高考英语高考历年真题专项分类汇编及精解精析专题18阅读理解（科普技术）

高考英语高考历年真题（最新）专项分类汇编及

精解精析

[2012高考试题】

1.【2012全国II]

（E）

MakeUpYourMindtoSucceed

Kind-heartedparentshaveunknowinglylefttheirchildrendefenselessagainst

failure.Thegenerationbornbetween1980and2001grewupplayingsportswhere

scoresandperformancewereplayeddownbecause"everyone'swinner."Andtheir

reportcardssoundedmorepositive（正面的）thaneverbefore.Asaresult,Stanford

UniversityprofessorCarolDweck,PhD,callsthem“theoverpraisedgeneration.”

Dweckhasbeenstudyinghowpeopledealwithfailurefor40years.Herresearch

hasledhertofindouttwoclearlydifferentmind-setsthathaveagreateffect

onhowwereacttoit.Here'showtheywork:

Afixedmind-setisgroundedinthebeliefthattalent（才能）isgenetic-

you'reabornartist,pointguard,ornumbersperson.Thefixedmind-setbelieves

it'ssuretosucceedwithoutmucheffortandregardsfailureaspersonalshame.

Whenthingsgetdifficult,it*squicktoblame,lie,andevenstayawayfromfuture

difficulties.

Ontheotherhand,agrowthmind-setbelievesthatnotalentisentirely

heaven-sentandthateffortandlearningmakeeverythingpossible.Becausetheego

（自尊）isn'tonthelineasmuch,thegrowthmind-setseesfailureasachancerather

thanshame.Whenfacedwithadifficulty,it'squicktorethink,changeandtry

again.Infact,itenjoysthisexperience.

Weareallbornwithgrowthmind-sets.（Otherwise,wewouldn,tbeabletolive

intheworld.）Butparents,teachers,andinstructorsoftenpushusintofixed

mind-setsbyencouragingcertainactionsandmisdirectingpraise.DweckJsbook,

Mind-set:TheNewPsychologyofSuccess,andonlineinstructionalprogramexplain

thisindepth.Butshesaystherearemanylittlethingsyoucanstartdoingtoday

tomakesurethatyourchildren,grandchildrenandevenyouareneverdefeatedby

failure.

【文章大意】

本文是一篇科学调查报告。斯坦福大学教授Dweck经过40年的调查研究认为人们对待失败

有两种不同的思维模式，这两种思维模式对我们如何对待失败有很大的影响。第一种是有固

定思维模式的人，他们认为才能是天生的，成功不需要努力而失败是耻辱。他们逃避未来的

困难。第二种是具有成长思维模式的人，他们认为才能不是天生的，努力和学习使•切成为

可能。向失败学习并把它看作成长的经历。

57.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutthepresentgeneration?

A.Theydon'tdowellatschool.B.Theyareoftenmisunderstood.

C.Theyareeagertowininsports.D.Theyaregiventoomuchpraise.

【答案】D

【解析】根据第一段中的;prcfesscrCsrclDweck,PhD.callsthem"thecverprsisedgeneration.

”可知：他们被表扬的太多了。

【考点定位】考查作者观点和看法。

58.Afixedmind-setpersonisprobablyonewho__.

A.doesn'twanttoworkhard

B.caresalotaboutpersonalsafety

C.cannotsharehisideaswithothers

D.cansucceedwiththehelpofteachers

【答案】A

【解析】根据文章第三段中的“Thefixedmind-setbelievesit'ssuretcsucceedwithoutmuch

effortandregardsfailureaspersonalshame”可知：他相信成功但不想付出努力.

【考点定位】考查判断推理。

59.Whatdoesthegrowthmind-setbelieve?

A.Admittingfailureisshameful.

B.Talentcomeswithone'sbirth.

C.Scoresshouldbehighlyvalued.

D.Gettingoverdifficultiesisenjoyable.

【答案】D

【解析】根据文章第四段中的“thegrowthmind-setseesfailureasachanceratherthanshame.

Whenfacedwithadifficulty,it'squicktcrethink,changeandtryagain.Infact,itenjcysthis

experience,可知D正确.

【考点定位】考查判断推理。

60.WhatshouldparentsdofortheirchildrenbasedonDweck,sstudy?

