高中英语必修5Module6Section3WordsandExpressions

Section3:WordsandExpressionsfromModule6AnimalsinDangerendangerv.[vn]toputsb./sth.inasituationinwhichtheycouldbeharmedordamaged:Thehealthofourchildrenisbeingendangeredbyexhaustfumes.Thatonemistakeseriouslyendangeredthefutureofthecompany.Theseaturtleisanendangeredspecies(=itmaysoonnolongerexist).Hedeniedpossessingariflewithintenttoendangerlife.reservev.[vn]1~sth.(forsb./sth.)toaskforaseat,table,room,etc.tobeavailableforyouorsb.elseatafuturetimebook:I’dliketoreserveatableforthreeforeighto’clock.I’vereservedaroominthenameofJones.2~sth.(forsb./sth.)tokeepsth.forsb./sth.,sothatitcannotbeusedbyanyotherpersonorforanyotherreason:Theseseatsarereservedforspecialguests.Ijudgement(=notmakeadecision)Shesaidthisinthetoneofvoice

’dprefertoreserve(my)untilIknowallthefacts.shereservedforaddressingsmallchildren.n.SUPPLY1[C,usuallypl.]asupplyofsth.thatisavailabletobeusedinthefutureorwhenitisneeded:largeoilandgasreservesHediscoveredunexpectedreservesofstrength.Thecompanyhassubstantialreservesofcapital.reservefundsPROTECTEDLAND2(NAmEalsopreserve)[C]apieceoflandthatisaprotectedareaforanimals,plants,etc.:awildlifereserve3[C]=reservationQUALITY/FEELING4[U]thequalitythatsb.haswhentheydonottalkeasilytootherpeopleabouttheirideas,feelings,etc.reticence:Shefounditdifficulttomakefriendsbecauseofhernaturalreserve.Jaimealwaystalkedtopeoplewithoutreserve.5[U](formal)afeelingthatyoudonotwanttoacceptoragreetosth.,etc.untilyouarequitesurethatitisallrighttodoso:Anycontractshouldbetreatedwithreserveuntilithasbeenchecked.Shetrustedhimwithoutreserve(=completely).INSPORT6[C]anextraplayerwhoplaysinateamwhenoneoftheotherplayersisinjuredornotavailabletoplay7thereserves[pl.]ateamthatisbelowthelevelofthemainteamMILITARYFORCE8thereserve[sing.](alsothereserves[pl.])anextramilitary

force,

etc.

that

is

not

part

of

acountry

’s

regularforces,butisavailabletobeusedwhenneeded:

thearmyreserve(s)thereservepolicePRICE9(alsoreserveprice)[C](BrE)thelowestpricethatsb.willacceptforsth.,especiallysth.thatissoldatanauction:Thepaintingfailedtoreachtoitsreserveandwaswithdrawnfromthesale.inreserveavailabletobeusedinthefutureorwhenneeded:Themoneywasbeingkeptinreservefortheirretirement.200policeofficerswereheldinreserve.extinctadj.1(ofatypeofplant,animal,etc.)nolongerinexistence:2(ofatypeofperson,joboranextinctspeciestobecomeextinctTheredsquirrelisindangerofbecomingextinctinEngland.thefossilisedremainsofextinctanimalswayoflife)nolongerinexistenceinsociety:Servantsarenowalmostextinctinmodernsociety.3(ofavolcano)nolongeractivestrugglev.1~(forsth.)totryveryhardtodosth.whenitisdifficultorwhentherearealotofproblems:[v]acountrystrugglingforindependenceShonastruggledforbreath.lifeasastrugglingartist(=onewhoisverypoor)[vtoinf]Theystruggledjusttopaytheirbills.Shestruggledfor10yearstoachievesuccessasanactress.2[v+adv./prep.]tomovesomewhereordosth.withdifficulty:Istruggledupthehillwiththeheavybags.Paulstruggledoutofhiswheelchair.Shehadtostruggleintothetightdress.strugglealong/ontocontinuedespiteproblems:Thebusinessstruggledalongforsometime.Lifeishardbutweallhavetostruggleon.n.1[C]~(withsb.)(for/againststh.)|~(withsb.)(todosth.)|~(betweenAandB)ahardfightinwhichpeopletrytoobtainorachievesth.,especiallysth.thatsb.elsedoesnotwantthemtohave:apower/leadershipstruggleastruggleforindependencethestrugglebetweengoodandevilHeisengagedinabitterstrugglewithhisrivaltogetcontrolofthecompany.Shewillnotgiveupherchildrenwithoutastruggle.Threeteamsarelockedinastruggleforthisyear’stitle.2[C]aphysicalfightbetweentwopeopleorgroupsofpeople,especiallywhenoneofthemistryingtoescape,ortogetsth.fromtheother:Therewerenosignsofastruggleatthemurderscene.Afterashortstruggle,Itectv.1~(sb./sth.)

