浅析商务沟通中中西礼貌及面子文化差异

本文格式为Word版，下载可任意编辑——浅析商务沟通中中西礼貌及面子文化差异

随着世界经济国际化日新月异地快速进展,海外公司、跨国公司逐步广泛中国的大江南北。与此同时，国际间商务交往活动的频繁和紧密使得商务沟通的作用也越来越重要,它已被广泛应用于商务联系的各个领域,用以表达思想、建立和保持良好的商务关系。礼貌是我们日常生活和社会生活中不成缺少的一片面,是各国文化中普遍存在的社会现象。礼貌用语是人们交际是否告成的标准，而社会的正常进展也同样离不开礼貌用语的运用，并且礼貌原那么长期以来都是商务沟通的根本准那么和要求,不同目的的商务沟通需要不同的礼貌准那么。面子作为一种繁杂的社会心理现象，在各种形态的国家中都存在，在中国尤为明显并形成了独有的面子文化，其重要性受到了广泛关注，由于它对跨文化交际的成败起着举足轻重的作用。中西面子文化的不同使面子在内涵、价值观上存在着较大的差异，由这种区别所导致的语用策略的应用方式和应用原那么也大相径庭。

全文共分四章，主要内容如下：

第一章为绪论，简要介绍了本文的研究背景与研究意义。

其次章为导论，主要介绍了相关的理论，根本的定义、概念与国内外关于本论题研究处境。

第三章是本文的主体片面，主要从东西方礼貌原那么以及面子文化差异的对比，试图寻求商务沟通的合理方式、方法。

第四章是结论，这片面主要从礼貌用语差异的角度就如何提高商务沟通的水平和才能提出了若干建议。

关键词:商务沟通；礼貌原那么；面子文化；中西差异

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Astherapiddevelopmentofworldeconomyinternationalization,overseascompanies,multinationalcompaniesgraduallyspreadwidelyacrossChinese.Atthesametime,increasinglyfrequentinternationalbusinesscontactsmakebusinesscommunicationsmoreandmoreimportantinvariousfields.Businesscommunicationshasbeenwidelyusedinbusinesscontacts,toexpressthoughts,establishandmaintainagoodbusinessrelationship.Politenessisanindispensablepartofourdailylifeandsociallife.Politenessisonethestandardofasuccessfulcommunication,andoftenusedasthesigntomeasurethelevelofdevelopmentofthesociety.Also,politenessprinciplehasbeenthebasicprinciplesandrequirementsofbusinesscommunications;differentbusinesscommunicationneedsdifferentpolitenessprinciples.Thefacecultureisacomplexsocialandpsychologicalphenomenon,whichexistsinvariousformsinthecountry,especiallyintheChinaandithasalreadyformedauniqueculture.Itsimportancehasattractedwideconcern,becauseitplaysanimportantroleininterculturalcommunication.ThedifferencebetweenChineseandwesternfaceculturehasagreatdifferenceinmeaningandvalue,whichalsocausedifferencesintheapplicationofpragmaticstrategies.Thethesisisdividedinto4chapters.Itsmaincontentsareasfollows:

ChapterOneistheintroduction,whichbrieflyintroducesthebackgroundandsignificanceofthisstudy.ChapterTwoistheliteratureview,whichmainlyintroducestherelatedtheory,thebasicdefinitions,theconceptsandthedomesticandforeignresearchonthistopic.ChapterThreeisthemainpartofthispaper;mainlydiscussdifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternPolitenessPrinciplesandfacecultural,tryingtofindareasonablewayofbusinesscommunication,methods.Thelastpartisconclusion,whichputsforwardsomesuggestionsonhowtoimprovethelevelandabilityofbusinesscommunicationfromthepointofviewofpolitenessandfaceculture,andgivesasummaryofthewholethesis.

