诚理论汉斯·荷尼西（HansG.Honig）&保尔·库斯摩尔（PaulKussmaul）凯瑟琳娜·莱斯（1923-）

德国翻译功能学派早期重要的创建者之一，毕业于海德堡大学翻译学院。主要论著包括：《翻译批评的可能性和限制》（1971）与费米尔合著《普通翻译理论原理》（1984）《翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性》莱斯和文本类型理论早期理论：围绕对等概念展开，认为翻译追求的对等应该是语篇层面的对等，而不是词、句的对等，主张把翻译策略和语言功能、语篇类型以及文章体裁结合起来考察但到了后期，她意识到，等值不仅不可能实现，而且有时并非人们所期望的，因此应该首先考虑译文的功能特征，而不是对等原则。莱斯认为，语篇有信息型、表达型和操作型三种类型，语篇类型决定翻译方法。《翻译的抉择：类型、体裁、及文本的个性》一文中，她在语篇类型学的基础上，细致分析了翻译过程的步骤。分析阶段（phraseofanalysis）：要确定原文的功能类型（texttype）和文本体裁（textvariety），然后进行文本外部语言分析。重述阶段（phraseofreverbalization）：在上一步的基础上组织目标文本的结构，文本功能决定一般翻译方法，体裁决定语言和篇章结构。KatharinaReiss

TYPE,KINDANDINDIVIDUALITYOFTEXT

Decisionmakingintranslation1.0Generalpreliminaryremarks1.1Interlingualtranslation1.2Communicationcompriseslinguisticandnon-linguisticaction1.3Asignificantfactorfortranslating

2.0Phraseofanalysis(threestages)2.1Establishmentofthe"text-type"2.2Establishmentofthe"textvariety"2.3Establishmentoftheanalysisofstyle3.0Phaseofreverbalization3.1Normalcases3.2Problematiccases3.3Specialcases1.0Generalpreliminaryremarks

1.1InterlingualtranslationINTERLINGUALTRANSLATIONmaybedefinedasabilingualmediatedprocessofcommunication,whichordinarilyaimsattheproductionofaTL[targetlanguage]textthatisfunctionallyequivalenttoanSLtext[sourcelanguage].OttoHaseloffsaid,anidealcommunicativeisrareintranslating.Becausetheuseoftwonaturallanguagesaswellastheemploymentofthemediumofthetranslatornecessarilyandnaturallyresultinachangeofmessageduringthecommunicativeprocess.Atthepoint,theauthordistinguishthechangesbetween"intentional"and"unintentional"changesaffectingthetranslation.

Unintentionalchangesmayarisefromthedifferentlanguagestructuresaswellasfromdifferencesintranslatingcompetence.举例Intentionalchangesfrequentlyoccurintranslating,iftheaimspursuedinthetranslationaredifferentfromthoseoftheoriginal;if,besidesthelanguagedifferenceoftheTLreaders,thereisachangeinthereadingcircle,etc.举例Writtentextsaretobecharacterizedas“one-waycommunication”。Thismeans,ontheonehand,thatnon-linguisticelementscontributingtooralcommunicationarepartlyverbalized.(gestures,facialexpressions,speedofspeech,intonation,etc.)1.2Communicationcompriseslinguisticandnon-linguisticactionOntheotherhand,thetextanalysisismademoredifficultbythelimitationofthepossibilitiesofexplicitverbalizationofsuchelementsaswellasbythespatio-temporalseparationbetweenaddresserandaddresseeandthelackoffeedbackduringtheactofcommunication.1.3AsignificantfactorfortranslatingLanguageisatemporalphenomenonandthussubjecttotheconditionsoftime.Thisalsoappliestolanguageinwrittentexts,whichisasignificantfactorfortranslating.Twoconsequenceofthefact:FirstconsequenceisthatSLtextdoesnotguaranteefunctionalequivalencewithTLtextanymore.SecondconsequencemaybethelossofunderstandingoftheoriginalSLtextfunctions.2.0PhraseofanalysisInordertoplaceafunctionallyequivalentTLtextbesideanSLtextthetranslatorshouldclarifythefunctionsoftheSLtext.Thismaybedoneinathree-stage-process.Theyarethefollowingthreeparts-texttype,textvarietyandstyle.2.1Establishmentofthe"text-type"Text-type:Aphenomenongoingbeyondasinglelinguisticorculturalcontext.Therearethreetexttypes, a.Thecommunicationofcontent---informativetype

b.Thecommunicationofartisticallyorganizedcontent---expressivetype

c.Thecommunicationofcontentwithapersuasivecharacter---operativetype

Eg.a,Theparticularfrequencyofwordsandphrasesofevaluation(positivefortheaddresserorforthecausetowhichhehascommittedhimself;negativeforanyobstacletohiscommitment)b,“Thefeaturethatspeechelementsarecapableofpointingbeyondthemselvestoasignificanceofthewhole”(Grosse1976)c,?Mixedforms:whenweacceptthethreetexttypes,theinformative,expressiveandtheoperativetype,asthebasicformsofwrittencommunication(intercultural),itshouldbetakenintoaccountthatthesetypesarenotonlyrealizedintheir“pure”form,thatis,thattheydonotalwaysappearintheir“fullyrealizedform”.Eg.versifiedlegaltextsintheMiddleAges;inorderfortheircontenttobeacceptable,theyhadtobepresentedinverseform=greaterdignityofrhymedlanguage!(Mixedformbetweeninformativeandexpressivetexttype.)Aadditionaltype,a"hyper-type"---themulti-medialtexttype.Theneedforthisarisesfromthefactthatthetranslatingmaterialdoesnotonlyconsistofwrittentexts,butalsoincludeverbaltexts2.2Establishmentofthe"textvariety"Textvariety:assuper-individualactsofspeechorwriting,whicharelinkedtorecurrentactionsofcommunicationsandinwhichparticularpatternsoflanguageandstructurehavedevelopedbecauseoftheirrecurrenceinsimilarcommunicativeconstellations.Eg.1.2×4lines+2×lines:structuralpatternforthesonnet2.Englishdeathnotice:FRANCIS.OnThursday,March17,Jenny,belovedwife