历年大学英语四级考试试题及习题与讲解

2007年12月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.UniversitiesBranchOutAsneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmaintaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebecomemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcourseofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebenefitofallhumanity.Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateof3.9percent,from800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentoftheundergraduatesatAmerica’sbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesintheU.K.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.Universitiesarealsoencouragingstudentstospendsomeoftheirundergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinthesummerinternships(实习)abroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunity—andprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolves1/38

sourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanothercountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghai’sFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;Xu’sYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainingfromaworld-classscientistandhisU.S.team.Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure(基础设施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.thelinkbetweenuniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCambridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwouldbebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.Americanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultrecognizingthatadmittingmoreforeignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adjustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago,inthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissiontoU.S.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,SingaporeandtheU.K.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandthebusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandreversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenation’swell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatforeignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesand—like2/38

immigrantsthroughouthistory—strengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍视)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeignpolicyareaseffectiveinpromotingpeaceandstabilityaswelcominginternationaluniversitystudents.注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthatpresent-dayuniversitieshavebecome________.A)morepopularizedthaneverbeforeB)in-servicetrainingorganizationsC)apowerfulforceforglobalintegrationD)moreandmoreresearch-oriented2.Overthepastdecades,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreased________.A)atanannualrateof8percentB)atanannualrateof3.9percentC)by800,000D)by2.5million3.IntheUnitedStates,howmanyofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born?A)38%B)10%C)30%D)20%4.HowdoYaleandHarvardpreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareers?A)Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship.B)TheyarrangeforthemtoparticipateintheErasmusprogram.C)Theyofferthemvariouscoursesininternationalpolitics.D)Theyorganizeaseriesofseminarsonworldeconomy.5.Anexampleillustratingthegeneraltrendofuniversities’globalizationis________.A)Yale’sestablishingbranchcampusesthroughouttheworldB)Yale’sstudentexchangeprogramwithEuropeaninstitutionsC)Yale’shelpingChineseuniversitiestolaunchresearchprojectsD)Yale’scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearch.6.WhatdowelearnaboutSiliconValleyfromthepassage?A)ItisknowntobethebirthplaceofMicrosoftCompany.B)ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity.C)ItiswheretheInternetinfrastructurewasbuiltup.D)IthousesmanycompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.7.WhatissaidabouttheU.S.federalfundingforresearch?A)Ithasincreasedby3percent.B)Itdoubledbetween1998and2003.C)Ithasbeenunsteadyforyears.D)Ithasbeenmorethansufficient.8.ThedramaticdeclineintheenrollmentofforeignstudentsintheU.S.afterSeptember11wascausedby________.9.ManyAmericansfearthatAmericancompetitivenessmaybethreatenedbyforeignstudentswhowill________.10.ThepolicyofwelcomingforeignstudentscanbenefittheU.S.inthattheverybestofthemwillstayand________.SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowing3/38

thepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Aswarspreadstomanycornersoftheglobe,childrensadlyhavebeendrawnintothecenterofconflicts.InAfghanistan,Bosnia,andColombia,however,groupsofchildrenhavebeentakingpartinpeaceeducation__47__.Thechildren,afterlearningtoresolveconflicts,tookonthe__48__ofpeacemakers.TheChildren’sMovementforPeaceinColombiawasevennominated(提名)fortheNobelPeacePrizein1998.groupsofchildren__49__aspeacemakersstudiedhumanrightsandpovertyissuesinColombia,eventuallyformingagroupwithfiveotherschoolsinBogotaknownasTheSchoolsofPeace.Theclassroom__50__opportunitiesforchildrentoreplaceangry,violentbehaviorswith__51__,peacefulones.Itisintheclassroomthatcaringandrespectforeachpersonempowerschildrentotakeastep__52__towardbecomingpeacemakers.Fortunately,educatorshaveaccesstomanyonlineresourcesthatare__53__usefulwhenhelpingchildrenalongthepathtopeace.TheYoungPeacemakersClub,startedin1992,providesaWebsitewithresourcesforteachersand__54__onstartingaKindnessCampaign.TheWorldCentersofCompassionforChildrenInternationalcallattentiontochildren’srightsandhowtohelpthe__55__ofwar.StartingaPeacemakers’Clubisapraiseworthyventureforaclassandonethatcouldspreadtootherclassroomsandideallyaffectthecultureofthe__56__school.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)victimsI)forwardB)technologyJ)especiallyC)roleK)entireD)respectivelyL)cooperativeE)projectsM)comprehensiveF)offersN)assumingG)informationO)actingH)imagesSectionBDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InthisageofInternetchat,videogamesandrealitytelevision,thereisnoshortageofmindlessactivitiestokeepachildoccupied.Yet,despitethecompetition,my8-year-olddaughterRebeccawantstospendherleisuretimewritingshortstories.Shewantstoenteroneofherstoriesintoawritingcontest,acompetitionshewonlastyear.AsawriterIknowaboutwinningcontests,andaboutlosingthem.Iknowwhatitisliketoworkhardonastoryonlytoreceivearejectionslipfromthepublisher.Ialsoknowthepressureoftryingtoliveuptoareputationcreatedbypreviousvictories.Whatifshedoesn’twinthecontestagain?That’sthestrangethingaboutbeingaparent.Somanyofourownpastscarsanddashedhopescansurface.4/38

Arevelation(启示)camelastweekwhenIaskedher,“Don’tyouwanttowinagain?”“No,”shereplied,“Ijustwanttotellthestoryofanangelgoingtofirstgrade.”Ihadjustspentweekscorrectingherstoriesasshespontaneously(自发地)toldthem.TellingmyselfthatIwasmerelyanexperiencedwriterguidingtheyoungwriteracrossthehall,Iofferedsuggestionsforcharacters,conflictsandendingsforhertales.Thestoryaboutafearfulangelstartingfirstgradewasquickly“guided”bymeintothetaleofalittlegirlwithawildimaginationtakingherfirstmusiclesson.Ihadturnedhercontestintomycontestwithoutevenrealizingit.Stayingbackandgivingkidsspacetogrowisnotaseasyasitlooks.BecauseIknowverylittleaboutfarmanimalswhousetoolsorangelswhogotofirstgrade,IhadtoacceptthefactthatIwasco-opting(借用)mydaughter’sexperience.Whilesteppingbackwasdifficultforme,itwascertainlyagoodfirststepthatIwillquicklyfollowwithmoresteps,puttingmyselffarenoughawaytogiveherroombutcloseenoughtohelpifasked.AllthewhileIwillberemindingmyselfthatchildrenneedroomtoexperiment,growandfindtheirownvoices.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A)Alotofdistractionscompeteforchildren’stimenowadays.B)Childrendofindlotsoffuninmanymindlessactivities.C)Rebeccaismuchtoooccupiedtoenjoyherleisuretime.D)Rebeccadrawsonalotofonlinematerialsforherwriting.58.Whatdidtheauthorsayaboutherownwritingexperience?A)Shewasconstantlyunderpressureofwritingmore.B)Mostofherstorieshadbeenrejectedbypublishers.C)Shedidnotquiteliveuptoherreputationasawriter.D)Herwaytosuccesswasfullofpainsandfrustrations.59.WhydidRebeccawanttoenterthisyear’swritingcontest?A)Shehadwonaprizeinthepreviouscontest.B)Shewantedtoshareherstorieswithreaders.C)Shewassureofwinningwithhermother’shelp.D)Shebelievedshepossessedrealtalentforwriting.60.Theauthortookgreatpainstorefineherdaughter’sstoriesbecause________.A)shewantedtohelpRebeccarealizeherdreamsofbecomingawriterB)shewasafraidRebecca’simaginationmightrunwildwhilewritingC)shedidnotwanttodisappointRebeccawhoneededherhelpsomuchD)shebelievedshehadtheknowledgeandexperiencetoofferguidance61.What’stheauthor’sadviceforparents?A)Childrenshouldbegiveneverychancetovoicetheiropinions.B)Parentsshouldkeepaneyeontheactivitiestheirkidsengagein.C)Childrenshouldbeallowedfreedomtogrowthroughexperience.D)Awritingcareer,thoughattractive,isnotforeverychildtopursue.PassageTwo5/38

Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Byalmostanymeasure,thereisaboominInternet-basedinstruction.Injustafewyears,34percentofAmericanuniversitieshavebegunofferingsomeformofdistancelearning(DL),andamongthelargerschools,it’scloseto90percent.Ifyoudoubtthepopularityofthetrend,youprobablyhaven’theardoftheUniversityofPhoenix.Itgrantsdegreesentirelyonthebasisofonlineinstruction.Itenrolls90,000students,astatisticusedtosupportitsclaimtobethelargestprivateuniversityinthecountry.Whilethekindsofinstructionofferedintheseprogramswilldiffer,DLusuallysignifiesacourseinwhichtheinstructorspostsyllabi(课程大纲),readingassignment,andschedulesonWebsites,andstudentssendintheirassignmentsbye-mail.Generallyspeaking,face-to-facecommunicationwithaninstructorisminimizedoreliminatedaltogether.Theattractionforstudentsmightatfirstseemobvious.Primarily,there’stheconveniencepromisedbycoursesontheNet:youcandothework,astheysay,inyourpajamas(睡衣).Butfiguresindicatethatthereducedeffortresultsinareducedcommitmenttothecourse.WhiledropoutrateforallfreshmenatAmericanuniversitiesisaround20percent,therateforonlinestudentsis35percent.Studentsthemselvesseemtounderstandtheweaknessesinherentinthesetup.InasurveyconductedforeCornell,theDLdivisionofCornellUniversity,lessthanathirdoftherespondentsexpectedthequalityoftheonlinecoursetobeasgoodastheclassroomcourse.Clearly,fromtheschools’perspective,there’salotofmoneytobesaved.Althoughsomeofthemoreambitiousprogramsrequirenewinvestmentsinserversandnetworkstosupportcollaborativesoftware,mostDLcoursescanrunonexistingorminimallyupgraded(升级)systems.Themorestudentswhoenrollinacoursebutdon’tcometocampus,themoreschoolsavesonkeepingthelightsonintheclassrooms,payingdoorkeepers,andmaintainingparkinglots.And,whilethere’sevidencethatinstructorsmustworkhardertorunaDLcourseforavarietyofreasons,theywon’tbepaidanymore,andmightwellbepaidless.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。62.WhatisthemoststrikingfeatureoftheUniversityofPhoenix?A)Itboaststhelargestnumberofstudentsoncampus.B)Allitscoursesareofferedonline.C)Itsonlinecoursesareofthebestquality.D)Anyonetakingitsonlinecoursesissuretogetadegree.63.Accordingtothepassage,distancelearningisbasicallycharacterizedby________.A)aminimumortotalabsenceofface-to-faceinstructionB)aconsiderableflexibilityinitsacademicrequirementsC)thegreatdiversityofstudents’academicbackgroundsD)thecasualrelationshipbetweenstudentsandprofessors64.ManystudentstakeInternet-basedcoursesmainlybecausetheycan________.A)saveagreatdealontravelingandboardingexpensesB)selectcoursesfromvariouscollegesanduniversities6/38

