高中化学复习知识点

高中化学复习知识点（Highschoolchemistryreviewknowledgepoints）

Highschoolchemistryreviewknowledgepoints

Chemicalreactionsandtheirenergychanges

Asummaryofchemicalreactionsandtheirenergychanges

Coreknowledge

Redoxreaction

Coreknowledge

First,afewbasicconcepts

1.redoxreaction:whereelectrontransferreactionisredoxreaction.Asthevalenceofelementschange.

2.oxidationandreductionreaction:materialloseselectrons(reflectsincreasedvalence)isanoxidationreaction;electronicmaterialreaction(reflectedinlowervalence)isthereductionreaction.

3.productofoxidationandreduction:theproductformedbyoxidationofthereducingagentwhentheelectronsarelostinthereactionistheproductofoxidation.Theoxidantisreducedtoelectronsinthereactionandtheresultingproductisareducedproduct

4.oxidationandreduction:substancesinthereactionoftheelectronasoxidant,oxidantwithoxidation;substancesinthereactionoftheelectronasareducingagent,reducingagenthasreduction

Therelationshipsbetweentheconceptsare:

Two.Analysisandrepresentationofoxidation-reductionreactions

Doubletrackbridgemethod:

In1cases

Itrepresentsthegainandlossofelectronsinthereactionandtheresult

Thewirebridgeisdirectedbythereactanttothesameelementofthegenerator

Singletrackbridgemethod

Example(example)

Itindicatestheelectrontransferinthereaction

Thewirebridgeisdirectedbythereductant,theelectron-deficientelement,andtheelectronelementoftheoxidant

Therelationshipbetweenthethreeorfourbasicreactiontypesandtheredoxreaction

The1.displacementreactionsareallredoxreactions

2.chemicalreactionsanddecompositionreactionsarepartlyredoxreactions

All3.metathesisreactionsarenotredoxreactions

Four,therelationshipbetweenthevalencestateandtheoxidationandreductionoftheelements

Thecommonlowestvalenceelementscannotgetelectron,onlyhasreducing.ForexampleallmetalelementsasCl-1,S-2,O-2,Oprice,atthehighestvalenceelementscannotloseelectrons,canonlyreceiveelectronicandoxidbillity.Inthemiddleofthevalenceofelements,suchasbothoxidizing,andreduction,butalsooftenoneaspect.SuchasS,O2,Cl2byoxidation.

Five.Comparisonofoxidationandreduction

(1)oxidation:oxidant>oxidationproduct

Reducibility:reducingagent>reducingproduct

Note:theoxidationreductionisgenerallydependentontheredoxreaction

(2)accordingtotheorderofmetalactivity

K,Ca,Na,Mg,Al,Zn,Fe,Sn,Pb,(H),Cu,Hg,Ag,Pt,Au

(3)accordingtotheorderofnonmetallicactivities

Six.Basictypesofredoxreactions

All1.redox:allatomvalencecompoundvalenceelementschange

Suchas:2H2+O22H2OZn+2HClH2=+ZnCl2

The2.part:theredoxelementsofatomicvalenceonlypartofchange

Suchas:MnO2+4HCl(concentrated)MnCl2+Cl2=+2H2O

3.,selfoxidationisreduced,andthechangeofvalencestateofdifferentelementsinthesamesubstanceischanged

Suchas:2KClO32KCl+3O2=2H2O=+O2=2H2

4.disproportionationreaction:thechangeofvalencestateofthesameelementinthesamesubstance

Suchas:Cl2+2NaOHNaCl+NaClO+H2O

Seven,thebasiclawofredoxreaction

1.,twoconservationrelations:

Conservationofmassandconservationofthetotalnumberofelectrons

The2.lawofincorporation:thereactionofdifferentvalencestatesofthesameelementfollowstheprincipleof"reliableconvergence"

Ionreactionionequation

Coreknowledge

Electrolytesandnonelectrolytes

1.electrolyte:acompoundthatconductselectricityinanaqueoussolutionorwhenheated

Acompoundthatcannotconductelectricitywhendissolvedinwaterorheated

Example1CaOandSO3aresolubleinwaterandelectricallyconductive.Fecanconductelectricity.Aretheyelectrolytes?