KeyWords:Businessnegotiation

PolitenessPrinciple

FaceTheory

Cross-cultureCommunication

ContentsChapteroneintroduction3

1.1IntroductionoftheTopic3

1.2BackgroundoftheStudy4

1.3SignificanceofSelectingtheTopic5

ChaptertwoLiteratureReview6

2.1RelevantTheories6

2.2BusinessNegotiation7

2.2.1TheCharacteristicsofBusinessNegotiation8

2.2.2TheRelationshipbetweenBusinessNegotiationandCulture9

ChapterthreePolitenessPrinciple11

3.1TheDefinitionofPoliteness11

3.2WesternPolitenessPrinciple11

3.3ChinesePolitenessPrinciple12

3.4TheComparisonsbetweenChineseandWesternPolitenessPrinciple..13

ChapterfourFaceTheory15

4.1TheDefinitionofFaceTheory15

4.2WesternFaceTheory15

4.3ChineseFaceTheory16

4.4TheComparisonsbetweenChineseandWesternFaceTheory16

ChapterfiveConclusion18

Bibliography19

Acknowledgments21

Chapteroneintroduction1.1IntroductionoftheTopicCurrently,numerousinternationalcompaniesandtransnationalcorporationshave

beengraduallyestablishedinmanybigcitiesinchina,suchasBeijingandShanghai.Withtradehighlyexpansionandincreasinglyopportunitiesforcross-culturalcommunicationalltheseyear,thesenewpatternenterpriseshaveobviouslydistinguishedcorporatevaluesandprovidedplentyofnewdevelopmentopportunitiestoChinesepeople,.Inordertoestablishandmaintaingoodbusinessrelationshipsandlong-termcooperationduringtheprocessofcommercialtrade,correctandappropriateEnglishbusinessnegotiationshavebeenwidelyappliedinbusinessareatodealwithtradeaffairsandproblems,establishbrandimagesanddeliverbusinessmessages.sohavingagoodknowledgeofbusinessnegotiationskillsandmasteringthecharacteristicsoftheforeignlanguageaswellasthecultureareself-evidentlycrucial,fortheystandforthecompanypublicimageandcorporatereputation.

Ontheonehand,politenessprinciplehasbeenthebasicregulationforEnglishbusinessnegotiation,anddifferenttypesofbusinessnegotiationhavedifferentpolitenessstrategies.Ontheotherhand,quot;faceculturequot;alsoplaysanirreplaceablepartinthesuccessofcross-culturalbusinessnegotiation.However,thedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternFaceCultureactuallycausethewidelydivergenceofpragmaticstrategies.1.2BackgroundoftheStudyIntoday"seconomicglobalization,alongwiththeincreasingofthebusinesscommunicationactivities,understandingandcomprehensionsoftheculturaldifferencesbetweenvariouscountriesisespeciallyimportant,otherwiseitmaygiverisetounnecessarymisunderstandings,evenmaydirectlyaffecttheactualeffectofbusinessactivities.Thismeansthathowtoresolvetheimpactindifferentculturalbackgroundonbusinessnegotiationisverysignificant.Politeness,asoneofthebasicmeanstoensurethesuccessandsmoothnegotiationsofbusinesscommunication,hasalreadydrawnmuchattentionfromthesociallinguistics,pragmatics,psychologyandcognitivelinguistics.Courtesyisthesymbolofhumancivilization.Languageactivitiesisaninevitablepartofhumanactivity,however,itisalsosubjecttosomecriterions.Politenessprinciplesarewidelyusedbyallwalksofsocialgroupsasmeansofshowingcivilization,butwemustbeadmittedthatthedifferentconnotationsofthem,thestrategiesweuse,manyaspectstheycover,diversestandardsandvariousemphasisareofgreatdifferencesbetweenthedifferentcultures,andsometimestheymaybeatoppositepoles.Noonewoulddenythatpolitenessis