C)workontherequiredcourseswheneverandwhereverD)earntheiracademicdegreeswithmuchlesseffort65.Whataccountsforthehighdrop-outratesforonlinestudents?A)Thereisnomechanismtoensurethattheymaketherequiredeffort.B)Thereisnostrictcontrolovertheacademicstandardsofthecourses.C)Theevaluationsystemusedbyonlineuniversitiesisinherentlyweak.D)Lackofclassroominteractionreducestheeffectivenessofinstruction.66.Accordingtothepassage,universitiesshowgreatenthusiasmforDLprogramsforthepurposeof________.A)buildinguptheirreputationB)upgradingtheirteachingfacilitiesC)providingconvenienceforstudentsD)cuttingdownontheirexpensesPartVCloze(15minutes)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Onefactorthatcaninfluenceconsumersistheirmoodstate.Moodmaybedefined__67__atemporaryandmildpositiveornegativefeelingthatisgeneralizedandnottied__68__anyparticularcircumstance.Moodsshouldbe__69__fromemotionswhichareusuallymoreintense,__70__tospecificcircumstances,andoftenconscious.__71__onesense,theeffectofaconsumer’smoodcanbethoughtofin__72__thesamewayascanourreactionstothe__73__ofourfriends—whenourfriendsarehappyand“up”,thattrendstoinfluenceuspositively,__74__whentheyare“down”,thatcanhavea__75__impactonus.Similarly,consumersoperatingundera__76__moodstatetendtoreacttostimuli(刺激因素)inadirection__77__withthatmoodstate.Thus,forexample,weshouldexpecttosee__78__inapositivemoodstateevaluateproductsinmoreofa__79__mannerthantheywouldwhennotinsuchastate.__80__,moodstatesappearcapableof__81__aconsumer’smemory.Moodsappeartobe__82__influencedbymarketingtechniques.Forexample,therhythm,pitch,and__83__ofmusichasbeenshowntoinfluencebehaviorsuchasthe__84__oftimespentinsupermarketsor__85__topurchaseproducts.Inaddition,advertisingcaninfluenceconsumers’moodswhich,in__86__,arecapableofinfluencingconsumer’reactionstoproducts.67.A)withB)aboutC)asD)by68.A)upB)toC)underD)over69.A)dividedB)derivedC)descendedD)distinguished70.A)referredB)relatedC)attachedD)associated71.A)InB)OnC)ByD)Of72.A)thusB)stillC)muchD)even73.A)behaviorB)gestureC)signalD)view74.A)forB)providedC)unlessD)but75.A)relativeB)negativeC)sensitiveD)decisive7/38

76.A)fixedB)grantedC)givenD)driven77.A)insistentB)resistantC)persistentD)consistent78.A)retailersB)consumersC)businessmenD)manufacturers79.A)casualB)seriousC)favorableD)critical80.A)MoreoverB)HoweverC)NeverthelessD)Otherwise81.A)liftingB)raisingC)cultivatingD)enhancing82.A)rarelyB)readilyC)currentlyD)cautiously83.A)volumeB)speedC)stepD)band84.A)extentB)scopeC)amountD)range85.A)capacitiesB)facilitiesC)intentionsD)reflections86.A)turnB)depthC)totalD)detailPartVITranslation(5minutes)Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.PleasewriteyourtranslationonAnswerSheet2.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答，只需写出译文部分。87.________________________(多亏了一系列的新发明),doctorsandtreatthisdiseasesuccessfully.88.Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeisthat________________________(我比以前更容易累了).89.Iamgoingtopursuethiscourse,________________________(无论我要付出什么样的牺牲).90.Iwouldprefershoppingonlinetoshoppinginadepartmentstorebecause________________________(它更加方便和省时).91.ManyAmericansliveoncredit,andtheirqualityoflife________________________(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的),nothowmuchtheycanearn.答案快速阅读1.D)apowerfulforceforglobalintegration2.C)atanannualrateof3.9percent3.B)20%4.D)Theygivethemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship5.A)Yale'scollaborationwithFudanUniversityongeneticresearch6.C)ItwasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity.7.B)Ithasbeenunsteadyforyears.8.changesinthevisaprocess9.taketheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome10.strengthenthenation阅读SectionA47.K.projects48.M.role49.A.acting50.J.offers8/38