(against

/fromsth.)

to

makesure

that

sb./sth.isnotharmed,injured,damaged,etc.:[vn]Troopshavebeensenttoprotectaidworkersagainstattack.Theyhuddledtogethertoprotectthemselvesfromthewind.Ouraimistoprotectthejobsofourmembers.Eachcompanyisfightingtoprotectitsowncommercialinterests.[v]apaintthathelpsprotectagainstrust2[vn][usuallypassive]tointroducelawsthatmakeitillegaltokill,harmordamageaparticularanimal,areaofland,building,etc.:aprotectedarea/speciesTheplantisprotectedundertheWildlifeandCountrysideAct.battlen.1[C,U]afightbetweenarmies,shipsorplanes,especiallyduringawar;aviolentfightbetweengroupsofpeople:thebattleofWaterlootobekilledinbattleagunbattletogointobattle2[C]~(withsb.)(forsth.)acompetition,anargumentorastrugglebetweenpeopleorgroupsofpeopletryingtowinpowerorcontrol:alegalbattleforcompensationabattlewithaninsurancecompanyabattleofwits(=wheneachsideusestheirabilitytothinkquicklytotrytowin)abattleofwills(=wheneachsideisverydeterminedtowin)thebattleofthesexestheendlessbattlebetweenmanandnaturethebattlelinesaredrawnusedtosaythatpeopleorgroupshaveshownwhichsidetheyintendtosupportinanargumentorcontestthatisgoingtobegindobattle(withsb.)(oversth.)tofightorarguewithsb.:Hewasquitepreparedtodobattlewithhisbossoverhispromotion.halfthebattlethemostimportantordifficultpartofachievingsth.:Whenyou’vegotadifficultdayahead,gettingagoodnight’ssleepisoftenhalfthebattle.V.(with/againstsb./sth.)(forsth.)totryveryhardtoachievesth.difficultortodealwithsth.unpleasantordangerous:[v]She’elementstoreachsafety.It’svitalawayattheproblem.Ihadtobattle[vn]Thetwosideswillbattleitout(NAmE)Hebattledcancerforfouryears.

hefinalnextweek.idealadj.1~(forsth.)perfect;mostsuitable:Thisbeachisidealforchildren.She’stheidealcandidateforthejob.ThetriptoPariswillbeanidealopportunitytopractisemyFrench.Itwasnottheidealsolutiontotheproblem.2[onlybeforen.]existingonlyinyourimaginationorasanidea;notlikelytobereal:thesearchforidealloveInanidealworldtherewouldbenopovertyanddisease.n.1[C]anideaorstandardthatseemsperfect,andworthtryingtoachieve

orobtain:

political

idealsShe

foundit

hardtolive

uptohishighideals.

2[C,

usually

sing.]

~(of

sth.)apersonorthingthatyouthinkisperfect:

It

’smyidealofwhatafamilyhomeshouldbe.herdn.agroupofanimalsofthesametypethatliveandfeedtogether:aherdofcows/deer/elephantsabeef/dairyherd2(usuallydisapproving)alargegroupofpeopleofthesametype:Shepushedherwaythroughaherdoflunchtimedrinkers.thecommonherd(=ordinarypeople)Whyfollowtheherd(=doandthinkthesameaseveryoneelse)?v.1[+adv.

/prep.]

tomoveormakesb./sth.

movein

aparticulardirection:

[v]Weallherdedontothebus.[vn]Theywereherdedtogether

into

trucks

anddriven

away.

2[vn]

tomakeanimalsmovetogetherasagroup:ashepherdherdinghisworthadj.[notbeforen.](usedlikeapreposition,followedbyan.,pron.ornumber,orbythe-ingformofav.)

flock1having

avalue

in

money,etc.:

Ourhouseisworthabout￡100000.Howmuchisthispaintingworth?tobeworthabomb/packet/fortune(=alotofmoney)Itisn’tworthmuch.Ifyouanswerthisquestioncorrectly,it’sworthfivepoints.2~sth./doingsth.usedtorecommendtheactionmentionedbecauseyouthinkitmaybeuseful,enjoyable,etc.:Themuseumiscertainlyworthavisit.Thisideaiswellworthconsidering.It’sworthmakinganappointmentbeforeyougo.forallsb./itisworth1withgreatenergy,effortanddetermination:

Hewasrowingfor

all

hewasworth.