extremelyessentialforsuccessfulcommunication.Asanimportantandsignificantquot;strategyquot;,politenessissupposedtobeabidedbybothsidesofcommunication.Rulesofpolitenessvaryalotindifferentculturesandoftenhavedifferentconnotations,sometimesevenconflicting.Inthenegotiations,weneedtopayattentiontothepolitenessprinciplesoftheothersideofthecommunicationaccordingtotheircultureandbackgroundtoachievethepurposeofnegotiationsandtoconveyChina"setiquetteculture.Chinaisanancientcivilization,alandofcourtesy,whichalwaysattachgreatimportancetousepolitelanguage.Inrecentyears,theproblemsofusingpropercourtesylanguagehavealsoattractedmanyconsiderationsandattentionsfrominthedomesticlinguisticscircle.Englishismostlyusedinbusinessnegotiation,thusincreasingthedifficultyofthecommunication.Inthiscase,weoughttomeetcertainetiquettes.1.3SignificanceofSelectingtheTopicAlthoughtheconceptofquot;facequot;isuniversal,itisrestrictedbytheculturalrulesinaparticularsociety.ChineseandWesternexpressionsofpolitenessarenotablydifferentintheproblemofthefaceculture,becauseoftheexistenceofpragmaticandculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesonhowtomaintainthefaceisnotthesame.Therearedifferentinterpretationsofthesamespeechinthedifferentlanguagecommunitiesduetothethousandsyearsofculturalaccumulation.Therearedifferencesbetweendifferentculturesintherealizationofpoliteness.Inoneculture,itisconsideredtobeaspeechacttokeepthehearer"sface,whichmaybedifficulttoacceptinanotherculture,orevenhurtthefaceofothers.Languagelearningshouldnotonlylearnthelanguageformandlanguagestructure,focusingonvocabulary,grammar,languageskills,butalsotounderstandthesocialfunctionoflanguage,understandthedifferencesinlanguageuseindifferentculturesdonotonlyaccuratelyusethelanguage,butalsotheappropriateuseoflanguageindifferentsituations.

ChaptertwoLiteratureReview2.1RelevantTheoriesAsabranchofpragmatics,studiesofpolitenessphenomenaandthepolitenessprinciplesarealsocausedwideattentionsofnumerousscholarsbothathomeandabroad.Sincethe1970s,linguistshaveputforwardvarioustheories,regardingthepolitenessasalinguisticphenomenontoexplain.AndmanyresearchershavestudiedtheimportanceandfunctionsofpolitenessPrinciplesandfacetheory.ManyresearchershaverealizedthecriticalroleofpolitenessinbusinessCommunications.Amongthem,BrownandLevinson"sfacetheoryandLeech"spolitenessprincipleofpolitenessresearchplayedvitalpart.Face-negotiationtheoryisatheoryfirstproposedbyBrownandLevinson(1978)tounderstandhowpeoplefromdifferentculturesmanagerapportanddisagreements[1].Thetheorypositsquot;facequot;,orself-image,asauniversalphenomenonthatpervadesacrosscultures.Inconflicts,one"sfaceisthreatened;andthusthepersontendstosaveorrestorehisorherface.Thissetofcommunicativebehaviors,accordingtothetheory,iscalledquot;faceworkquot;[2].Sincepeopleframethesituatedmeaningofquot;facequot;andenactquot;faceworkquot;differentlyfromoneculturetothenext,thetheoryposesacultural-generalframeworktoexaminefaceworknegotiation.Facenegotiationtheoryaddressesinterculturalcommunicationoncultural,individual,andinter-relationallevels.Individualisticandcollectivisticcultureswillhavedifferentmethodsofmaintainingfaceandresolvingconflict.Whatcomesnaturallytopeoplefromoneculturemaynotseemanappropriatecommunicationstyletoindividualsfromanotherculture.Onedirectapplicationofface-negotiationtheoryisthedesignofinterculturalconflicttrainingframeworks.Partoftheobjectiveofface-negotiationtheory,accordingtoTing-Toomey,isinfacttotranslatethetheoryintoaviableframeworkformindfulinterculturalconflicttraining.AccordingtoGeoffreyLeech,thereisapolitenessprinciplewithconversationalmaximssimilartothoseformulatedbyPaulGrice.Helistssixmaxims:tact,generosity,approbation,modesty,agreement,andsympathy.Thesemaximsvaryfromculturetoculture:whatmaybeconsideredpoliteinoneculturemaybestrangeordownrightrudeinanother[3].AndGrice,aphilosopherintheUnitedStates,believedthat,inordertoachieveaparticulargoal,aprinciplethatthetwopartiesshouldabidebyinalltheactivitiesoflanguagecommunicativeiscalledcommunicationprinciple.However,inpractice,itcannotexplainwhypeople

wouldratherviolatetheprincipleofconversationtocommunicateinasubtleandindirectwaytoexpresstheiremotionsandmeanings,andinmanycasespeopledoitjustbecauseofcourtesy[4].