A.Encouragethemtolearnfromfailures.

B.Preventthemfrommakingmistakes.

C.Guidethemindoinglittlethings.

D.Helpthemgrowwithpraise.

【答案】A

【解析】根据文章的最后一句“3utshesaystherearemanylittlethingsyoucanstartdoing

tcdaytcmakesurethatycurchildren,grandchilarenandevenycuareneverdefeatedby

failure"可知A正确.

【考点定位】考查判断推理。

2.12012四川卷】

A

Onahill600feetabovethesurroundingland,wewatchthelinesofrainmove

acrossthescene,themoonriseoverthehills,andthestarsappearinthesky.

Theviewsinvitealonglookfromacomfortablechairinfrontofthewoodenhouse.

Everywindowinourwoodenhousehasaview,andtheforestandlakesseldom

lookthesameasthehourbefore.Eachlookremindsuswhereweare.

Thereisspaceforourthreeboystoplayoutside,toshootarrows,collecttree

seeds,buildearthhousesandclimbtrees.

Ourkidshavelearnedthenamesofthetrees,andwiththenameshavecome

familiarityandappreciation.Astheytellallwhoshowevenapassinginterest,

maple（枫树）makesthebestfightingsticksandwhitepinesarethebestclimbing

trees.

Theairiscleanandfresh.Thewaterfromthewellhasapleasanttaste,and

itisperhapsthehealthiestwaterourkidswilleverdrink.Thoughtheyhaveone

glassadayofjuiceandtherestiswater,theyneversayanythingagainstthat.

Theseasonschangejustoutsidethedoor.Wewatchthemaplesturneveryshade

ofyellowandredinthefallandnotethepoplarsJ（杨树）puttingoutthefirst

greenleavesofspring.Therainbowsmeltfillsthelocalsteamastheicegradually

disappears,andthewoodfrogsstarttosinginpoolsafterbeingfrozenforthe

winter.Afamilyofbirdsrulesourskiesandfliesoverthelake.

41.WhatcanbelearnedfromParagraph2?

A.Thescenesarecolorfulandchangeable.

B.Therearemanywindowsinthewoodenhouse.

C.Theviewsremindusthatweareinawoodenhouse.

D.Thelakesoutsidethewindowsarequitedifferentincolor.

42.Bymentioningthenamesofthetrees,theauthoraimstoshowthat

A.thekidslikeplayingintrees

B.thekidsareveryfamiliarwithtrees

C.thekidshavelearnedmuchknowledge

D.thekidsfindtreesusefullearningtools

43.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmean?

A.Thechangeofseasonsiseasilyfelt.

B.Theseasonsmakethesceneschange.

C.Theweatheroftenchangesintheforest.

D.Thedoorisagoodpositiontoenjoychangingseasons.

44.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?

A.Todescribethebeautyofthescenearoundthehouse.

B.Tointroduceherchildren,shappylifeintheforest.

C.Toshowthatlivingintheforestishealthful.

D.Tosharethejoyoflivinginthenature.

【本文要点】本文描述了作者与家人身居大自然怀抱中切身的美丽感受。文章主要展示了作

者居住环境的大自然的美景和在此美景怀抱中生活的惬意之情。

41A推理判断题。本段中提到，每个窗户都会有一个不同的风景，森林和湖泊与一小时之

前所见到的都不一样。据此可知，作者身居的环境是多彩和变换的。故选小

42C推理判断题。根据第四段话中kioshavelearrec:henamesothetrees左：卜ey

:ellall.whitepinesare:hebes:climbingtrees"可知孩子们已经了解了关于周围环境包括树在

内的很多知识。故答案选C0

43.A推理判断题。划线部分的字面意思为：季节就在门外变化着。再根据本段对于周围大

自然的变化的描述可知，作者身处此地，能够很容易地感觉到季节的变换。故答案为A。

44.D推理判断题。此题推测文章写作目的。通读全文，不难了解，作者是与我们读者分享

他身居大自然的快乐生活。故答案为D。

3.12012辽宁卷】

D

Insidethepleasinglyfragrantcafe,SoAllMayEat(SAME)indowntownDenver,t

hespiritofgenerosity(慷

慨)isinstantlynoticeable:Adonationboxstandsinplaceofacashregister.