2in

ordertogetasmuchasyoucanfromsb./sth.:

Sheismilkinghersuccessforallit

’sworth.forwhatit

’sworth

(informal)usedtoemphasizethatwhatyouaresaying

is

only

your

ownopinion

or

suggestion

andmaynotbeveryhelpful:

Ipreferthiscolour,forwhatit

’sworth.(thegameis)notworththecandle(old-fashioned,saying)theadvantagestobegainedfromdoingsth.arenotgreatenough,consideringtheeffortorcostinvolved:Ifthepricegoesupagain,hemaydecidethatthegame’snotworththecandle.notworththepaperit’swritten/printedon(ofanagreementorofficialdocument)havingnovalue,especiallylegally,orbecauseoneofthepeopleinvolvedhasnointentionofdoingwhattheysaidtheywouldworthyour/itssaltdeservingrespect,especiallybecauseyoudoyourjobwell:Anyteacherworthhersaltknowsthat.worthyour/itsweightingoldveryusefulorvaluable:Agoodmechanicisworthhisweightingold.worthsb.’swhileinterestingorusefulforsb.todo:Itwillbeworthyourwhiletocometothemeeting.He’lldothejobifyoumakeitworthhiswhile(=payhimwell).n.[U]1tendollars',￡40,etc.~ofhasthevaluementioned:Thewinnerwillreceivetenpounds'worthofbooks.adollar’sworthofchange2aweek’s,month’s,etc.~ofsth.anamountofsth.thatlastsaweek,etc.3thefinancial,practicalormoralvalueofsb./sth.:interviewenablescandidatestoprovetheirworth(=showhowgoodtheyare).apersonalnetworthof$10millionseecentn.,moneyskinn.ONBODY1[U,C]thelayeroftissuethatcoversthebody:tohavedark/fair/olive,etc.skinThesnakeshedsitsskinonceayear.cosmeticsforsensitiveskinsskincancer-SKINNED2(inadjectives)havingthetypeofskinmentioned:dark-skinnedfair-skinnedOFDEADANIMAL3[C,U](oftenincompounds)theskinofadeadanimalwithorwithoutitsfur,usedformakingleather,etc.:Theskinsareremovedandlaidouttodry.atigerskinrugOFFRUIT/VEGETABLES4[C,U]theouterlayerofsomefruitandvegetables:Removetheskinsbysoakingthetomatoesinhotwater.,bananaOFSAUSAGE5[C,U]thethinouterlayerofasausage:Pricktheskinsbeforegrilling.ONLIQUIDS6[C,U]thethinlayerthatformsonthesurfaceofsomeliquids,especiallywhentheybecomecold:Askinhadformedonthetopofthemilk.OUTSIDELAYER7[C]alayerthatcoverstheoutsideofsth.:theouterskinoftheearththemetalskinoftheaircraftbytheskinofyourteeth(informal)ifyoudosth.bytheskinofyourteeth,youonlyjustmanagetodoit:Heescapeddefeatbytheskinofhisteeth.getundersb.

’sskin

(informal)

toannoysb.:

Don’tlet

himgetunderyourskin.havegotsb.

underyourskin

(informal)tobeextremelyattractedtosb.it’snoskinoffmy,your,his,etc.nose(informal)useditdoesnotaffecttheminabadwaymakeyourskincrawltomakeyoufeelafraidorfullofdisgust:Justthesightofhimmakesmyskincrawl.(nothingbut/all/only)skinandbone(informal)extremelythininawaythatisnotattractiveorhealthyv.(-nn-)[vn]ANIMAL/FRUIT/VEGETABLE1totaketheskinoffananimal,afruitoravegetable:You’llneedfourripetomatoes,skinnedandchopped.Welearnthowtotrapandskinarabbit.PARTOFBODY2torubtheskinoffpartofyourbodybyaccident:Heskinnedhiskneesclimbingdownthetree.skinup(BrE,informal)tomakeacigarettecontainingmarijuanaspotn.SMALLMARK1asmallroundareathathasadifferentcolourorfeelsdifferentfromthesurfaceitison:Whichhasspots,theleopardorthetiger?Themalebirdhasaredspotonitsbeak.(BrE)2asmalldirty