WhileChinascholarGuYueguo,HuangYanalsomademomentousmodificationsandsupplementsonthebasisofpredecessors"politenessprinciple.Griceantreatmentofpolitenesshasbeenmuchcriticized:forexample,ithasbeencriticizedbyGuYueguoandHuangYanforbeingquot;expansionistquot;(addingnewmaximstotheGriceanmodel)ratherthanquot;reductionistquot;(reducingGrice"sfourmaximstoasmallernumber,asinRelevancetheory,wheretheMaximofRelation,orprincipleofrelevance,istheonlyonethatsurvives)[5][6].WeshouldbeawareofthatdifferentculturebetweenChineseandWesternconcludesdifferentpolitelanguagesandvariousmeansofpolitenesscriteria.Ifpeopleevaluateotherpoliteculturalbackgroundormeasurepeople"swordsanddeedsonlyaccordingtothesocialcustomsandculturalvaluesinacertainculturalbackground,itwilloftenleadtothefailureofcross-culturalcommunication.Inviewofthepositiveinfluenceofpolitenessoninterculturalcommunicationandforeignlanguagelearning,thestudyofpolitenessisveryimportant.Basedonthetheoryofpolitenessinpragmatics,thispapermakesacontrastiveanalysisofthepragmaticdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,andputsforwardsomesuggestionsonhowtoimproveinterculturalcommunicativecompetenceandimprovethelevelofforeignlanguagelearning.Facecultureexistsinvariousformsinthecountry,especiallyintheChinaanditformedauniquefaceculture.Neverthelessduetothedifferentculturalconnotationoftheform,faceculturehavegreatdifference,strategiestomaintainfaceandshamealsoappearssimilaritiesanddifferences.Chinaemphasizesthattheindividualbelongstothesocietyandtheindividualisfeatherweight,sothefaceculturealsopaysattentiontothequot;positiveface'.However,comparedthedifferencebetweenChineseandWestern,Westernemphasisonthepursuitofindividualismandself-release,focusingmoreonquot;negativefacequot;quot;faceculturequot;playssuchanimportantroleininterculturalcommunicationwhichmaydecidethesuccessorfailureofthecommunications.2.2BusinessNegotiationNegotiationisadialoguebetweentwoormorepeopleorpartiesintendedtoreachabeneficialoutcomeoveroneormoreissueswhereaconflictexistswith

respecttoatleastoneoftheseissues.Thisbeneficialoutcomecanbeforallofthepartiesinvolved,orjustforoneorsomeofthem.

Businessnegotiationreferstothedifferenteconomicentities,throughcommunication,negotiation,compromise,cooperation,strategyandvariousotherwaystodeterminepossiblebusinessactivitiesinordertogettheirowneconomicinterestsandtomeeteachother"sneeds,Businessnegotiationisessentiallyakindofeconomicactivitythroughlanguage.

