08 阅读理解之推断及细节类题型

阅读理解推断及细节类题型推理判断题是什么？考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。推理判断题是什么？提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest(推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。推理判断题是什么？把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。提问方式1.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat./Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?/Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.2.Wecaninferfromthetextthat…/Whatcanwelearnfrom…?/Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat…3.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat.提问方式4.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2080,.5.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould.6.Theauthormentionsthefactthat…toshow.7.Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_________?8.Theauthor’sattitudetoward…is_________?9.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas_________?注意1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。注意2.要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。注意3.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。4.要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。注意5.在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。1．细节推断题根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。2．因果推断题根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。4．篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。Haveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssing?Maybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy.Afterall,youprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy.Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy.However,theysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason.Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory.…1.Howdoesthewriterexplainbirds’singing?A.Bycomparingbirdswithhumanbeings.B.Byreportingexperimentresults.C.Bydescribingbirds’dailylife.D.Bytellingabird’sstory.由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。5．文章结论推断题由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。题干特征1）题干中有infer或accordingto注意事项：当题干中有infer时，如果某选项与原文几乎一摸一样，这时这个选项通常为错误选项2）题干只给出一半3）题干以特殊疑问词开头方法1）审题注意事项：注意提问主体注意题干中的有效信息(人物，时间，地点，否定，代词，数词等)2）把题干中所有信息对应回文章方法3）就近原则把选项对应回题干找到的位置四周注意事项：1）注意不要答非所问(选项内容正确，但不能回答问题)2）注意选项与原文中的同义或反义词语替换3）注意选项与原文中的句义转换方法4）注意选项不要偷换成分5）注意选项与原文修饰词的增加，删减和替换6）注意选项不要偷换概念7）原文为细节类，选项为总结8）原文为总结类，选项为细节9）注意原文与选项中的类比或对比情况10）当提问文章接下来会继续写什么内容时11）注意数词的给出形式Butmanyanimalsfacehardecologicalproblems.Whydon’ttheyallhavelargebrains?Wefoundthatecologicalproblemsonlyleadtohuman-sizedbrainswhenindividualscankeeplearninghardskillsastheygrow.Soourresultsandthoseofothers’suggestthathardecologyandtheaccumulationofculturalknowledgecouldacttogethertoproduceahuman-sizedbrain.题：Whydon’tmanyanimalshavelargebrains?A.Theydon’tlearnfromeachotherB.Theydon’tfacehardecologicalproblemsC.Theydon’tneedtocooperatewitheachotherD.Theydon’tkeeplearningtoughskillsastheygrow虽然题干问的是为什么动物没有largebrains，但原文并未用动物进行回答，而是用人类进行对比。由本段第二行和第三行内容可知，人类进化出largebrains是因为在成长过程中学习很难的技能，因此动物没有largebrains是因为动物在成长的过程中没有学习很难得技能。