Shewaswearingablackmarkonsth.:Hisjacket

skirtwithwhitewascoveredwith

spots.spotsofmud.rustspotsPLACE4aparticularareaorplace:aquiet/secluded/lonely,etc.spotHeshowedmetheexactspotwherehehadaskedhertomarryhim.Shestoodrootedtothespotwithfear(=unabletomove).atouristspotThisisafavouritespotforwalkersandclimbers.SMALLAMOUNT5[usuallysing.]~ofsth.(BrE,informal)asmallamountofsth.bit:He’sinaspotoftrouble.Wouldyoulikeaspotoflunch?She’sgoneouttodoaspot[usuallypl.]~(ofsth.)asmallamountofaliquid:

of

shopping.Ifelt

6afewspotsofrain.PARTOFSHOW7apartofatelevision,radio,clubortheatreshowthatisgiventoaparticularentertainerortypeof

entertainment:aguest/solospotINCOMPETITION8apositioninacompetitionoranevent:twoteamsbattlingfortopspotLIGHT9(informal)=spotlightina(tight)spot(informal)inadifficultsituation:She’llalwayshelpyouifyou’reinaspot.onthespot1immediately:Heansweredthequestiononthespot.anon-the-spotparkingfine2attheactualplacewheresth.ishappening:Anambulancewasonthespotwithinminutes.anon-the-spotreport3(NAmEalsoinplace)inoneexactplace,withoutmovinginanydirection:Runningonthespotisgoodexercise.putsb.onthespottomakesb.feelawkwardorembarrassedbyaskingthemadifficultquestion:Theinterviewer’squestionsreallyputhimonthespot.v.(-tt-)(notusedintheprogressivetenses)toseeornoticeapersonorthing,especiallysuddenlyorwhenitisnoteasytodoso:[vn]Ifinallyspottedmyfriendinthecrowd.I’vejustspottedamistakeonthefrontcover.Canyouspotthedifferencebetweenthesetwopictures?Hermodellingcareerbeganwhenshewasspottedattheageof14.Spottingthediseaseearlycansavelives.[vn-ing]Neighboursspottedsmokecomingoutofthehouse.[vthat]Noonespottedthatthegunwasafake.[vwh-]Isoonspottedwhatthemistakewas.2[vnn](NAmE,sport)togiveyouropponentortheotherteamanadvantage:Wespottedtheopposingteamtwogoals.bespottedwithsth.tobecoveredwithsmallroundmarksofsth.:Hisshirtwasspottedwithoil.adj.[onlybeforen.](business)connectedwithasystemoftradingwheregoodsaredeliveredandpaidforimmediatelyaftersale:spotpricesraidn.~(onsth.)1ashortsurpriseattackonanenemybysoldiers,shipsoraircraft:Theycarriedoutabombingraidonenemybases.2asurprisevisitbythepolicelookingforcriminalsorforillegalgoodsordrugs:Theywerearrestedduringadawnraid.3anattackonabuilding,etc.inordertocommitacrime:anarmedbankraidv.[vn]1(ofpolice)tovisitapersonorplacewithoutwarningtolookforcriminals,illegalgoods,drugs,etc.:Thehousewasraidedintheearlyhours.2(ofsoldiers,fightingplanes,etc.)toattackaplacewithoutwarning:Villagesalongtheborderareregularlyraided.araidingparty(=agroupofsoldiers,etc.thatattackaplace)3toenteraplace,usuallyusingforce,andstealfromitplunder,ransack:Manytreasureswerelostwhenthetombswereraidedinthelastcentury.(humorous)Icaughthimraidingthefridgeagain(=takingfoodfromit).confiscatev.[vn]toofficiallytakesth.awayfromsb.,especiallyasapunishment:Theirlandwasconfiscatedafterthewar.Theteacherthreatenedtoconfiscatetheirphonesiftheykeptusingtheminclass.conditionn.STATEOFSTH.1[U,sing.]thestatethatsth.isin:tobeinbad/good/excellentconditionausedcarinperfectconditionThehouseisinagenerallypoorcondition.MEDICAL2[U,sing.]thestateofsb.’shealthorhowfittheyare:Heisoverweightandoutofcondition(=notphysicallyfit).Youareinnocondition(=tooill,etc.)togoanywhere.Themotorcyclistwasinacriticalconditioninhospitallastnight.