Customersherepayonlywhattheycanafford,noquestionsasked.Ariskybusin

essplan,perhaps,butSAMECafdhasdoneoneunchangeablethingintheMileHi

ghCityforsixyears:Openonlyatmidday,therestaurantprovidespoorlocal

caninsteadvolunteeraswaitersandwaitresses,anddishwashers,ortookafter

thebuildingsandequipmentforthecafe.

“It'sbasedontrust,andit'sworkingallright”,saysco-ownerBradBirk

y,whostartedthecafein2006.WithhiswifeLibby.Previouslyvolunteering

atsoupkitchens,theBirkysweredissatisfiedwiththeoftenunhealthymealst

heyservedthere."Wewantedtoofferqualityfoodinarestaurantwhereevery

onefeltcomfortable,regardlessoftheircircumstances,Birkysays.SAME's

speciallunchmenuchangesdailyandmostfoodmaterialsarenaturalandgrown

bylocalfarmers.Thecafenowaverages65to70customers(andeightvolunteer

s)aday.Andthespiritofgenerositybehindtheprojectappearstobespread!

ng.Inearly2007,onevolunteerwhohadclearedsnowforhismealsduringthe1

ongwintersaidgoodbyetotheBirkys,“HesaidhewasgoingtoNewOrleansto

helpwiththehurricaneclearup,“saysBirky.68.Whatcanwelearnaboutthe

soupkitchenstheBirkyspreviouslyworkedfor?

68.WhatcanwelearnaboutthesoupkitchenstheBirkyspreviouslyworkedfor?

A..Theyrefusedtohavevolunteers.

B.Theyofferedlowqualityfood.

C.Theyprovidedcustomerswithagoodenvironment.

D.Theycloseddownbecauseofpoormanagement.

69.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?

A..Thecustomerswhocannotpaycanwordasvolunteersinstead.

B.MorevolunteerswillgotonewOrleansforthehurricanecleanup.

C.Manynewcafeswillbeopenedtoofferfreelunchesinthetown.

D.Thelunchmenuhasremainedthesamesincethecafewasstarted.

70.TheauthorJsattitudetowardsrunningsuchacaf6is

A.unfavorable

B.approving

C.doubtful

D.cautious

【考点】H常生活类一记叙文

【文章大意】本文向我们介绍了SAMECafe的经营模式。

68.【答案】B

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第三段第二句"Previouslyvolunteeringatsoupkitchens,

theBirkysweredissatisfiedwiththeoftenunhealthymealstheyservedthere.”

可知，他们是对向他们提供的不健康的食物不满意，所以选B。

【难度】•般

69.【答案】A

【试题解析】判断正误题。根据第二段第三句"Thoseunabletopayforcheirmealscan

insteadvolunteeraswaitersandwaitresses,anddishwashers,orlookafterthe

buiIdingsandequipmentfortheCafd”那些付不起钱的人可以代替志愿者做服务员，

或洗碗工，或看楼和设备。可知，A项正确。

【难度】一般

7D.【答案】B

【试题解析】观点态度题.通读全文可知，作者对这种绘营模鼠是赞同的。

【难度】中等

【长难句解析】

4.12012浙江卷】

A

Easter（复活节）isstillagreatdayforworship,randyinbasketsandrunning

aroundtheyardfindingeggs,buteveryyearitgetsquiteabitworseforbunnies.

Andno,notbecausethekidsliketopulltheirears.Theculpritisclimate

change,andsomeresearchersfoundthatrisingtemperaturesarchavingharmful

effectsonatleastfivespeciesofrabbitintheUS.

TaketheLowerKeysMarchrabbit,forinstance.Anendangeredspeciesthatlives

intheLowerFloridaKeys,thisspeciesofcottontailisagreatswimmer-itlives

ontheislands!一butitisalreadyseverelyaffectedbydevelopmentandnowby

risinglevels.AccordingtotheCenterforBiologicalDiversity,anoceanlevelrise

ofonly0.6meterswillsendtheseguysjumpingtohighergroundanda0.9-meter

risewouldwipeouttheirhabitat（栖息地）completely.