Thedeviceiswornmuchlikearegularbelt,butontheoutsideoftheclothing,itincludessensorsthatmonitorthemovementofhips.Ifthedevicedetectsthatthepersonisfalling,anairbagopensbeforethepersonhitstheground,cushioningthefall.Whenthewearerhitstheground,thebagreducestheforcetothehipbonesby90percent,enoughtoavoidthemajorityofhipinjuries.题：Howdoesthedevicemainlywork?A.ByreducingtheeffectsoffallingB.ByspeedingupbonerecoveryC.BypredictingroadconditionsD.Bypreventingpeoplefromfalling本题为原文给出细节，选项需要进行总结的类型。由本段内容可知，这个设备能够检测到使用者的臀部动作，一旦检测到使用者正在摔倒，则会在接触到地面前弹出气囊以减少接触地面时的力，从而避免受伤，因此这个设别的工作原理是减少摔倒对于使用者的影响。Wealreadyknowwhybirdshavecoloredfeathers.Formanybirds,thecoloroffeathersmaymakethemlessvisibletotheenemybyhelpingthenmatchtheirsurroundings,ormoreappealingtopotentialmatesbyhelpingthemstandout.Theseaspectsarewellknown.Agreatermysteryhasbeenhowthepatternarecreated.题：Whatcanbirdsdowiththeircoloredfeathers?A.SettleonrightbranchesB.FitinwiththeirenemiesC.DrawattentiontopossiblematesD.Makebirdsinvisibletotheirenemies本题为同义词转换题型。选项C中drawattentionto对应原文中appealingto(吸引)，possiblemates对应原文中potentialmates。AnewlymarriedwomancalledGilleece,sayingshelostherwalletathisbarwithherweddingringinside.Gilleecelookedthroughcameravideos,watchingthewoman’severystepinthebaruntilshewenttositonabenchoutsideandleftwhenherridearrived.Thenayoungmanapproachedthebenchandputsomethinginhispocket.Gilleecepostedseveralpicturesonthebar’sFacebookpage,askingifanybodyknewtheguy.题：Whathappenedtothenewlymarriedwoman?A.ShelostthewalletatthebarB.SheregrettedchargingPratherC.SheleftherwalletonabenchD.Herwalletwasstolenbyayoungman由本段第二句和第三句可知，这位女士在酒馆外的长椅上掉了她的钱包。故选C。1.Inadditiontohealthcenters,Floranthropiefocusesoncommunitygroupsdevotedtotheelderly.LaetitiaThelemeisavolunteerforLesPetitsFieres,anorganizationthataimstohelptheelderlywhodon’thaveasupportsystem.ThegroupreceivesadozenorsobouquetsfromFloranthropiemonthly,andthenredistributesthem.“Ourmottois‘flowersbeforebread’,”saysTheleme.“Wedon’tfocusonprimarycare,butratheronnourishing（滋养）thespirits.Floranthropiehelpsusdothat.It’samazingwhatabigdifferenceasmallbouquetcanmake.”题：WhatcanweinferaboutFloranthropiefromLaetitiaTheleme’swords?A.ItshouldfocusonprimarycareB.ItisbenefitingmorethantheelderlyC.ItisdoingsomethingofgreatimportanceD.Itshouldcooperatewithmorenon-profitinstitution1.由本段中的It’samazingwhatabigdifferenceasmallbouquetcanmake得知，Floranthropie给老人们的生活带来了很大的作用和变化，故选C。2.Japanesepeoplearesomeofthelongestlivingpeopleontheplanet,withwomenupto87yearsoldandmenupto80.TheJapanesedietisthereasonforsuchlengthsoflife.Thediethasmanyfoodsthatarelowincaloriesandhighinnutrients.Japanesepeopleeatalotofseaweed,tofu,rice,vegetablesandfish.Thetraditionthereistostopeatingwhenyourstomachfeels80percentfull.题：WhatisconsideredasaharmfuleatinghabitinJapanesetradition?A.GoinglowincaloriesB.EatingtothefullestC.HavingmuchseafoodD.Pickingmanyfood2.由本段最后一句中Thetraditionthereistostopeatingwhenyourstomachfeels80percentfull得知，日本的传统是吃八分饱，因此吃的很饱在日本被认为是不良饮食习惯。3.Doallanimalsdream?Fromlookingatthebrainwavesofsleepinganimals,howoftenanimalsdreamseemstobetiedtobodysize.Catsdreamaboutevery15minutes,miceevery9minutes,andelephantsevery2hours.Andthoughcowsandhorsesusuallysleepstandingup,theyonlydreamwhenlyingdown.题：Whichanimalmaydreammostfrequently?A.Rats B.Dogs C.Cows D.Elephants题干问及那种动物做梦最频繁，即间隙时间最短，由本段中内容得知，老鼠每九分钟一次，猫每15分钟一次，大象每两小时一次，故选A。