(informal)Sheshouldn’tbedrivinginhercondition(=becausesheispregnant).3[C]anillnessoramedicalproblemthatyouhaveforalongtimebecauseitisnotpossibletocureit:amedicalconditionHesuffersfromaseriousheartcondition.CIRCUMSTANCES4conditions[pl.]thecircumstancesorsituationinwhichpeoplelive,workordothings:living/housing/workingconditionschangingeconomicconditionsneglectedchildrenlivingunderthemostappallingconditionsastriketoimprovepayandconditions5conditions[pl.]thephysicalsituationthataffectshowsth.happens:Theplantsgrowbestincool,dampconditions.freezing/icy/humid,etc.conditionsConditionsareideal(=theweatherisverygood)forsailingtoday.treacherousdrivingconditionsRULE6[C]aruleordecisionthatyoumustagreeto,sometimesformingpartofacontractoranofficialagreement:thetermsandconditionsofemploymentTheofferissubjecttocertainconditions.Theyagreedtolendusthecaronconditionthat(=onlyif)wereturneditbeforetheweekend.Theywillgiveusthemoneyononecondition—thatwepayitbackwithinsixmonths.(especiallyNAmE)Theyagreedundertheconditionthatthematterbedealtwithpromptly.Congresscanimposestrictconditionsonthebank.Theyhaveagreedtotheceasefireprovidedtheirconditionsaremet.NECESSARYSITUATION[C]asituationthatmustexistinorderforsth.elsetohappen:anecessaryconditionforeconomicgrowthAgoodtrainingprogrammeisoneoftheconditionsforsuccessfulindustry.STATEOFGROUP8[sing.](formal)thestateofaparticulargroupofpeoplebecauseoftheirsituationinlife,theirproblems,etc.:Hespokeangrilyabouttheconditionoftheurbanpoor.Workisbasictothehumancondition(=thefactofbeingalive).onnocondition(USalsoundernocondition)(formal)notinanysituation;never:Youmustonnoconditiontellthemwhathappened.v.1[usuallypassive]~sb./sth.(tosth./todosth.)totrainsb./sth.tobehaveinaparticularwayortobecomeusedtoaparticularsituation:[vn]thedifferencebetweeninbornandconditionedreflexes(=reactionsthatarelearned/notnatural)Patientscanbecomeconditionedtoparticularformsoftreatment.[vntoinf]Theratshadbeenconditionedtoringabellwhentheywantedfood.2[vn]tohaveanimportanteffectonsb./sth.;toinfluencethewaythatsth.happens:Genderrolesareoftenconditionedbyculturalfactors.meanwhileadv.1(alsoinformalmeantime)whilesth.elseishappening:Bobspentfifteenmonthsaloneonhisyacht.Ann,meanwhile,tookcareofthechildrenonherown.2(alsoinformalmeantime)intheperiodoftimebetweentwotimesortwoevents:Thedoctorwillseeyouagainnextweek.Meanwhile,youmustrestasmuchaspossible.3usedtocomparetwoaspectsofasituation:Stresscanbeextremelydamagingtoyourhealth.Exercise,meanwhile,canreduceitseffects.n.forthemeanwhile(BrE)forashortperiodoftimebutnotpermanently:Weneedsomenewcurtains,hemeanwhileintheperiodoftimebetweentwotimesortwoevents:Ihopetogotomedicalschooleventually.Inthemeanwhile,Iamgoingtostudychemistry.aimn.1[C]thepurposeofdoingsth.;whatsb.istryingtoachieve:theaimsofthelessonShewenttoLondonwiththeaimoffindingajob.OurmainaimistoincreasesalesinEurope.Bob’soneaiminlifeistoearnalotofmoney.Teamworkisrequiredinordertoachievetheseaims.Shesetoutthecompany’saimsandobjectivesinherspeech.2[U]theactionorskillofpointingaweaponatsb./sth.:Heraimwasgoodandshehitthelionwithherfirstshot.Thegunmantookaim(=pointedhisweapon)andfired.takeaimatsb./sth.(NAmE)todirectyourcriticismatsb./sth.v.1~(atdoingsth.)|~(at/forsth.)totryorplantoachievesth.:[v]Thegovernmentisaimingata50%reductioninunemployment.They’reaimingattrainingeverybodybytheendoftheyear.Weshouldaimforabiggershareofthemarket.Hehasalwaysaimedhigh(=triedtoachievealot).[vtoinf]Theyareaimingtoreduceunemploymentby50%.Weaimtobetherearoundsix.2[vn]beaimedattohavesth.asanaim:Thesemeasuresareaimedatpreventingviolentcrime.involvev.1ifasituation,aneventoranactivityinvolvessth.,thatthingisanimportantornecessarypartorresultofitentail:[vn]Anyinvestmentinvolvesanelementofrisk.Manyofthecrimesinvolveddrugs.