ThisistheanalysisofCaOelectrolyte,butcannotsaythatisbecauseitissolubleinwaterconductiveelectrolyte.Solubleinwaterhasthefollowingeffects:CaO+H2O=Ca(OH)2,theCa(OH)2SO3itselfisnotconductive;electrolyte,solubleinwaterhasthefollowingeffects:SO3+H2O=H2SO4,H2SO4.Theconductivityofelectrolyteactuallyreferstothereactionwithwater,throughtheirownfreedomandashiftofionizationionconductivecompounds.Fenotacompound,itdidn'tbelongtotheelectrolyteandnonelectrolyteofthecolumn.

2.strongelectrolyteandweakelectrolyte

Two,ionreaction

1.reactionsinvolvingionsarecalledionicreactions

Ionexchangetype(doubledecompositionreaction)

2.types

Oxidationreduction

Threeionequation

1.inresponsetotheactualuseofionionreactionbetweensymbolstorepresenttheformulacalledionequation.

2.significance:ionicequationrepresentsallionreactionsofthesametype

3.,themethodofwritingionicequations:

(1)write"writethecorrectchemicalequation."

(2)"demolition":dissolvingsolubleandeasilyionizedsubstancesinionicform,whichareinsolubleanddifficulttoionize,

Andgassubstancesarewritteninachemicalformula

(3)delete:deletetheionsthatdonotparticipateinthereactionbeforeandafterthereaction

(4)"check":checkwhetherthenumberofatomsonthetwosidesoftheionicequationisequal,andwhetherthetotalchargeisequal

Four,themethodofdeterminingwhethertheionequationiswrittencorrectly

Thefollowingfiveprinciplesmustbeconsidered:

(1)accordingtoobjectivefactsofmaterialreaction;

Example1:Ironreactswithdilutehydrochloricacid:

2Fe+6H+=2Fe3++3H2=(error),therightis:Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2=.

(2)thelawsofconservationofmassmustbeobserved

Anexampleof2:Cl2+I-=Cl-+I2(error),therightis:Cl2+2I-=2Cl-+I2.

(3)theprincipleofchargebalancemustbeobserved

Example3:chlorinegasispassedintotheFeCl2solution:Fe2++Cl2=Fe3++2Cl-(error),therightis:2Fe2++Cl2=2Fe3++2Cl-.

(4)oxidationreductionreactionmustfollowtheprincipleofgainandlossconservationofelectrons.Attentionshouldbepaidtothedeterminationofwhethertheelectrontransferredbyoxidantandreducingagentistrimmed

(5)mustfollowtheprincipleofconstantcomposition(i.e.materialcomposedofanionsandcationsfixed).

Anexampleof4:Ba(OH)2solutionanddiluteH2SO4:Ba+OH-+H++SO42-=BaSO4:+H2O(mixederror),therightis:Ba2++2OH-+SO42-+2H+=BaSO4:+2H2O.

Five,determinewhethertheionsinthesolutioncancoexistinlargequantities

Theso-calledioncancoexistinthesamesolution,whichmeansnoreactionbetweenions.Ifthereactionbetweenionscannotexistinalargenumber

1.inthesamesolution,iftheionmeetsanyofthefollowingconditions,theionreactionwilloccur,andtheionscannotcoexistinthesolution

(1)theformationofinsolubleorslightlysolublesubstances:suchasBa2+andCO32-,Ag+andBr-,Ca2+andSO42-andOH-,OH-andCu2+andsoon,cannotcoexistinlargenumbers

(2)generategasorvolatilesubstances:suchasNH4+andOH-,H+andCO32-,HCO3-,S2-,HSO3-,SO32-andsoon,cannotcoexistinlargenumbers

2.,theformationofdifficulttoionizesubstances:suchasH+andCO32-,S2-,SO32-,F-,ClO-andotherweakacids;OH-andNH4+,Cu2+andotherweakbasic;H+andOH-generatedwater,theseionscannotcoexistinlargenumbers

(4)redoxreaction:oxidativeions(suchasFe3+,NO3-,ClO-,MnO4-)andreductiveions(suchasS2-,I-,Fe2+,SO32-)isnotalotofattention.Fe2+andFe3+coexistencecancoexist;MnO4-andCl-arenotalotofcoexistence.