4.Buildingontheseresults,forthesecondexperimenttheytestedwhetherthehorses’behaviorchangedinothersituationsandfindingswereasfollows:Thehorsesgavemoresignalsifthecaretakerhadn’twatchedthefoodbeinghiddenthanifthecaretakerhad,suggestingthathorsescanchangetheirbehaviorinresponsetotheknowledgelevelsofhumans题：Whichofthefollowingaffectedthehorses’behaviorinthestudy?A.ThenumberofcarrotsB.ThecolorandsizeofthecontainerC.ThephysicalappearanceD.Thecaretaker’sknowledgeofthehiddenfood由本段中…thefindingswereasfollows:…可知冒号后即为答案。5.So,doesspeedreadingwork?Well,yesandno.itreallydependsonwhatyouarereadingandwhyyouneedtoreadit.Asyet,thereisn’tatrickthatenablesyoutoreadapieceoftextbothquicklyandaccurately—there’salwaysgoingtobeatrade-off.题：Whatmightthewritercontinuetotalkabout?A.TheadvantagesoffasterorslowerreadingB.ThereasonwhytodofasterorslowerreadingC.ThecaseswheretodofasterandslowerreadingD.Themethodsformakinguseoffasterorslowerreadin由本段中Asyet,thereisn’tatrickthatenablesyoutoreadapieceoftextbothquicklyandaccurately…得知，尾段在讨论没有一中技巧可以在阅读时既快速又准确，因此接下来文章应该说明在何种情况下选择快速阅读还是慢速阅读6.Inmorewaysthanone,Torontoisgivenfarlesscreditthanitreallydeserves.ButTorontohasitsownreasonstopullyouin.thecityiseverchangingandsomenewattractionspopupeveryyear.题：HowmayaveragetouristsfeelaboutToronto?A.ItdeservesavisitB.ItdevelopsveryslowlyC.IthasfewnewattractionsD.Itisafairlyplainplace6.由本段二段首句Torontoisgivenfarlesscreditthanitreallydeserves得知，多伦多是一个值得夸赞的地方，但人们却没有给予它相应的夸赞，因此人们对于多伦多的印象是这是一个普通的地方，故选D。7.BillywastakentotheChristchurchPenguinRehabilitationCenterafterbeingretrievedfromthebeach.Volunteersbelievethebirdmayactuallybeafemalepenguin,andisaround2monthsold.Thechickweightsamere550grams,lessthanastandardbasketball.Abluepenguinshouldweigharound900gramsatthisage.Mostlittlepenguinsgrowuptoweigh1kilogram.题：ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatBilly().A.isafemalepenguinB.hasexpresseditsthanksC.weightslessforitsageD.preferslivingonthebeach根据本段中的Thechickweightsamere550grams,…Abluepenguinshouldweightaround900gramsatthisage.可知，Billy比它同年龄的企鹅要轻，故选C。8.AmongthemostpopularappsareDuolingoandBusuu.Previousresearchfoundpositiveresultsontheuseofthem.Buttheseappsmainlyconcentratedonstudywithlearnerswhohadsignedupforlanguagecourses,andtheyonlyworkedasafter-schoolsupport,sotheresultswerenotalwaysreliable.Arecentstudyof4,095Busuuusershasbeencarriedoutaimedtofindoutifuserscanactuallylearnalanguagewithanapp.题：Theresultsoftheformerresearchweren’talwaysdependablebecause().A.itwasonlycarriedoutbeforelassB.itdidn’tconsiderusersinclassC.itjustfocusedonpositiveresultsD.itusedout-of-datemethods8.由本段第三行中的…theyonlyworkedasafter-schoolsupport,sotheresultswerenotalwaysreliable得知，前后为因果关系，所以前半句为答案，故选B。9.“Atfirst,Ijustdreweverything,”Shaosaid.“ButIsoonfoundthatstickingtotraditionalthoughtsandskillsofChinesepaintingswouldlimitmydevelopmentasaprofessionalpainter,soIdecidedtodevelopmyownstyle.”Inthelate1980s,experimentalismbecamepopularamonginkpaintingsandinspiredShao.“In1995,Itriedtodrawexperimentalpaintings.Theinitialworkscameoutbychance.”Shaosaid.“Ononeoccasion,IcamebacktoBeijingbytrain.Whenthetrainapproachedthestation,Isawtheviewoutsidethewindowchangecompletely.Rubbishhadstartedpilingupalongthetracksofthecity.Itwasashockingsceneforme.”