[v-ing]Thetestwillinvolveansweringquestionsaboutaphotograph.[vn-ing]Thejobinvolvesmetravellingalloverthecountry.(formal)Thejobinvolvesmytravellingalloverthecountry.2[vn]ifasituation,aneventoranactivityinvolvessb.,theytakepartinitorareaffectedbyit:Therewasaseriousincidentinvolvingagroupofyouths.Howmanyvehicleswereinvolvedinthecrash?involvesb.insth.tomakesb.experiencesth.,especiallysth.unpleasant:Youhaveinvolvedmeinagreatdealofextrawork.liveINAPLACE1[v+adv./prep.]tohaveyourhomeinaparticularplace:childrenstillliveathome.(BrE,informal)Wheredotheseplateslive(=wherearetheyusuallykept)?BEALIVE2toremainalive:[v]Thedoctorssaidheonlyhadsixmonthstolive.Spiderscanliveforseveraldayswithoutfood.[vtoinf]Shelivedtoseeherfirstgrandchild.3[v]tobealive,especiallyataparticulartime:WhendidHandellive?He’sthegreatestplayerwhoeverlived.TYPEOFLIFE4tospendyourlifeinaparticularway:[vn]Shelivedaverypeacefullife.Theylivedtheirlivestothefull.[v]Helivedinpovertymostofhislife.[v-n]Shelivedanddiedasinglewoman.BEREMEMBERED5[v]tocontinuetoexistorberememberedremain:Thismomentwillliveinourmemoryformanyyearstocome.Herwordshavelivedwithmeallmylife.HAVEEXCITEMENT6[v]tohaveafullandexcitinglife:Idon’twanttobestuckinanofficeallmylife—Iwanttolive!liveandbreathesth.tobeveryenthusiasticaboutsth.:Hejustlivesandbreathesfootball.liveandletlive(saying)usedtosaythatyoushouldacceptotherpeople’sopinionsandbehavioureventhoughtheyaredifferentfromyourownlivebyyourwitstoearnmoneybycleverorsometimesdishonestmeanslive(from)handtomouthtospendallthemoneyyouearnonbasicneedssuchasfoodwithoutbeingabletosaveanymoneyliveinthepasttobehaveasthoughsociety,etc.hasnotchanged,wheninfactithasliveinsin(old-fashionedorhumorous)tolivetogetherandhaveasexualrelationshipwithoutbeingmarriedliveitup(informal)toenjoyyourselfinanexcitingway,usuallyspendingalotofmoneylivealietokeepsth.importantaboutyourselfasecretfromotherpeople,sothattheydonotknowwhatyoureallythink,whatyouarereallylike,etc.liveoffthefatofthelandtohaveenoughmoneytobeabletoaffordexpensivethings,food,drink,etc.liveoffthelandtoeatwhateverfoodyoucangrow,killorfindyourselflivetofightanotherday(saying)usedtosaythatalthoughyouhavefailedorhadabadexperience,youwillcontinueyouhaven’tlivedusedtotellsb.thatiftheyhavenothadaparticularexperiencetheirlifeisnotcomplete:You’veneverbeentoNewYork?Youhaven’tlived!youliveandlearnusedtoexpresssurpriseatsth.neworunexpectedyouhavebeentoldlivebysth.tofollowaparticularbelieforsetofprinciples:That’saphilosophyIcouldliveby.livebydoingsth.toearnmoneyortogetthethingsyouneedbydoingaparticularthing:acommunitythatlivesbyfishinglivesth.downtobeabletomakepeopleforgetaboutsth.embarrassingyouhavedone:Shefeltsostupid.She’dneverbeabletoliveitdown.liveforsb./sth.tothinkthatsb./sth.isthemainpurposeoforthemostimportantthinginyourlife:Shelivesforherwork.Afterhiswifedied,hehadnothingtolivefor.liveintoliveattheplacewhereyouworkorstudy:Theyhaveanaupairlivingin.liveoffsb./sth.(oftendisapproving)toreceivethemoneyyouneedtolivefromsb./sth.becauseyoudonothaveanyyourself:She’sstilllivingoffherparents.toliveoffwelfareliveoffsth.tohaveoneparticulartypeoffoodasthemainthingyoueatinordertolive:Heseemstoliveoffjunkfood.liveontocontinuetoliveorexist:Shediedtenyearsagobuthermemoryliveson.Helivedonforfifteenyearsafterhiswifedied.liveonsth.1toeataparticulartypeoffoodtolive:Smallbirds