2.applicationrulesofadditionalimplicitconditions:

(1)whenthesolutioniscolorlessandtransparent,theremustbenocoloredionsinthesolution.ThecommoncoloredionsareCu2+,Fe3+,Fe2+,MnO4-andsoon

(2)theremustbenoionsthatreactwithOH-instronglyalkalinesolutions

(3)theremustbenoionsinthestronglyacidicsolutionthatreactwithH+

Thechangeofenergyinachemicalreaction

Coreknowledge

1.energychangeinchemicalreactions

(1)thebasiccharacteristicsofchemicalreactions

Theformationofnewsubstances,oftenaccompaniedbychangesinenergyandluminescence,discoloration,outgassing,precipitationandotherphenomena

(2)exothermicreactionandendothermicreaction

Thereisaheatreleasereactioncalledexothermicreaction;thereisaheatabsorptionreactioncalledendothermicreaction

Thereason:thecharacteristicsofchemicalreactionisanewsubstance,thetotalenergyofnewmaterialandreactionmaterialisnotthesame,thereactantsandthenewenergydifferenceinenergyformisexothermicandendothermic,theenergyisclosetotheheatabsorptionandheatreleasearenotobvious.

Theexample:C+O2CO2combustionneutralizationreaction,themetalreactswithacidZn+2HClZnCl2+H2=CaO+H2OCa(OH)2isanexothermicreaction

Endothermicreactionexamples:C+CO2(OH)2COH2+CuOCu+H2OBa8H2O+2NH4ClBaCl2+8NH3=+10H2O2?

2.combustion

Generallyspeaking,combustionreferstotheburningandheatingoffuelandoxygenintheair.Therearetwoconditionsforcombustion

Oneiscombustibleincontactwithoxygen,twoiscombustibletemperaturereachedtheignitionpoint.

Sufficientcombustionconditions:first,thereisenoughair;two,thereisalargeenoughcontactsurfacewiththeair

Theharmofinadequatecombustion:lessheat,wasteofresourcesandpollutants

Fossilburningincludes:oil,naturalgas,coal,nonrenewableenergy

Fullutilizationofcoalanddevelopmentofnewtechnology:newtypepulverizedcoalcombustionmachine;gasificationandliquefactionofcoal;convertedtowatergasordrydistillationgas

Knowledgeofalkalinemetal

First,alkalimetalisatypicalmetalelementfamily.Themaincontentsareasfollows:

1,knowledgenetwork:

sodium

Coreknowledge

I.atomicstructureofsodium

Structurefeatures:sodiumatomhasthreeelectronsintheoutermostlayer,onlyoneelectron,easytoloseanelectronintosodiumions:Na-e-,Na+,toformastablestructure.Itshowsthestrongreducibilityinchemicalreactions.

Two,nature

1.physicalproperties:soft,bright,light,lowandconductive.(soft-soft,hard,bright-silverywhitemetallicluster;

Light-lessdense,lighterthanwater;low-lowmeltingpoint;conductive-capableofconductingelectricityandconductingheat

2.chemicalproperties:strongreducibility,reactivemetals

ReactwithO2:roomtemperature=Na2O(whitesolid)

IgniteorheatuptoNa2O2(paleyellowsolid)

ReactionwithS:millingexplosion

Reactwithwater:intense

Phenomenon:melting,floating,traveling,singing,red(dropsofphenolphthalein,thesolutionturnsred)

Reactingwithacids:veryintenseandsoexplosive

Reactswithcertainmoltensalts:metalsthatcandisplacecertainmoltensalts(e.g.,TiCl4,etc.)

Reactingwithasaltsolution:theessenceistoreactwithwaterinthesaltsolutionfirstandthenundergoametathesisreaction

Three,theexistenceandpreservationofsodium

Therearetwoformsof1.elementsinnature:

Freestate:anelementintheformofelementarysubstance

Anelementintheformofacompound

Thechemicalpropertiesofsodiumareverylively.Therearenofreestatesinnature,butonlycompounds(NaCl,Na2CO3,Na2SO4,NaNO3,etc.)

2.save:

Becauseatroomtemperature,sodiummetalreactswithoxygenintheairandreactswithwaterandsteam,sometalsodiumisstoredinkeroseneorparaffinoil,mainlytokeepouttheairandwater

Four,theuseofsodium

1.K-Naalloyisusedinatomicreactorasheatconductingagent

2.preparationofNa2O2.