Thesnowshoehare,ontheotherhand,hasacolorissue.Mostoftheserabbits

changetheirfurcolorfromwhiteinthewintertimetobrowninthesummer,each

designedtogivethembettercoverfrompredators（捕食者）.Asthenumberofdays

withsnowdecreasesallacrossthecountry,however,moreandmorebunniesarcbeing

leftinwhitefurduringbrowndirtdaysofbothfallandspring,makingtheman

easiermarkforpredators.Researchersknowthatthecolorchangeiscontrolledby

thenumberofhoursofsunlight,butwhethertherabbitwillbeabletoadaptquick

enoughtosurviveisabigquestion.TheNationalWildlifeFederationhasreported

thathuntershavenoticedtheirnumbersarealreadymarkedlydown.

Americanpikasorrockrabbits,arelativeofrabbitsandhares,mightbethe

firs，ofthesespeciestogoextinctduetoclimatechange.About7-8incheslong,

pikaslivehighinthecool,dampmountainswestoftheRockyMountains.Asglobal

temperaturesrise,theywouldnaturallymigrate（迁徙）tohigherground-butthey

alreadyoccupythemountaintops.Theycan'tgoanyhigher.TheNationalWildlife

Federationreportsthattheymightnotbeabletostandthenewtemperaturesastheir

habitatbeatsup.

Thevolcanorabbithasthesameproblem.Theserabbits1iveontheslopesof

volcanoesinMexico,andrecentstudieshaveshownthatthelowerrangeoftheir

habitathasalreadyshiftedupwardabout700meters,buttherearenotsuitable

plantsforthemtomovehigher,sotheyarestuckinthemiddle.Scientistsare

concernedabouttheirpopulations.

NativetotheUS,pygmyrabbitsweighlessthan1poundandliveintheAmerican

West.Theyarebelievedtobethesmallestrabbitsintheworld.Theirhabitatshave

beendestroyedbydevelopment.Severalpopulations,suchastheColumbiaBasinpygmy,

almostwentextinctandweresavedbyzoobreedingprograms.Pygmyrabbitsalsorely

onwintercoverbydiggingtunnelsthroughthesnowtoescapepredators,butlesser

snowfallisleavingthemexposed.

AllofthisgivesnewmeaningtodressingupinagiantbunnycostumethisEaster.

41ThewritermentionsEasteratthebeginningofthepassageinorderto.

A.showtheimportanceofEasterDayB.introducetheissueaboutbunnies

C.remindpeopleofEastertraditionsD.discusstherelationshipbetween

Easterandbunnies

42.Theword"culprit”（Paragraph2）isclosestinmeaningto.

A.criminalB.judgeC.victimD.producer

43.Accordingtothepassage,somerabbitscannowbeeasilyUncoveredbypredators

becausethey

A.areexposedlomoreskillfulhunters

B.havemovedtohabitatswithfewerplants

C.haven，tadaptedthemselvestoclimatechange

D.can，tchangetheirfurcolorintowhiteinthefallandthespring

44,Theproblemfacedbyvolcanorabbetsandrockrabbitsisthat.

A.bothareaffectedbylesssnowB.bothareaffectedbyrisingsealevels

Cneithercanfindenoughfood0.neithercanmigratetohigherplaces

45Whichbestdescribesthewriter'stoneinthepostage?

A.Approving.B.Concerned.C.Enthusiastic.D.Doubtful.

【考点】日常生活类一环境话题d词文

［文章大意】每年复活节可爱兔子给大家带来了多少欢乐，然而随着全球温暖趋势的加剧，

这种给我们带来的愉悦兔子也不可避免地受到了一定的葡响.不久的将来，复活节上兔子的

服饰也会因此而有所变化.

41.【答案】B

【试题解析】目的意图题.根据第一段在全文中的作用可以看出，本段主要目的是导入

主题，即：关于兔子的问题.

42.【答案】A

【试题解析】词义猜测题。根据又章第一段最后一句后半句：buteveryyearitgetsquitea

bitwcrsefcrbunnies,和第二段的第一句：Abecausethekidsliketcpulltheirears.可

知答案&罪过，符合文意.

43.【答案】C

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的整体理解和倒数第二句butwhethertherabbit

willbeabletoadaptquickenoughtosurviveisabigquestion.的总结，可知答案

C符合文意。

44.【答案】D

【试题解析】细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段的第三句theywouldnaturallymigrate（迁

徙）tohigherground—buttheyalreadyoccupythemountaintops.Theycan'tgoany

higher.和倒数第二段第二句的后半部分buttherearenotsuitableplantsforthemto

movehigher,可知，故答案D符合文意。

45.【答案】B

【试题解析】作者态度题.根据文章的整体理解，可知推断出作者对兔子这一问题很是关切

（concerned）.故答案8符合文意.Approving赞同的,Enthusiastic热情的,Dcubtfui质疑的，

均不符合语境，故排除.

【难度】一般

【长难句解析】Mostcftheserstbitschange:heirfurcclcrfremwhi:einthewintertimetc

brc.vninthesummer,eachdesignedtc?i.e:hemtetterccverfrempredsters（捕食者）.大多

数这种兔子会把冬天时的白色皮毛变成夏季的棕色，每一种颜色的变化是为了让他们更好地

避免捕食者的发现.Designed是非谓语，与其逻辑主语23ch构成被动关系，故用过去分词

作状语.此外由于each和句子主语mestcftheseratbits不是同一事物，因此这种非谓语结

构在语法上被称之为独立主格结构.

5.【2012江苏卷】

B

DeputyAgricultureSecretaryKathleenMerriganseesanepidemic（流行病）

sweepingacrossAmericasfarmland.Ithaslittletodowiththeusualchallenges,

suchasflood,risingfuelpricesandcrop-eatinginsects.Thecountry，sfanners

aregettingolder,andtherearefewerpeoplestandinginlinetotaketheirplace.

Nationalagriculturalcensus（普查）figuresshowthatthefastest-growinggroupof

fannersisthepartover65.Merriganisafraidtheaverageagewillbeevenhigher

whenthe2012statisticsarecompleted.

Merrigan,aformercollegeprofessor,ismakingstopsatuniversitiesacross

thecountryinhopesofencouragingmorestudentstothinkaboutcareersin

agriculture.Asidefromtryingtostopthegrayingof.America'sfarmers,herwork

ismadetougherbyarecentblogpostingthatputagricultureatNo.1onalistof

“useless"collegedegrees.Topfederalagricultureofficialsaretalkingaboutthe

posting,andithastheattentionofagriculturalorganizationsacrossthecountry.

“Therecouldn'tbeanythingthat*smoreincorrect,z，Merrigansaid.〃Weknowthat

therearen，tenoughqualifiedgraduatestofillthejobsthatareouttherein

Americanagriculture.

Inaddition,agrowingworldpopulationthatsomeexpertspredictwillrequire70%

morefoodproductionby2050,shesaid.

“Itrulybelievewe,reatagoldenageofagriculture.Globaldemandisatan

all-timerecordhigh,andglobalsuppliesareatall-timerecordlows,“saidMatt

Rush,directoroftheTexasFarmBureau.,'Productioncostsaregoingtobevaluable

enoughthatyoungerpeoplearegoingtohavetheopportunitytobeinvolvedin

agriculture.〃

TheDepartmentofAgriculturehasprogramsaimedatdevelopingmorefarmersandat

increasinginterestinlocallygrownfood.TheNationalYoungFarmers'Coalition

hasalsobeenpushingforstateandfederalpolicychangestomakeiteasierfor

newfarmers.

RyanBest,presidentofFutureFannersofAmerica,hasbeenlivingoutofasuitcase,

travelingthecountryandvisitingwithhighschoolstudentsaboutcareersin

agriculture.The21-year-oldBesthopeshismessage-thatthisisanewtimein

agriculture-willmotivatethenextgenerationtolurnaroundihestatistics.Never

beforehavewehadtheinnovations（仓4新）intechnologywhichhaveledto

agricultureinthiscountrybeingthemostefficientithaseverbeen,“hesaid.

“there'sreallyaplaceforeverybodytofitin.”

59.WhatisthenewchallengetoAmericanagriculture?

A.Fewerandolderfarmers.B.Higherfuelprices.

C.Morenaturaldisasters.D.Loweragriculturaloutput.