live

mainlyoninsects.

2(often

disapproving)

toeatonlyoralotofaparticulartypeoffood:

Shelivesonburgers.

3tohaveenoughmoneyfor

the

basic

things

youneedtolive:

Youcan’tliveonfortypoundsaweek.

Mysalaryisn’tenoughforustoliveon.liveouttoliveawayfromtheplacewhereyouworkorstudy:Somecollegestudentswillhavetoliveout.liveoutsth.1toactuallydowhatyouhaveonlythoughtaboutdoingbefore:toliveoutyourfantasies2tospendtherestofyourlifeinaparticularway:Helivedouthisdaysalone.livethroughsth.toexperienceadisasterorotherunpleasantsituationandsurviveit:Hehaslivedthroughtwoworldwars.livetogether(alsolivewithsb.)1toliveinthesamehouse2toshareahomeandhaveasexualrelationshipwithoutbeingmarriedliveuptosth.todoaswellasorbeasgoodasotherpeopleexpectyouto:Hefailedtoliveuptohisparents'expectations.Theteamcalled‘TheNo-Hopers’certainlyliveduptoitsname.livewithsb.=livetogetherlivewithsth.toacceptsth.unpleasant:Ijusthadtolearntolivewiththepain.layv.(laid,laid/led/)PUTDOWN/SPREAD1[usually+adv./prep.]toputsb./sth.inaparticularposition,especiallywhenitisdonegentlyorcarefully:[vn]Shelaidthebabydowngentlyonthebed.Helaidahandonmyarm.Thehorselaidbackitsears.Relativeslaidwreathsonthegrave.[vn-adj]Theclothshouldbelaidflat.Somespeakersconfusethissenseoflaywithlie,especiallyinthepresentandprogressivetenses.However,layhasanobjectandliedoesnot:Shewaslyingonthebeach.Shewaslayingonthebeach.Whydon’tyoulieonthebed?Whydon’tyoulayonthebed?Inthepasttenseslaid(fromlay)isoftenwronglyusedforlayorlain(fromlie):Shehadlainthereallnight.Shehadlaidthereallnight.2[vn]~sth.(down)toputsth.down,especiallyonthefloor,readytobeused:tolayacarpet/cable/pipeThefoundationsofthehousearebeinglaidtoday.(figurative)Theyhadlaidthegroundworkforfuturedevelopment.EGGS4ifabird,aninsect,afish,etc.layseggs,itproducesthemfromitsbody:[vn]Thecuckoolaysitseggsinotherbirds'nests.new-laideggs[v]Thehensarenotlayingwell(=notproducingmanyeggs).TABLE5[vn]

(BrE)

to

arrange

knives,

forks,

plates,

etc.

onatablereadyforamealset:

tolaythetablePRESENTPROPOSAL6[vn]topresentaproposal,someinformation,etc.tosb.forthemtothinkaboutanddecideon:ThebillwaslaidbeforeParliament.DIFFICULTSITUATION7[vn](formal)toputsb./sth.inaparticularpositionorstate,especiallyadifficultorunpleasantoneplace:toobligationtodosth.WITHN.S8[vn]

usedwith

an.toformaphrasethat

hasthesamemeaningasthe

v.relatedtothe

n.:

tolaytheblameonsb.(=toblamesb.)Ourteacherlaysgreatstressongoodspelling(=stressesitstrongly).PLAN/TRAP9[vn]topreparesth.indetail:begantolayherplansfor