3.makeelectriclightsource:highpressuresodiumlamp

4.smeltingraremetals

Five.Analysisofkeyanddifficultpoints

Analysisofthechangeprocessof1.sodiumdewintheair

Withsodiummetalinair,begintheincisionissilverwhite(sodiumreally)anddark(Na2O),whitesolid(NaOH),aliquid(NaOH(CO2,deliquescence)cakingabsorptionintoNa2CO3?10H2O)andfinallyintopowder(weathering).Thereactionisasfollows:

4Na+O22Na2ONa2O+H2O2NaOH

2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2=2NaOH+CO2Na2CO3+H2O

Notethattheformationofsodiumcarbonateshallnotbeindicatedinthelowerform:

Na2O+CO2Na2CO3,whichisnottrue.Becauseoftheabilityofsodiumoxidecombinedwithwaterthanwithcarbondioxidereactionismuchstronger.

2.sodiumreactswithwater

Itcanbesummedupinfivewords:melting,floating,swimming,singing,andred

Meltingisthemeltingofsodiumintosmallshinyballs

Floating-referstothedensityofsodiumlessthanwater,floatingonthewatersurface

Swimmingmeansthesodiumballisswimmingaroundthesurfacebecauseoftheintensereaction

Ming-oneismetalsodiumandwaterreactiongasissuedahissingsound;thetworeferstothegascollectiontoignitedetonationreactionfromH2.

Red-referstothesolutionwithphenolphthaleinred,isproduced.Thechemicalequationforthereactionofsodiumhydroxide:

2NaOH+H2=2Na+2H2O

TheessenceofthereactionistheredoxreactionbetweensodiumandH+ionizedinwater:

2Na++2OH-+H2=2Na+2H2O

Reactionof3.sodiumwithacidandsaltsolution

SodiumreactswiththeacidissodiumreactswithacidionizationoftheH+,sowhenthereactionbetweenmetalandacidsolution,thesolutionofthemainsourceofH+acid,sosodiumreactswithacid,ifsodiumisexcessivetoreactwithwater.BecausetheacidconcentrationofH+isfargreaterthantheconcentrationofH+inwaterso,thereactionofsodiumandacidthanwaterandreactsviolently,andcombustionorminorexplosion.

Thereactionwithsodiumsaltsolution,sodiumsaltsolutionandisessentiallysolventinH+reaction.Sotheionizedwaterinsaltsolution,sodiumreactswithwatertogeneratesodiumhydroxide,sodiumhydroxideandsomemetalcationsorNH4+saltsolutionindoubledecompositionreaction:

2FeCl3+6Na+6H2O=2Fe(OH):+6NaCl+3H2=3

2NH4Cl+2Na+2H2O=H2O+2NaOH+H2=2NH3?

Therefore,sodiumreactswithasaltsolutionandcannotdisplacemetalsfromthesalt

Typicalexample

With1studentsaandB,thedisputeofthesodiummetalcolor.Abookaboutsodiumissilverwhite,Bsaidhesawsodiumisdarkgray.ThestudentsCheartheirargument,fromthelaboratorytookalittlesodium,averysimpleexperimentprovedthatsodiummetalsilver,andexplainsthedarkgraysodiumisusuallyseereasons.Chowprovedandexplained?

StudentCwillremovearesolutiononsodiumslides,calledaandBtwopeopleobserve,seeisdarkgrey,andCwithaknifecutinsidethesodium,sodiumsilver.Cexplanation:duetothenatureoftheactivesodium,sodiumoxideisoutside,itisdarkgrey.

Inexample2,5.4GismadeupofamixtureofalkalimetalRanditsoxideR2Otoreactwithsufficientwaterandevaporatethesolutionafterdryingtoobtain8gwithoutcrystals

(1)determinewhatkindofmetalisbycalculation.(2)howmuchisthemassofRandR2Oinamixture?

Youcanuseanalyticmethod.Theextremehypothesishypothesis5.4Gallmetalelement;thehypothesis5.4Goxide,launchedtheatomicweightrangeofR,betweentheactualatomicweightofRshouldbebetweenthetwo,whichlaunchedthenameelements.