51.D.cooperative52.G.forward53.F.especially54.I.information55.O.victims56.E.entire.阅读SectionB阅读标红的为争议题，老丁的答案必定最权威。57.A)Allitscoursesareofferedonline.58.C)aminimumortotalabsenceofface-to-faceinstruction.59.D)workontherequiredcourseswheneverandwherever.60.C)Thereisnomechanismtoensurethattheymaketherequiredeffort.61.B)cuttingdownontheirexpenses.62.D)Alotofdistractionscompeteforchildren'stimenowadays.63.B)Herwaytosuccesswasfullofpainsandfrustrations.64.C)Shewantedtoshareherstorieswithreaders.65.A)shebelievedshehadtheknowledgeandexperiencetoofferguidance66.B)Childrenshouldbeallowedfreedomtogrowthroughexperience.完型67)Aas68)Cto69)Ddistinguished70)Arelated71)CIn72)Bmuch73)Dbehavior74)Bbut75)Cnegative76)Agiven77)Dconsistent78)Aconsumers79)Dfavorable80)CMoreover81)Benhancing82)Areadily83)Dvolume84)Bamount85)Dintentions86)Aturn翻译87.Thankstoaseriesofnewinventions88.Iammoreinclinedtogettiredthanbefore89.nomatterwhatkindofsacrificeIwillmake90.theformerismoreconvenientandtime-saving/itismore....9/38

91.ismeasuredbyhowmuchtheycanborrow2008年6月全国大学英语四级考试真题和答案一.写作部分(9：00-9：30)PartⅠWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteALetterofApologyaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。二.快速阅读(9：30-9：45)MediaSelectionforAdvertisementsAfterdeterminingthetargetaudienceforaproductorservice,advertisingagenciesmustselecttheappropriatemediafortheadvertisement.Wediscussherethemajortypesofmediausedinadvertising.Wefocusourattentiononseventypesofadvertising:television,newspapers,radio,magazines,out-of-home.Internet,anddirectmail.TelevisionTelevisionisanattractivemediumforadvertisingbecauseitdeliversmassaudiencestoadvertisers.WhenyouconsiderthatnearlythreeoutoffourAmericanshaveseenthegameshowWhoWantstoBeaMillionaire?youcanunderstandthepoweroftelevisiontocommunicatewithalargeaudience.Whenadvertiserscreateabrand,forexample,theywanttoimpressconsumerswiththebrandanditsimage.Televisionprovidesanidealvehicleforthistypeofcommunication.Buttelevisionisanexpensivemedium,andnotalladvertiserscanaffordtouseit.Television'sinfluenceonadvertisingisfourfold.First,narrowcastingmeansthattelevisionchannelsareseenbyanincreasinglynarrowsegmentoftheaudience.TheGolfChannel,forinstance.iswatchedbypeoplewhoplaygolf.HomeandGardenTelevisionisseenbythoseinterestedinhouseholdimprovementprojects.Thus,audiencesaresmallerandmorehomogeneous(具有共同特点的)thantheyhavebeeninthepast.Second,thereisanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionchannelsavailabletoviewers,andthus,advertisers.Thishasalsoresultedinanincreaseinthesheernumberofadvertisementstowhichaudiencesareexposed.Third,digitalrecordingdevicesallowaudiencemembersmorecontroloverwhichcommercialstheywatch.Fourth,controloverprogrammingisbeingpassedfromthenetworkstolocalcableoperatorsandsatelliteprogrammers.Newspaper?Aftertelevision,themediumattractingthenextlargestannualadrevenueisnewspapers.TheNewYorkTimes,whichreachesanationalaudience,accountsfor$1billioninadrevenueannually,iimincreaseditsnationalcirculation(发行量)by40%andisnowavailableforhomedeliveryinionciues.Locally,newspapersarethelargestadvertisingmedium.Newspapersarealessexpensiveadvertisingmediumthantelevisionandprovideawayforadvertiserstocommunicatealonge