2.2.1TheCharacteristicsofBusinessNegotiationTheprocessofbusinessnegotiationisessentiallytheprocessofusingthelanguagetocommunicateandexpecttoachieveawin-winsituation.Languageplaysanimportantroleinthebusinessnegotiation;whetherwecanusetheartofnegotiationlanguagesometimescanmakeormarthebusinessnegotiation.Thefirstcharacteristicofbusinessnegotiationisobjectivity.Theobjectivityofbusinessnegotiationreferstotheuseoflanguageskills,theexpressionofideas,thetransferofinformationinbusinessnegotiations,mustbebasedonobjectivefacts.Andwearesupposedtouseofappropriatelanguage,toprovideconvincingbasisandinformationtoeachother.Theobjectivityofthenegotiationlanguagedeterminestheintegrityoftheparties.Onlywhenwerespecttheobjectivefacts,canwewinthetrustofeachother.Thesecondoneispertinence.Pertinenceinabusinessnegotiationistotheuseofdifferentexpressionsaccordingtothenegotiationopponent,purpose,thedifferentstage.Therearedifferencesintheage,gender,personality,identityandconceptofthedifferentobjectsofnegotiation,andthedifferentexpressionsandstagesofthenegotiationsrequiredifferentexpressions.Intheprocessofnegotiation,wemustbegoodatlookingatthesedifferences,andbeabletousethecorrespondinglanguageskillstogettheadvantageofnegotiation.

Logicalityisveryimportant,too.Thelogicalityofthenegotiationlanguagereferstotheuseoflanguageintheprocessofbusinessnegotiations,shouldbeclearinconcept,reasonableinnegotiation,logicalinreasoning,andconvincinginevidence.Firstofall,itisnecessaryfornegotiatorstohavesomeknowledgeoflogic,anditisnecessarytodoagoodjobinthepreparationofinformationanddatabeforethenegotiations.Onlywhenarmedwellphysicallyormentally,canwebereasonableandorderlyandeffectivelytocommunicatewiththeopponentatthenegotiatingtable.

Accuracycannotbeignoredduringthebusinessnegotiation.Theaccuracyofnegotiationlanguagereferstothenegotiatorscorrectlychoiceandaccuratelyusesterminologyinthenegotiations,toclearlyexpressthetargetandrelevantprovisionsofthenegotiations.Forexample,thetime,placesandthenumberinvolvedinnegotiationsshouldnotbeputambiguouslyinquot;aboutquot;or"maybequot;.Andwecannotuserudelanguage,suchasquot;shitquot;andquot;damnquot;.Modalparticlesuchasquot;mygodquot;,quot;Jesusquot;andquot;Myboyquot;,theseexclamationsalsoshouldbeusedwithcaution.Negotiationlanguagespronunciationisveryimportant;itcanaffectthelistener"semotionsandattitudes,therebyaffectingtheoutcomeofthenegotiations.Withappropriateorderofpriority,cadence,humoroustone,willhaveunexpectedgainsinthenegotiations.Lastly,flexibilitycanbeusedinthebusinessnegotiation.Thenegotiationsprocessisoftencomplicatedanduncertain.Althoughnegotiatorsmadefullpreparationsinadvance,butitisdifficultorunableforthemtoaccuratelypredictwhatthenegotiationopponentwillsayinthedifferentstagesofthenegotiations,sonooneislikelytodesigneachstatementingoodnegotiation.Themostpracticalwayistopaycloseattentiontothenegotiatorsoutputandinformationfeedback,listencarefullyandanalyzethewords,facialexpressionandposetobeflexibletoorganizeandusenegotiationlanguage.

2.2.2TheRelationshipbetweenBusinessNegotiationandCultureInternationalbusinessnegotiationisakindofcross-culturalcommunicationandcommunication.Itisakindofbusinessactivitywhichisbeneficialtoeachother.Today,withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,thecommunicationbetweencountriesismoreandmorefrequent,notonlyinpolitics,economy,scienceandtechnology,butalsointheexchangeandintegrationofculture.Theconflictbetweenculturesaroundtheworldmakestheculturaldifferencesbecomemoreandmoreimportantininternationalbusinessactivities.Weneedtohaveenoughconfidenceanddeterminationtocopewiththeimpactofculturaldifferencescausedbydifferentcountries,ethnicgroups,andculturalbackground.Weneedtounderstandandlearnthevaluesandwaysofthinkingindifferentcultures,soastosolvetheculturalconflictsandachievewin-winsituation.Thedifferencebetweenculturesisthekeyfactortothesuccessofinternationalbusinessactivities.Withthepromotionanddevelopmentoftheinternationalmarket

economy,crossculturalcommunicationininternationalbusinessactivitiesevenmeansthedirecteconomicbenefits.Theinterculturalcommunicationisthebridgebetweenenterprisesallovertheworldtogether,whichcanbringtheadvancedscienceandtechnology,perfectmanagementsystemandcapitalintothecountrytopromotethedevelopmentofthemarketeconomy,stimulatethevitalityofthedomesticmarket,soastodigdeeperdomesticmarketpotential.