题：Whatcanweinferfromthetwoparagraphs?A.Shaowasn’taprofessionalpainterB.ShaoworkedhardtobecomepopularC.HefoundedexperimentalismD.Shaowantedtobreakwithtraditionalpainting9.由第一段的直接引语得知他认为传统绘画想法和技巧限制了自己作为职业画家的发展，因此决定打破传统绘画的束缚，故选D。10.ConditionsintheUSarenowherenearsuitableforenteringacashlesssociety;toomanypeoplewouldbeleftbehind.YouryoungfriendmaybehappytoacceptmoneyviaPayPaloranotherapp,yourcafémayuseaniPadinsteadofacashregister,butlandlords（房东）inlow-incomeareasstillprefermoneyorders.It’sconvenientforconsumerstocharge,say,anoutingtothenailsalon（美发沙龙）--butwhenyouaddthetiptoyourcreditcardbill,itmaynevermakeittotheworker.题：Whowouldprobablyprefertobepaidincash?A.AlandlordinadevelopedareaB.AcaféownerC.AyoungpersonD.Aworkerinanailsalon10.由本段最后一句可知对于美容美发店员来说，通过信用卡支付是不起作用的，故选D。11.Dr.IsmaelGalvanandhisteamofexpertresearchersstudiedthecoloroffeatherstoseewhattypesofcolorswerepresentinbirds’complexfeatherpatterns.Itturnsouttobetwotypesofpigments(色素)mainly:melanin(黑色素),whichproducesarangeofblack,grey,brown,andorangecolors,andcarotenoids(类胡萝卜素)，whichareusedbyspecializedfeatherstructurestocreatebrightercolors.Birdscannotproducecarotenoidsontheirown.Forfeatherswithbrightcolors,birdsmustconsumefooditemsthatcontainthesepigments,andthecarotenoidscirculatethroughthebloodstreamtothefeather.Melanin,ontheotherhand,isproducedinspecialcellsinthebirds’bodies.题：WhatcanweknowinDrIsmaelGalvan’sstudy?A.MelanincanproduceavarietyofbrightcolorsB.BirdscancreatecarotenoidsintheirownbodiesC.BirdstakefoodcontainingcarotenoidstocreatebrightcolorsD.Melaninandcarotenoidsaefoundinspecialcellsofbirds由这两段可知，鸟类羽毛颜色由两种色素组成：黑色素和类胡萝卜素。其中黑色素对应暗色，类胡萝卜素对应亮色，且类胡萝卜素不能在体内产生，需要摄取相应食物。12.Farmersbringtheirproductsinboatstothemarketsandsellthemtolocaldealersdirectlyfromtheirboats,withoutsettingupshops.Thatwaytheycanquicklyselltheirproductsandreturntotheirhome.Thelocaldealersbuytheproductsandsellthemtoshopsintheneighboringtownsortowholesalers(批发商)frombigtowns.Floatingmarketsarealsoabigtouristdraw.题：Howdoesthebusinessworkinthefloatingmarket?A.FarmersselltheirproductstothewholesalersB.ThewholesalersbuyproductsfromtheboatsC.ProductsaresoldtothelocaldealersfromboatsD.Localdealersbuyfarmers’productsfromtheshop12.由本段内容得知，当地农民用船把货物运到市场，从穿上直接卖给零售商，零售商再把货物卖给商店或经销商，故选C13.Overcominglanguagebarrierscanbeoneofthemostdifficultpartsofaholiday,particularlywheninunfamiliarsurroundings.Sostressfulinthefactthat10%ofrespondentssaidtheydidn’ttravelbecauseoftheproblem.ThesurveybyHostelworldshowedthatoneinfiveblamedgettinglostonthelanguagebarrier,whileasimilarnumberhadproblemsorderingfoodandoneintengotonthewrongtrain,planeorotherformoftransportation.Iflanguagesweren’tanissuethenoneineight(12%)BritswouldvisitJapan.China,ItalyandRussiawerealsopopularchoices.Despitethecommunicationproblem,Japanhasseena7.5%increaseinthenumberofBritishvisitorsbetweenJanuaryandApril,comparedtothistimelastyear.题：HowmanyBritscan’torderfoodcorrectlybecauseoflanguagebarriers?A.About10% B.About12% C.About20% D.About21%13.由本段第三行…oneinfiveblamedgettinglostonthelanguagebarrier,whileasimilarnumberhadproblemsorderingfood得知有五分之一即20%的人因语言障碍订餐错误，故选C。14.Thisideaisn’tpopular,especiallywiththosewhofeelthey’realreadyworkingbusily.Actually