tolayatrapforsb.Sheherescape.Badweathercanupseteventhebest-laidplans.HAVESEX10[vn][oftenpassive](slang)tohavesexwithsb.:Hewentouthopingtogetlaidthatnight.FIRE11[vn]toprepareafirebyarrangingwood,sticksorcoalBET12tobetmoneyonsth.;toplaceabet:[vn]tolayabetShehadlaid$100onthefavourite.Ithinkhe’llcome,butIwouldn’tlaymoneyonit.[vnn,vn(that)][nopassive]I’lllayyouanymoneyyoulike(that)hewon’tcome.layaboutsb.(withsth.)(BrE)toattacksb.violently:Theganglaidabouthimwithsticks.layaboutyou/yourself(withsth.)(BrE)tohitsb./sth.withoutcontrolormoveyourarmsorlegsviolentlyinalldirections:Shelaidaboutherselfwithhersticktokeepthedogsoff.laysth.aside(formal)1toputsth.ononesideandnotuseitorthinkaboutitsetaside:Helaidasidehisbookandstoodup.(figurative)Doctorshavetolaytheirpersonalfeelingsaside.2(alsolaysth.by)tokeepsth.touse,ordealwithlaterputaside:Theyhadlaidmoneyasidefortheiroldage.down:Shelaidthebookdownonthetable.Bothsideswereurgedtolaydowntheirarms(=stopfighting).2(formal)tostopdoingajob,etc.:tolaydownyourdutieslaysth.in/uptocollectandstoresth.touseinthefuture:tolayinfoodsupplieslayintosb./sth.(informal)toattacksb.violentlywithblowsorwords:Hisparentsreallylaidintohimforwastingsomuchmoney.layoff|layoffsb./sth.(informal)usedtotellsb.tostopdoingsth.:Layoffmewillyou—it’snothingtodowithme.[+-ing]LayoffbullyingJack.layoffsth.(informal)tostopusingsth.:Ithinkyou’dbetterlayofffattyfoodsforawhile.workforthemtodomakesb.redundant:200workersatthefactoryhavebeenlaidoff.laysth.on(BrE,informal)toprovidesth.forsb.,especiallyfoodorentertainment:tolayonfoodanddrinkAbushasbeenlaidontotakegueststotheairport.laysth.onsb.(informal)tomakesb.havetodealwithsth.unpleasantordifficult:Stoplayingaguilttriponme(=makingmefeelguilty).laysb.out1toknocksb.unconscious2toprepareadeadbodytobeburiedlaysth.out1tospreadsth.outsothatitcanbeseeneasilyorisreadytouse:Helaidthemapoutonthetable.[+adj]Laythematerialoutflat.2[oftenpassive]toplanhowsth.shouldlookandarrangeitinthisway:Thegardenswerelaidoutwithlawnsandflowerbeds.awelllaidoutmagazinelayover(at/in...)(NAmE)tostaysomewhereforashorttimeduringalongjourneylaysb.up[usuallypassive]ifsb.islaidup,theyareunabletowork,etc.becauseofanillnessorinjury:She’slaidupwithabrokenleg.laysth.up1=laysth.in2ifyoulayupproblemsortroubleforyourself,youdosth.thatwillcauseyouproblemslater3tostopusingashiporothervehiclewhileitisbeingrepairedadj.[onlybeforen.]1nothavingexpertknowledgeorprofessionalqualificationsinaparticularsubject:Hisbookexplainsthetheoryforthelaypublic.2notinanofficialpositionintheChurch:alaypreachern.1(taboo,informal)apartnerinsex,especiallyawoman:aneasylay(=apersonwhoisreadyandwillingtohavesex)tobeagreatlay2(olduse)apoemthatwaswrittentobesung,usuallytellingastorywonderv.1~(aboutsth.)tothinkaboutsth.andtrytodecidewhatistrue,whatwillhappen,whatyoushoulddo,etc.:[vwh-]justbeginningtowonderwhereyouwere.[v]

‘Whydoyouwant

to

know?’

‘No

particular

reason.

I

was

justwondering.’WewerewonderingaboutnextAprilforthewedding.[vspeech]‘WhatshouldIdonow?’shewondered.2[vwh-]usedasapolitewayofaskingaquestionoraskingsb.todosth.:Iwonderifyoucanhelpme.Iwaswonderingwhetheryou’dliketocometoaparty.n.1[U]afeelingofsurpriseandadmirationthatyouhavewhenyouseeorexperiencesth.beautiful,unusualorunexpectedawe:Heretainedachildlikesenseofwonder.Shegazeddowninwonderatthecityspreadbelowher.2[C]somethingthatfillsyouwithsurpriseandadmirationmarvel:TheGrandCanyonisoneofthenaturalwondersoftheworld.thewondersofmoderntechnologyThat’sthewonderofpoetry—you’realwaysdiscoveringsomethingnew.theSevenWondersoftheWorld(=thesevenmostimpressivestructuresoftheancientworld)dowonders(forsb./sth.)tohaveaverygoodeffectonsb./sth.:Thenewshasdonewondersforourmorale.(it’s)no/little/smallwonder(that)...itisnotsurprising:Itislittlewonder(that)shewassoupset.(informal)Nowonderyou’retired,you’vebeenwalkingforhours.it

’sawonder

(that)...

(informal)itissurprisingorstrange:

It

’sawonder(that)morepeopleweren

’thurt.wonderswill

nevercease(informal,

usually

ironic)

aphraseused

to

express

surprise

and

pleasure

at

sth.:

‘I’vecleanedmyroom.’‘Wonderswillnevercease!’workwonderstoachieveverygoodresults:Hernewdietandexerciseprogrammehasworkedwondersforher.baldadj.1having

little

ornohair

onthehead:

Hestarted

goingbaldinhistwenties.

2without

anyoftheusualhair,

marks,etc.covering

theskin

orsurface

ofsth.: