2022年自考专业(英语)英语科技文选考试真题及答案17

年自考专业(英语)英语科技文选考试真题及答案

一、阅读理解题Directions:Readthroughthefollowingpassages.Choosethebestanswerandputtheletterinthebracket.(20%)

1、(A)WiththerecentawardoftheNobelPrizeinphysics,thespectacularworkonBose-Einsteincondensationinadilutegasofatomshasbeenhonored.InsuchaBose-Einsteincondensate,closetotemperaturesofabsolutezero,theatomslosetheirindividualityandawave-likestateofmatteriscreatedthatcanbecomparedinmanywaystolaserlight.BasedonsuchaBose-EinsteincondensateresearchersinMunichtogetherwithacolleaguefromtheETHZurichhavenowbeenabletoreachanewstateofmatterinatomicphysics.Inordertoreachthisnewphaseforultracoldatoms,thescientistsstoreaBose-Einsteincondensateinathree-dimensionallatticeofmicroscopiclighttraps.Byincreasingthestrengthofthelattice,theresearchersareabletodramaticallyalterthepropertiesofthegasofatomsandcaninduceaquantumphasetransitionfromthesuperfluidphaseofaBose-EinsteincondensatetoaMottinsulatorphase.Inthisnewstateofmatteritshouldnowbepossibletoinvestigatefundamentalproblemsofsolid-statephysics,quantumopticsandatomicphysics.ForaweakopticallatticetheatomsformasuperfluidphaseofaBose-Einsteincondensate.Inthisphase,eachatomisspreadoutovertheentirelatticeinawave-likemanneraspredictedbyquantummechanics.Thegasofatomsmaythenmovefreelythroughthelattice.Forastrongopticallatticetheresearchersobserveatransitiontoaninsulatingphase,withanexactnumberofatomsateachlatticesite.Nowthemovementoftheatomsthroughthelatticeisblockedduetotherepulsiveinteractionsbetweenthem.Somephysicistshavebeenabletoshowthatitispossibletoreversiblycrossthephasetransitionbetweenthesetwostatesofmatter.Thetransitioniscalledaquantumphasetransitionbecauseitisdrivenbyquantumfluctuationsandcantakeplaceevenattemperaturesofabsolutezero.ThesequantumfluctuationsareadirectconsequenceofHeisenberg’suncertaintyrelation.Normallyphasetransitionsaredrivenbythermalfluctuations,whichareabsentatzerotemperature.Withtheirexperiment,theresearchersinMunichhavebeenabletoenteranewphaseinthephysicsofultracoldatoms.IntheMottinsulatorstatetheatomscannolongerbedescribedbythehighlysuccessfultheoriesforBose-Einsteincondensates.Nowtheoriesarerequiredthattakeintoaccountthedominatinginteractionsbetweentheatomsandwhicharefarlessunderstood.HeretheMottinsulatorstatemayhelpinsolvingfundamentalquestionsofstronglycorrelatedsystems,whicharethebasisforourunderstandingofsuperconductivity.Furthermore,theMottinsulatorstateopensmanyexcitingperspectivesforprecisionmatter-waveinterferometryandquantumcomputing.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A．Bose-Einsteincondensation.

B．Quantumphasetransitions.

C．TheMottinsulatorstate.

D．Opticallattices.

2、Whatwillthescientistspossiblydobyreachingthenewstateofmatterinatomicphysics?

A．StoreaBose-Einsteincondensateinthree-dimensionallatticeofmicroscopiclighttraps.

B．Increasethestrengthofthelattice.

C．Alterthepropertiesofthegasofatoms.

D．Examinefundamentalproblemsofatomicphysics.

3、WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinrelationtoaweakopticallattice?

A．TheatomsformasuperfluidphaseofaBose-Einsteincondensate.

B．Eachatomisspreadoutovertheentirelattice.

C．Thegasofatomsmaymovefreelythroughthelattice.

D．Thesuperfluidphasechangesintoaninsulatingphase.

4、Whatcanbesaidaboutthequantumphasetransition?

A．Itcantakeplaceattemperaturesofabsolutezero.

B．Itcannottakeplaceabovethetemperaturesofabsolutezero.

C．Itisdrivenbythermalfluctuations.

D．Itisdrivenbytherepulsiveinteractionsbetweenatoms.

5、TheauthorimpliesallthefollowingabouttheMottinsulatorstateEXCEPTthat______.

A．thetheoryofBose-Einsteincondensationcan’tpossiblyaccountfortheatomsintheMottinsulatorstate

B．notmuchisknownaboutthedominatinginteractionsbetweentheatomsintheMottinsulatorstate

C．itoffersnewapproachestoexactquantumcomputing

D．itformsasuperfluidphaseofaBose-Einsteincondensate

6、(B)Genetherapyandgene-baseddrugsaretwowayswewouldbenefitfromourgrowingmasteryofgeneticscience.Buttherewillbeothersaswell.Hereisoneoftheremarkabletherapiesonthecuttingedgeofgeneticresearchthatcouldmaketheirwayintomainstreammedicineinthecomingyears.Whileit’struethatjustabouteverycellinthebodyhastheinstructionstomakeacompletehuman,mostofthoseinstructionsareinactivated,andwithgoodreason:thelastthingyouwantforyourbraincellsistostartchurningoutstomachacidoryournosetoturnintoakidney.Theonlytimecellstrulyhavethepotentialtoturnintoanyandallbodypartsisveryearlyinapregnancy,whenso-calledstemcellshaven’tbeguntospecialize.Mostdiseasesinvolvethedeathofhealthycells—braincellsinAlzheimer’s,cardiaccellsinheartdisease,pancreaticcellsindiabetes,tonameafew;ifdoctorscouldisolatestemcells,thendirecttheirgrowth,theymightbeabletofurnishpatientswithhealthyreplacementtissue.Itwasincrediblydifficult,butlastfallscientistsattheUniversityofWisconsinmanagedtoisolatestemcellsandgetthemtogrowintoneural,gut,muscleandbonecells.Theprocessstillcan’tbecontrolled,andmayhaveunforeseenlimitations;butifeffortstounderstandandmasterstem-celldevelopmentprovesuccessful,doctorswillhaveatherapeutictoolofincrediblepower.Thesameappliestocloning,whichisreallyjusttheothersideofthecoin;truecloning,asfirstshown,withthesheepDollytwoyearsago,involvestakingadevelopedcellandreactivatingthegenomewithin,resentingitsdevelopmentalinstructionstoapristinestate.Oncethathappens,therejuvenatedcellcandevelopintoafull-fledgedanimal,geneticallyidenticaltoitsparent.Foragriculture,inwhichpurelyphysicalcharacteristicslikemilkproductioninacoworlowfatinahoghaverealmarketvalue,biologicalcarboncopiescouldbecomeroutinewithinafewyears.ThispastyearscientistshavedoneformiceandcowswhatIanWilmutdidforDolly,andothercreaturesareboundtojointheclonedmenagerieinthecomingyear.Humancloning,ontheotherhand,maybetechnicallyfeasiblebutlegallyandemotionallymoredifficult.Still,onedayitwillhappen.Theabilitytoresetbodycellstoapristine,undevelopedstatecouldgivedoctorsexactlythesameadvantagestheywouldgetfromstemcells:thepotentialtomakehealthybodytissuesofallsorts.Andthustocuredisease.Thatcouldprovetobeatrue“miraclecure”.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A．Tomorrow’stissuefactory.

B．Aterrificboontomedicine.

C．Humancloning.

D．Geneticresearch.

7、Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingreflectstheauthor’sopinion?

A．Therewillinevitablybehumancloninginthecomingyear.

B．Thepotentialtomakehealthybodytissuesisundoubtedlyaboontohumanbeings.

C．Itisillegaltocloneanykindofcreaturesintheworld.

D．Itislegaltocloneanykindofcreaturesintheworldexcepth