60.WhyisMerriganvisitinguniversitiesacrossthecountry?

A.Todrawfederalagricultureofficials,attention.

B.Toselectqualifiedagriculturegraduates.

C.Toclarifyarecentblogposting.

D.Totalkmorestudentsintofarmingcareers

61.AccordingtoMattRush,Americanagriculturewillprovideopportunitiesfor

youngerpeoplebecause.

A.thegovernmentwillcoverproductioncosts

B.globalfoodsupplieswillbeeven1ower

C.investmentinagriculturewillbeprofitable

D.Americawillincreaseitsfoodexport

62.Whatdotheunderlinedwords,toturnaroundthestatistics/"inthelastparagraph

mean?

A.Tore-analyzetheresultofthenationalcensus.

B.Toincreaseagriculturalproduction.

C.Tobringdowntheaverageageoffarmers.

D.Toinvestmoreinagriculture.

【考点】科技类一说明文

【文章大意】本文是一篇科技文，王要介绍了美国在农业颁喊农民人数少，年龄偏大的问

题，同时还缺少专业大学生从事农业生产.该怎么样解决这个问题.

59.【答案】A

【试题解析】细节理解题.根据第一段第三句,TheccuntiYsfarmersaregettingelder,and

therearefewerpeoplestandinginlinetctaketheirplace”可知，A项正确.

【难度】一般

6。.【答案】0

【试题解析】细节理解题.根据第二段第一句中"…ismakingstopsatuniversitiesacrossthe

ccuntryinhopesenccursgingmerestudentsccthinkat;utcareersinagriculture”可知，D项正

确.

【难度】一般

61.【答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第五段中“Globaldemandisatanall-timerecordhigh,

andglobalsuppliesareatall-timerecordlows”可推断MattRush认为,全球对农业

的需要达到了最高，而全球的供应则达到了最低，故在农业上投资肯定会获利，即C项正确。

【难度】•般

62.【答案】C

【试题解析】句意理解题。根据最后一段第二句中「…thisis3newtimeinagriculture—will

mctivatethenextgener曰cn…可推断此处表示的是，农业的新时机将会激励下一代来参与，

即农民的平埼年龄将会年轻化'，故C项正确.

【难度】一般

【长难句解析】

1.DeputyAgricultureSecretaryKathleenMern^anseessnepidemici：流行病：isweepingacross

Americasfarmland.

本句是seesb./sth.doing熟.的复合结构.

2.Merrigan,aformercollegeprcfesscr,ismakings:opsatuniversitiesacrossthecountryin

hopescfencouragingmorestudentstcthinkabon:careersinagriculture.

本句是介词短语inhopecfdcingsth.希望...・

3.The21-year-eldBesthopeshismessage-thatthisisane（*:imeinagriculture-willmctivatethe

nextgenerationtcturn打cund:hest"istiu.

本句是hismessage的同位语从句

4.Neverbeforehavewehadtheinncvaticns（创新：iintechnclcgy*.vhichhaveledtcagriculture

inthiscountrybeingthemostefficientithaseverteen//

本句never否定词放:在句首，后面用部分倒装，theinncv宅tic”的定语从句，wh忙h是关系

代词。

6.12012天津卷】

C

Thepracticeofstudentsendlesslycopyinglettersandsentencesfroma

blackboardisathingofthepast.Withthecomingofnewtechnologieslikecomputers

andsmartphone,writingbyhandhasbecomesomethingofnostalgic（怀I日的）skill.

However,whiletoday'seducatorsareusingmoreandmoretechnologyintheir

teaching,manybelievebasichandwritingskillsarestillnecessaryforstudents

tobesuccessful—bothinschoolandinlife.

VirginiaBerninger,professorofeducationalpsychologyattheUniversityof

Washington,saysit'simportanttocontinueteachinghandwritingandhelpchildren

acquiretheskillofwritingbyhand.

Berningerandhercolleaguesconductedastudythatlookedattheabilityof

studentstocompletevariouswritingtasksbothonacomputerandbyhand.The

study,publishedin2009,foundthatwhenwritingwithapenandpaper,participants

wrotelongeressaysandmorecompletesentencesandhadafasterwordproduction

rate.