ChapterthreePolitenessPrinciple3.1TheDefinitionofPolitenessPolitenessisthepracticalapplicationofgoodmannersoretiquette.Itisaculturallydefinedphenomenon,andthereforewhatisconsideredpoliteinoneculturecansometimesbequiterudeorsimplyeccentricinanotherculturalcontext.Whilethegoalofpolitenessistomakeallofthepartiesrelaxedandcomfortablewithoneanother,theseculturallydefinedstandardsattimesmaybemanipulatedtoinflictshameonadesignatedparty.Manylanguageshavespecificmeanstoshowpoliteness,deference,respect,orrecognitionofthesocialstatusofthespeakerandthehearer.Therearetwomainwaysinwhichagivenlanguageshowspoliteness:initslexicon(forexample,employingcertainwordsinformaloccasions,andcolloquialformsininformalcontexts),andinitsmorphology(forexample,usingspecialverbformsforpolitediscourse).

Politenessisamethodandmeanstomaintainsmoothharmoniousinterpersonalrelationships;peoplewillactpolitelytoestablishormaintainfriendlyrelationswithothers,orifthereisafacethreateningact,peopletendtochangeit.Therefore,politenessisregardedasakindofconstraint,akindofsocialnormtorestrictoursocialmembers.Besides,wecanseethatthepolitenessinwesterncultureisoftentoexpressthemselvesonthebasisofequalityamongpeople.However,politenessinChinaculturecanberegardedasethics,moralstandardandinternalself-discipline.Althoughtherearemanyexplanationsfortheunderstandingofpoliteness,politenessisuniversal,thatistosay,politenessisawayofregulatingandrestrictingthespeechactofeachpersoninthesocialinteraction.Politenessismorethansimplysaying,quot;thankyouquot;orquot;pleasequot;,especiallyintheunderstandingofinterculturalcommunication,becauseitinvolvesnotonlythelanguagebutalsotheculturalvaluesofdifferentsocieties.Inaword,politenessisregardedasakindofsocialphenomenon,whichisakindofmethodandmeanstorealizegoodinterpersonalrelationship.

3.2WesternPolitenessPrincipleAlthoughpolitenesshasbeenstudiedinavarietyofculturesformanyyears,PenelopeBrownandStephenLevinson"spolitenesstheoryhasbecomeveryinfluential.In1987,BrownandLevinsonproposedthatpolitenesswasauniversalconcept,whichhascreatedcontroversywithinacademia.Politenessistheexpression

ofthespeakers"intentiontomitigatefacethreatscarriedbycertainfacethreateningactstowardthelistener[7].Anotherdefinitionisquot;abatteryofsocialskillswhosegoalistoensureeveryonefeelsaffirmedinasocialinteraction'.Therefore,beingpolitecanbeanattemptforthespeakertosavetheirownfaceorthefaceofwhoheorsheistalkingto.

OnestudybyCynthiaDunnobservedaJapanesebusinessthatrequiredetiquettetrainingfortheirnewemployers

