考研英语历年真题题库及答案(1980-2011)

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodily

exerciseprecioustohealth."But—_1___someclaimstothecontrary,

laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes

2_short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsblood

vessels,___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehard

laughterisdifficultto_4_,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_5___

benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes._6—,insteadof

strainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparently

accomplishesthe_7―,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethat

laughter_8__muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafter

thelaughdiesdown.

Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsof

psychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduce

othertypesof___10___feedback,thatimproveanindividual's

emotionalstate._11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelings

arepartiallyrooted12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedatthe

endofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbut

theybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.

Althoughsadnessalso____14___tears,evidencesuggeststhat

emotionscanflow_15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublished

in1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwilrzburg

inGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16___apeneitherwiththeir

teeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlips,which

wouldproducea(n)__17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheir

smilingmuscles___18moreexuberantlytofunnycartonsthandidthose

whosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmay

influenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround_20—,the

physicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.

1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like

2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determini

ng

4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe

5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable

2大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案

6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief

7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected

8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes

9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance

10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal

11.[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor

12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at

13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because

14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses

15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond

16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold

17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent

18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted

19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing

20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartAText1

ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireJAlanGilbertas

itsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworld

eversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthe

mostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.uHooray!

Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-music

critic.

Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,

however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,

whohadadvocatedGilbertsappointmentintheTimes,callshim“an

unpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabout

him."Asadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathat

hashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,

thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaint

praise.

Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductoror

evenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyof

interestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAvery

FisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.All

IhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownload

stillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.

Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstitutefor

liveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,and

moneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompete

notonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,

butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusicians

ofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,

andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday'slive

performances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceof

thelistenerJschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordings

hasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditional

classicalconcert.

Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogram

attractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sown

interestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-music

critic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthe

Philharmonicintomarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”

Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingthe

orchestra,srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthe

Philharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationship

betweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopsto

attract.

21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert?sappointmenthas

[A]incurredcriticism.

[B]raisedsuspicion.

[C]receivedacclaim.

[D]arousedcuriosity.

22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois

[A]influential.

[B]modest.

[C]respectable.

4大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案

[D]talented.

23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers

[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.

[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.

[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.

[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.

24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueof

recordings?

[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.

[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.

[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.

[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.

25.RegardingGilbertJsroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,the

authorfeels

[A]doubtful.

[B]enthusiastic.

[C]confident.

[D]puzzled.

Text2

WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,

hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghis

exitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving

“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany."Broadcastinghisambition

was“verymuchmydecision,“McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewas

talkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServices

Group,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.

McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimeto

reflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclear

messagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn't

alone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpress

quitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboards

scrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,

executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulent

businessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvague

pronouncementscloudtheirreputations.

Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmay

bemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,

CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwith

theleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicks

up,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.

Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneis

unconventional.Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtothe

rulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbe

poached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican,tthink

ofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolook

atsittingCEOsfirst.”

Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintop

positionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,

sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.Itwasayearbeforeshebecameheadof

atinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleft

Citigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpost

atamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.

Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.

Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsor

toleaveabadone."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhere

youare,butthatJsbeenfundamentallyinverted,“saysoneheadhunter.

“Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoo

long.”

26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbe

describedasbeing

[A]arrogant.

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered.

[D]impulsive.

27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives'quittingmaybe

spurredby

[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.

[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.

[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.

[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.

28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans

[A]approvedof.

[B]attendedto.

[C]huntedfor.

[D]guardedagainst.

29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.

6大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案

[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.

[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.

ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.

30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?

[B]CE0s:AlltheWayUp?

[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet

[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers

Text3

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhat

youpaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid"media-suchas

televisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajor

role,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.

Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediaby

sendinge-mai1alertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregistered

withitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeof

factorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirown

products.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorfor

users'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer?sownedmediabecome

anothermarketerspaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerce

retailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaas

ownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplace

theircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.This

trend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwith

retailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillno

doubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,

astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandeven

competitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofother

marketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunities

tolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'

marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketers

withmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreased

theriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,

morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaarethe

oppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostageto

consumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegative

allegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,for

instance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureon

thebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeothers

toboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.

Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquick

orthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,for

example,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlier

thisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-media

responsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumers

directlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.

31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare

[A]obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.

[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.

[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.

[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.

32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature

[A]asafebusinessenvironment.

[B]randomcompetition.

[C]strongusertraffic.

[D]flexibilityinorganization.

33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia

[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.

[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.

[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.

[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.

34.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof

[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.

[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.

[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.

[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?

[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.

[B]Conf1ictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.

[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.

[D]Popularityofownedmedia.

Text4

8大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案

It'snosurprisethatJenniferSenior?sinsightful,provocative

magazinecoverstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,“isarousing

muchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthat

childrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,

life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmake

parentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefine

happiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasured

bymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tense

condition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbe

soul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthe

momentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratification

anddelight.”

Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebaby

ishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-chiIdimageonnewsstandsthisweek.There

arealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandra

Bullock,aswellastheusualuJenniferAnistonispregnant”news.

Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,

smilingonthenewsstands.

Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitany

wonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalentto

admittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn'tseemquitefair,then,

tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappy

parentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn,thavehadkids,

butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildren

arethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmisery

mustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.

Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUs

WeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhenthe

parentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudies

concludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,single

parentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuch

workitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandra

andBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:with

round-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.

It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowant

childrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:most

adultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinteresting

towonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,

happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren,tinsomesmall,subconsciousway

contributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,in

thesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel“might

makeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.

36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcan

bring

[A]temporarydelight

[B]enjoymentinprogress

[C]happinessinretrospect

[D]lastingreward

37.WelearnfromParagraph2that

[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.

[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.

[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.

[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.

38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks

[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.

[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.

[C]fai1tofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.

[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.

39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebrity

magazinesis

[A]soothing.

[B]ambiguous.

[C]compensatory.

[D]misleading.

40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebrity

moms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschild

rearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimes

neglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.

PartB

[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuch

enthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamea

lawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartime

ittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Not

surprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropout

beforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththe

humanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Theseare

disciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollege

graduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%

inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheir

undergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthatevery

10大家版词典级31年考研英语真题及答案

educatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeon

whataugeneraleducation”shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenand

notes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”-theyform

asortofsocialglue.[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfend

upwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Thereare

simplytoofewposts.Thisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinueto

produceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanities

subjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelorsdegreesin

1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewer

teachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanities

studentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenot

beentrained.[D]Onereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuch

coursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmerican

universitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducation

shouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudents

experiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvard

undergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsand

lawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarking

onaprofessionalqualification.[E]Besidesprofessionalizingthe

professionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshave

professionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademic

researchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfold

between1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearch

tookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoral

degreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas

1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyidea

behindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledge

andskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebut

nottransferable.”Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustoverthe

productionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducers

ofknowledge.[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr

Menand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeare

produced."Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerously

alike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,

investigateandcriticize.”Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,

mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”Yetquitehow

thathappensMrMenanddosenotsay.[G]Thesubtleandintelligent

littlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceinthe

AmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplying

totakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.For

somethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouis

Menand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,capturedit

skillfully.G-41-42-E-43-44-45

PartC

Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,“creatingourinner

characterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJames

Allenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-help

writing.(46)Allen,scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweall

share-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolour

thoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethat

mindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenand

madepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,

Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionasthe

consciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusion

ofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealityweare

continuallyfacedwithaquestion:uWhycannotImakemyselfdothis

orachievethat?”Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceof

thoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcl