高分子物理浙江大学Introduction-2课件

PolymerPhysics高分子物理徐君庭，沈烈Teachers任课教师徐君庭高分子大楼419;87953164沈烈高分子大楼310;87953712

Booksandreferences

教材与参考书方征平，宋义虎，沈烈 高分子物理(PolymerPhysics) 浙江大学出版社,杭州,2008何曼君，陈维孝，董西侠 高分子物理(修订版) 复旦大学出版社，上海，1990金日光，华幼卿 高分子物理(第二版) 化学工业出版社，北京，2000L.H.Sperling IntroductiontoPhysicalPolymerScienceP.J.Flory PricinplesofPolymerChemistry电子教案实验教学特色教学学习资料概念图解(完善中，欢迎同学参加！)教学课件名词解释教学大纲实验内容实验仪器教学研究学生作业习题Introduction绪论Polymersarelong-chainmoleculesofveryhighmolecularweight,oftenmeasuredinthehundredsofthousands高分子是由成千上万个结构单元以共价键重复连接而成的长链分子DefinitionsofPolymers 高分子的定义MacromolecularHypothesis(1920)TheoriginofmodernpolymerscienceHermanStaudinger1953NobelprizeawarderPolymer 聚合物Macromolecule大分子HighPolymer高聚物Nomenclature 高分子术语Monomer单体

Molecule小分子Oligomer齐(低)聚物ClassificationofsyntheticpolymersClassificationaccordingto:PhysicalstructureThermalbehaviourUsePreparationmethodPhysicalStructureLinearpolymersmayberepresentedbyachainwithtwoends.Branchedpolymers

havesidechains,orbranches,ofsignificantlengthwhicharebondedtothemainchainatbranchpoints,andarecharacterizedintermsofthenumberandsizeofthebranches.

Polymerswithwell-controlledmodesofbranching:

comblikepolymers,starpolymers,dendrimers,etc.Networkpolymers

havethree-dimensionalstructuresinwhicheachchainisconnectedtoallothers,andarecharacterizedbytheircrosslinkingdensityordegreeofcrosslinking(numberofjunctionpointsperunitvolume).shortbranchingpolymercomblikepolymerstarpolymerdendrimerhyperbranchpolymercore1stgeneration2ndgeneration3rdgenerationThermalBehaviorThermosetsRigidmaterialsandnetworkpolymersinwhichchainmotionisgreatlyrestrictedbyahighdegreeofcrosslinking.Intractableonceformed.Degraderatherthanmeltuponheating.Thermoplastics(plastics)Linearorbranchedpolymerswhichcanbemeltedupontheapplicationofheat.(Largestproportionofthepolymersusedinindustry.)Crystallinepolymers

Invariablydonotformperfectcrystallinematerialsbutinsteadaresemicrystallinewithbothcrystallineandamorphousregions.

Thecrystallinephaseofsuchpolymersarecharacterizedbytheirmeltingtemperature(Tm).

Amorphouspolymers

Characterizedbytheirglasstransitiontemperature(Tg),thetemperatureatwhichtheytransformabruptlyfromtheglassstate(hard)totherubberystate(soft).Thistransitioncorrespondstotheonsetofmotionofchainsegments.PreparationMethod2typesofpreparationmethods:additionpolymerscondensationpolymersdifferences:condensationproducesabyproduct,e.g.watercondensationpolymersoftenhavenon-CatomsinbackbonechainsAdditionpolymersformedbyaddingmanymonomerunitstogetherthroughchemicalbondse.g.polyethylenenCH2=CH2 -[CH2-CH2]-n ethylenemonomer PolyethyleneOtheradditionpolymers:polypropylene,poly(methylmethacrylate),polystyrene,poly(vinylchloride)Condensationpolymerstwomoleculescombinewiththeformationandlossofanothersmallermoleculee.g.poly(ethyleneterephthalate)(PET)TerephthalicacidEthyleneglycolBlockcopolymersarelinearcopolymersinwhichtherepeatunitsexitonlyinlongsequences,orblocks,ofthesametype.E.g.,ABdiblockcopolymers~~-A-A-A-A-A-A-A--A-A-B-B-B-B-B-B-B~~ABAtriblockcopolymers~~-A-A-A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-B--B-A-A-A-A-A-~~Graftcopolymersarebranchedpolymersinwhichthebrancheshaveadifferentchemicalstructuretothatofthemainchain.

B-B-B-B-B-B-BB-B B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B

B B

~~-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A--A-A-A- B B

B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B

FromLittleMoleculestoBigMolecules

从小分子到大分子NumberofCarbonsinChainStateandPropertiesofMaterialUse,DependentonChainLength1-4SimplegasBottledgasforcooking5-11SimpleliquidGasoline9-16Medium-viscosityliquidKerosene16-25High-viscosityliquidOilandgrease25-50SimplesolidParaffinwaxcandles1000-3000ToughplasticsolidPolyethylenebottlesandcontainersPolyethyleneMeltingtemperatureMolecularweightThemolecularweight-meltingtemperaturerelationshipforthealkaneseriesHighMWstrongintermolecularinteractionlargenumberofconformationmultiplemotionunitsentanglementviscosity;rheologicalbehavior;mechanicalpropertiestime(frequency)andtemperaturedependencestrength;novaporstateflexibility;elasticitychainfolding(incrystal)crystallinity<100%高分子与小分子的差别orientation;nocubiccrystalsystemanisotropy性