Inamorerecentstudy,Berningerlookedatwhatrolespellingplaysina

studentJswritingskillsandfoundthathowwellchildrenspe11istiedtoknow

welltheycanwrite.uSpellingmakessomeofthethinkingpartsofthebrainactive

whichhelpsusaccessourvocabulary,wordmeaningandconcepts.Itisallowingour

writtenlanguagetoconnectwithideas."Berningersaid.

Spellinghelpsstudentstranslateideasintowordsintheirmindfirstandthen

totranscribe（转换）"thosewordsinthemindwrittensymbolsonpaperorkeyboard

andscreen,“thestudysaid.Seeingthewordsinthe"mind'seye"helpschildren

notonlytoturntheirideasintowords,saysBerninger,butalsotospot（发现）

spellingmistakeswhentheywritethewordsdownandtocorrectthenovertime.

“Inourcomputerage,somepeoplebelievethatwedon,thavetoteachspelling

becausewehavespellchecks,“shesaid."Butuntilachildhasafunctional

spellingabilityofaboutafifthgradelevel,theywon,thavetheknowledgeto

choosethecorrectspellingamongtheoptionsgivenbythecomputer.”

46.Whatmakeswritingbyhandathingofthepast?

A.Theabsenceofblackboardinclassroom.B.Theuseofnewtechnologiesin

teaching.

C.Thelackofpracticeinhandwriting.D.Thepopularuseofsmartphones.

47.Berninger*sstudypublishedin2009.

A.focusedonthedifferencebetweenwritingbyhandandonacomputer.

B.indicatedthatstudentsprefertowritewithapenandpaper.

C.foundthatgoodessaysaremadeupoflongsentences.

D.discussedtheimportanceofwritingspeed.

48.Whichofthefollowingbestshowstheroleofspelling?

A.Spellingimprovesone,smemoryofwords.

B.Spellingabilityiscloselyrelatedtowritingability.

C.Spellingbenefitsthetranslationfromwordsintoideas.

D.Spellingslowsdownfindingexactwordstoexpressideas.

49.Whatdoes"mind'seye"inparagraph5mean?

A.Window.B.SoulC.Picture.D.

Imagination.

50.Whatconclusioncouldbedrawnfromthepassage?

A.Computerscanhelppeoplewiththeirchoiceofwords.

B.Spellcheckscantaketheplaceofspellingteaching.

C.Handwritingstillhasaplaceintoday'sclassrooms.

D.Functionalspellingabilitydevelopsfastinthefifthgrade.

46--50BABDC

7.12012北京卷】

D

Wilderness

“Inwilderness（荒野）isthepreservationoftheworld.vThisisafamoussaying

fromawriterregardedasoneofthefathersofenvironmentalism.Thefrequencywith

whichitisborrowedmirrorsaheateddebateonenvironmentalprotection:whether

toplacewildernessattheheartofwhatistobepreserved.

AsJohnSauvenofGreenpeaceUKpointsout,thereisastrongappealinimages

ofthewild,theuntouched;morethananythingelse,theyspeakofthenaturethat

manypeoplevaluemostdearly.Theurgetoleavethesubjectofsuchimagesuntouched

isstrong,andthedangerexploitation（开发）bringstosuchlandscapes（景观）isreal.

Someofthesewildernessesalsoperformfunctionsthathumansneed—therainforests,

forexample,storecarboninvastquantities.ToMr.Sauven,thesevecosystem

services“faroutweighthegainsfromexploitation.

LeeLane,avisitingfellowattheHudsonInstitute,takestheopposingview.

Heacknowledgesthatwildernessesdoprovideusefulservices,suchaswater

conservation.Butthatisnot,heargues,areasontoavoidallhumanpresence,or

indeedcommercialandindustrialexploitation.Thereareevermorepeopleonthe

Earth,andtheyreasonablyandrightfullywanttohavebetterlives,ratherthan

merelystruggleforsurvival.Whilethewaysofusingresourceshaveimproved,there

isstillagrowingneedforrawmaterials,andsomewildernessescontainthemin

abundance.Iftheycanbetappedwithoutreducingtheservicesthosewildernesses

provide,theargumentgoes,thereisnofurtherreasonnottodoso.Being