(1)assumethat5.4Gisallmetalelements,accordingtotheatomicweightofA1(R)

2ROH+H2=2R+2H2O

2A12(a1+17)

5.4G,8g,A1=35.3

Assumethat5.4Gisalloxide,accordingtotheatomicweightofA2(R)

R2O+H2O2ROH

2a2+162(a2+17)a2=10.7

5.4G8g

Tablelook-upshowedthatRwassodium,andR2OwasNa2O

(2)accordingtothe

2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2=Na2O+H2O2NaOH

46806280

M(Na)m(Na2O)

Getm(Na),+m(Na2O),=5.4g,m(Na)=2.3g

M(Na)+m(Na2O)=8g,m(Na2O)=3.1g

Analysisandcalculation:bycalculatingtheatomicweight,whatistheelementdeterminedbytheatomicweight;andtheextremehypothesisisacommonmethodtosolvetheproblemofmixturecalculation

3putasmallpieceofmetalsodiumexposedtoair,observedthefollowingphenomena:thesodiummetalsurfacegraduallydarken;IIafteraperiodoftime,andgraduallywet;theovertimeintoawhitesolid;andafteraperiodoftimeintoawhitesolidwhitepowder.Thechemicalformulaofvariouswritetheabovephenomenon.

Analysisofsodiummetalasactivemetal,easilyoxidizedbyoxygengeneratedsodiumoxideintheair,sothesurfacegraduallybecomedarkanddull.Sodiumoxideintheairdissolvedinwater,thesurfacebecomesmoistandproducesodiumhydroxide.Thereactionofcarbondioxideandwaterandsodiumhydroxideinair,generatingcarbonacidcrystalsodium,sodiumcarbonatecontaining10thecrystallizationofwater.Afteraperiodoftime,containswaterofcrystallizationcrystalweatheringdehydration,intopowdermaterial.

Answer1.4Na+O22Na2O

Na2O+H2O2NaOH

2NaOH+CO2+9H2O,Na2CO3,10H2O?

Na2CO3,10H2O,Na2CO3+10H2O

Toevaluatethechemicalequationofaseriesofchangesintheexposureofmetalstotheair,thechemicalpropertiesofsodiumandsodiumcompoundsareactuallyexamined

Sodiumcompounds

Introduction:learnedinjuniorhighschool,andthenstudyhere.

Teachingobjectivesinthissection:

1.masterthepropertiesofimportantcompoundsofNaoxidesandsodium

2.throughthethermalstabilityexperimentsofNa2CO3andNaHCO3,understandthemethodstoidentifythem

3.understandtheuseofimportantcompoundsofsodium

Thissectionfocusesonteaching:

Propertiesandidentificationmethods.

Teachingdifficultiesinthissection:

Reactionswith.

Theioniccompoundofsodiumisanimportantpartofthecollegeentranceexamination.Itisoftencombinedwiththecalculationtoexaminetheabilityofcalculationandreasoning

Coreknowledge

Sodiumoxide

compare

Theprojectofsodiumperoxide

ChemicalformulaNa2ONa2O2

Valenceofsodium+1,sodium+1,-1oxygenoxygen-2

Apalesolidwithapaleyellowsolid

Classalkalineoxideperoxide(notalkalineoxide)

turn

learn

nature

WaterqualityandreactionofNa2O+H2O=2NaOH=4NaOH+O2=2Na2O2+2H2O

CO2Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3and2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2reactionmatrix

Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2Oreactedwithhydrochloricacidto2Na2O2+4HCl=4NaCl+2H2O+O2=

StabilityNa2O<Na2O2

Bleach/Yes

Transforming2Na2O+O22Na2O2

Use/oxygensupply,bleach

Two,sodiumcarbonate

compare

Sodiumbicarbonatecarbonate

ChemicalformulaNa2CO3NaHCO3

Thenameofsodaash,sodasoda

Whitepowder,whitepowder,smallwhitecrystal

Solubility(water)soluble;soluble

Heatstability,heating,decomposition,heating,easydecomposition

NoreactionwithNaOH:HCO3-+OH-=CO32-+H2O

Andclarifylime=CaCO3Ca2++OH-+HCO3-=Ca2++CO32-:CaCO3:+H2O(small)

Ca2++2OH-+2HCO3-=CaCO3:+CO32-+2H2O(excess)

Doesnotrea