[8].Employersweretaughtthecompany"sdefinitionofpoliteness;theywereexpectedtoincorporatethesebeliefsintotheirday-to-daybehavior,suchasquot;kindness,quot;quot;considerationforothers,quot;andquot;deferenceandrespectquot;[8].However,self-presentationwasalsoacriticalfeatureemployerswantedtheiremployeestoimproveupon.Anattractiveself-presentationthroughvariousnonverbalandwordchoicewouldnotonlyreflecttheindividual"spolitenessbutthecorporation"saswell[8].Thisdecisionhadverypositiveconsequencesintheworkplaceenvironment.Throughnewstudiesthereisthepossibilitythatthepolitenesstheorymaypenetratedeeperareas.Forexample,maybemorebusinesseswillbegintotakeontheseconceptsandincorporatethemintotheirdiscussionandconflict-resolutionstrategies.Thesecouldbeeffectiveinachievinglong-termgoals.Whateverthecasemaybe,thepolitenesstheoryhasasolidfoundationinthefieldofcommunicationandwillcertainlycontributepositivelytotheassimilationoflanguageandcivility.3.3ChinesePolitenessPrincipleCourtesyisthemostbasicmoralstandardsofhumaninordertomaintainnormalsociallife,whichrequirespeopletoabide.Itisgraduallyformedinpeopleslong-termlivingtogetherandtheinteractionbetweeneachother,andfinallyitisfixedascustomsortraditions.Foraperson,politenessistheexternalexpressionofaperson"sideologicalandmorallevel,aswellasthecommunicationability.Politenesstheoryaccountsfortheredressingofaffrontstoaperson"s"face"byface-threateningacts.TheconceptoffacewasactuallyderivedfromChineseintoEnglishinthe19thcentury.

AmongthosewhohavemadesignificantcontributioninthefieldofChinesepoliteness,GuYueguosworkisthemostacceptable.AfterpointingfournotionsunderlyingtheChineseconceptofpoliteness,namelyrespectforother,denigrationofself,warmthtowardsotherandtherefinementoflanguageuse,Guproposesa

differentsetofpolitenessmodelwhichhavedistinctivecharacteristicsofChineseculture,followingLeechspolitenessprincipleandconsideringtheChinesenotion.GuYueguo,afamousscholaratBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,discussesthephenomenonofpolitenessinChina,whichcoversthevaluesandmoralvaluesofdifferentnorms.HepointedoutthatChinesepeoplehaveatendencytobelittlethemselvesandrespectotherswhentheyareincontactwithothers.Therefore,thisreflectstheChineseclassicalquot;ceremonyquot;concept:feudalhierarchyandorder.Asisknowntousall,chinaisatypicalcountrythatvaluesgoodmanners.Tosomeextent,itcanbeconsideredastheessentialfeatureandsymbolofChineseculture.AccordingtoConfucian,itwasnecessaryforpeopletoratifynames.Thisistosayeachindividualshouldbehaveinhisorherplaceaccordingtohisorhersocialposition.quot;Confucianismquot;inhistoryhasplayedanegativerole;butasasymbolofmoralityandcivilization,politeness,courtesy,etiquettearetheembodimentsofthetraditionalvirtuesoftheChinesenation.However,theChinesenotionofpolitenesstoday,thoughstillinheritingmanyoftheancientfeatures,isnolongerthoughtobeasocialhierarchymaintainer,butasetofmodelsfunctioningtoreducesocialconflictsandenhanceinterpersonalsolidarity.Chineseculturebelievesthatritualisasymboltodistinguishbetweenhumanandanimal.quot;Thereasonwhyhumanishuman,itisetiquettemakesso.quot;(quot;BookofRitesquot;).Ceremonyisalsothefoundationandcandistinguishthelevelofpersonality.quot;BookofSongsquot;says:"Lookatthemousethathavecompletebodyandskin,butyouashumankind,knownothingaboutpoliteness?quot;Confuciussaid:quot;nopoliteness,nolegislation.quot;Chineseethicalculturecanbesaidtobequot;etiquetteculturequot;insomesense.quot;Proprietyquot;isoneofthevirtuesoftheChinesenation.Asamoralstandard,itscontentiscomplex.Asasystemofethicsandethicalorder,quot;ritualquot;,and"etiquettequot;;aretheimportantwayofgettingalongwithpeople."Etiquettequot;,asindividualcultivation,iscalledquot;Politenessquot;;itusedtodealwiththerelationshipwithothers,calledquot;comityquot;.quot;Ritualquot;isrootedinthepeoplewhohavethequalityofhumility,outoftherespecttotheirelders,theethicsofreverenceandtheloveforhumankinds.

3.4TheComparisonsbetweenChineseandWes