第一重点四箭小范围integrated writing

注意事 1-关于更新通知和考试重要信息：请加公 名称“康老师托福机经注意事项2-关于套数的说明：最近ETS扩大了出题范围，本PDF的题目都有可能考到，但是总体而言题号靠前（含文书，推荐信和简历修改）及托福/GRE等考试的问题可以咨询 tusksofnarwhals(Narwhals不是Narwhales)functions独角鲸头上独角的作用）Piercethroughthickicesheettobreathe的，因为独角鲸待的地方在冰层下面不好呼吸，还说有eyewitnesssee曾经有独角鲸钻破冰层。malenarwhalsCompeteforterritorySensoroceanproperties(比如temperature、盐浓度、气压etc)，而且是importantinnarwhals'survival她说其实独角是软的，可以Bend的，而且还是从manydirections，所以说独角根本就穿不透厚厚的冰层，只能弄碎很薄的冰面。目击者看到的情况很有可能只是独角鲸把itshead放在一个icesheethavealreadybeguntobreak的地方。Close的地方看就会发现，其实独角鲸在gentlyrubeachother，这是它们的一种交流方式。Femalenarwhalsdon'thavetusksnarwhals'survivalimportant，为啥一般母的独角鲸都livelongerthanmaleThetopicisaboutthefunctionalityofNarwhal‘stusks;Narwhalsareakindofwhaleinocean;however,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentaredifferentforthefunctionofthetusk.Firstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatthetuskcannotbeusedtobreakicesheetsintheoceanbecausethetusksarebendableandnothardenoughtopiercethroughthethickice.Eventhoughsomepeoplewitnessedtheice-breakingphenomenonNarwhalsdidasthereadingexins;itistruepartlybecausetheicesheethavealreadybrokenintosmalleronesorthinnerones,whichmakesitmucheasiertobreak.Secondly,thereadinginsiststhatthetuskisusedasweaponsformaleNarwhalstocompeteforterritoryforsuperiormatingopportunities.Likewise,thisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhothinksthatobservationfromadistancemakespeopleconfusedaboutwhattheyactuallywereng.Theywerecommunicating,notfightingeachother.MaleNarwhalsrubtogetherasawayofcommutation.Lastly,ifthetusk,possessedmostlybymale,isreallyessentialinthesurvivalgameforsuchcreatureintheocean,thelifespanofmaleshouldbelongerthanthatofthefemalethatrarelyhavetusks.HoweverthefactisthatfemaleNarwhalshavelongerlifespanthanmaleNarwhals.ThereadingsaystuskscanbeusedtosensethechangesoftheirlivingenvironmentandarevitaltoalltheNarwhals.Sothisdoesnotmakesense.Asabovementioned,thereadingandthelisteningcontentsareopposing.其灌溉系统含有alkalinewatermeat，于是人类没东西吃；：缺乏明确，有工事不等于有，也许只是预防而已；再说没有其他关于的遗迹留下。ThetopicisaboutthereasontheHohokampeoplewentextinctandvanished.Thecontentofbothmaterialsinreadingandlisteningaredifferent.Thefirstpointisaboutfoodscarcityproblem.Fromthereading,theirrigationsystemtheHohokampeopleusedcausealkalinequalityofthewaterthatleadstoinfertilizationonthelandHowever,thelisteningcontentindicatesthatfallow,themethodofleavinglandunseeded,allowedthelandto efertileagainbyrainwaterwashingawaythesaltywater.Besides,theHohokampeoplehadbeenusingsucharablemethodforthousandsofyears.Thiswasacommonpractice,sothelandwouldnot eunabletofarminashortperiodoftime.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,thetreementionedwasabletogrowfastwiththenurtureoftheMotherNature.Iftheywereonlyusedformaterialsofsettingupfiresorbuildinghouses,theywouldnotbeusedupeasily.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthattheychoppeddowntoomanytreesthattheir―esource‖,livedon.Inotherwords,whenthoseanimalsdiedout,theHohokampeoplewerecutoffthefood.Atlastfromthereading,Navajogroups,theinvasivepeoplehassuccessfullyoccupiedthecetheHohokampeoplelived.Thusthereweresomefortificationsleftasevidence.Fromthelistening,however,mightnotbeemployedforwars.Maybetheywerejustusedfordefendingagainstinvadingpeopleandtheyneverusedit.Ontopofthat,therewerenothingelseleftexpectthosefences.Thereshouldbemoreevidenceleftiftherewerewars.Allpointsmentionedabove,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentviewsonthisissueforhowtheHohokampeoplevanished.农民使poisonousbeetlehabitat，人为的环境改造，使得环境破碎，fragmentationofhabitatorDiscontinuity造成其现提出这种beetle有一个特性，可以嗅到很远地方的食物，然后在找食物，但是竞争不过scavenger 从pesticide的使用时间来看，根本就不是杀虫剂引起这个问题的。的northeastern地区在使用pesticide之前就有beetle'sloss发生，而在MiddleWest，大面积使pesticide的二十年内，这种beetles都存在，所以使beetle，不可能只作用于这种虫，可见并不是其引起的。其他动物对食物的探寻，他具有这样的优势，不可能竞争不过那些scavengers。ThetopicisabouthowtheAmericanburyingbeetlesgoesextinctinawidescale.Thereadingandlisteningpointsofviewaredifferentinstoit.Tobeginwith,fromthereading,itsaysthatpoisonouspesticide,suchasDDTmadealarge-scalewipeoutinthebeetlealongwithothercreaturesthatarefoodtoAmericanburyingbeetles.Fromthelistening,however,priortousageofDDT,therewereunknownreasonsofbeetlelossalready.Inaddition,DDThasbeenusedinseveralpartsoftheUS,especiallyintheMiddleWest,formorethantwentyyears,anditdidnotbringanyextinctiontoothersimilarbeetlesandwhyonlysuchkindofAmericanburyingbeetles?Thus,thereisnodirectcorrelationlinkedbetweenthispesticideandthebeetleextinction.Secondly,duetothereadingmaterial,thefragmentationofhabitatledtotheextinctionofthebeetles.However,othersimilarbeetlesandcreatureswerealsoencounteringsuchfragmentationofhabitatbyhumanbehavior.Theyarealsolivinginthesamenature,yettheywerestillstableinnumbers.Inotherwords,suchhumaninterruptionasfragmentationofhabitatisnotthecause.ThereisnoreasontojustsingleoutAmericanburyingbeetlesandwipethemout.Thirdly,theolfactorysensitivityofAmericanburyingbeetlesissuperiorthatitcansmellthefoodasfarastwoaway.However,theauthorindicatesthatotherscavengerstookprevalenceovertheminlocatingfoodbetter,leadingtothescantyoffoodsource.Thismaybesomewhattrue,howeverthereisanotheradvantageforthisspecialbeetle—chemicalweapon-,whichmeansitwillsecretastrongodorthatcanpreventotherscavengersfrom―eang‖it.SuchstrongaciditymakesAmericanburyingbeetlesfeedontheirfoodexclusively.Fromtheabovementionedpoints,extinctionofthebeetlesisnotthatsimpleaswhattheauthorputsforward.Thus,thecontentofthetwosourcesisopposing.(1).Safety,说如果coreoverheat的话会辐射外泄造成对环境生态及人类的危害；风力发电不稳定unprecedented，换句话说notreliable因此需要其他的发电废当backup所以还不如用Thetopicisaboutwhetherornotthenuclearpowerisabetterpowersourceamongotheralternatives.Thereadingandlisteningmaterialholdadifferentviewpointstowardthisdebatedissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingindicatesthattheoverheatingofthenuclearreactorwillreleaseradioactivityinleakagethatdoesgreatharmtonotjusthumanbeings,butthewholeenvironment.However,thespeakerrefutesandsaysthatwiththeadvancedtechnology-PebbleBedReactor--,theproblemcanbesolved.Whenthereactorisabouttooverheat,itwillautomaticallybesloweddowninspeedandtheheatingproblemcanbetackled.Inthesecondce,speakersaysthatnuclearpowerisnotexpensivebasedonthelongterm.However,theauthorclaimsthatthecostofbuildingtheunclearntiswaytoomuchandoilorcoalntisthebetterchoice.Forthispoint,thelisteningindicatesthattheconstructionofunclearntisindeedmoreexpensive,yetthefuel,Uranium,isverycheapincomparisonofthefueltotheoilorcoalnt.Forthelongrun,unclearntsareabetterchoicetothisenergygenerationissue.Thirdly,windpowerseemsagreatalternativeenergysinceitisrenewable.Nevertheless,thespeakerindicatesthatwindpowergeneratedfromwindturbineisfromournatureandthusisnotreliableandstable.Usually,countriesusingsuchpowerallhaveabackuppowernt,whichiswaytootroublesome.Nuclearreactorscangenerateasteadyamountofpowerwithoutanylimitations.Thus,viewedfromtheabovereasons,thereadingandthelisteningareopposingtoeachotherintheissueofunclearnts.阅读：naturalgasThisarticletalksaboutwhetherornottheextractionofnaturalgascanbereducedsinceitiscontroversialforeitherbringingmorebenefitstohumanbeingsorleadingtomoredisasters,thespeakerandtheauthorholdadifferenttowardthisissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingsaysthatthenaturalgasisnotacleanenergybecauseitreleasesgreenhousegasesandweshoulddevelopcleanerenergyinstead.Yet,fromthespeaker,duetotheutilizationofenergyinourmodemsociety,thosecleanerenergies，suchaswindpowerorsolarpowerhasdifficultysatisfyingtheneeds;additionally,thegreenhousegasesemittedfromthenaturalgasisonlyhalfasmuchasthatreleasedbyburningcoal.Secondly,fromthespeaker,modemtechnologycantransportedwastewaterintoamuchdeepergroundthatisseparatedfromtheaquifer.Inotherwords,theprotectionofthecleanwatersourceissolid.However，thewriterindicates,theprocessofexploitingnaturalgascanreleasetoxicwastewaterthatcancontaminatecleanwatersource.Fromthelistening,itisindeedtrue,yetthetechnologyisrevolutionizedandthedistancebetweenthewastewaterandthecleanwatersourceissetafar.Soitisperfectlyfine.Thirdly,thewritingsaysthatduringtheextractionofthenaturalgas，itcausesnegativeimpacts,suchasnoiseandlight,totheneighboringcommunities,whichisindeedanunpleasantfeelingandlivingenvironment.However,fromthespeaker,theadvantagesarefarmorethanthedisadvantages,forthedevelopmentofthenaturalgasbringsernmentrevenuesfromthenaturalgasconstructingsite,increasesjobopportunities.Inaddition,italsopromotestheimprovementofthelocalcommunitiessincethecompaniesalwayscontributetothelocalcommunityforbetterenvironment.Thus,thelocalpeoplewillnotbeunpleasantandsupportthedevelopmentinstead.Fromthepointsabove,thelisteningcontentisopposingtothereadingmaterialonthedevelopmentofthenaturalgas.ThedodobirdisanextinctspeciesnativetotheislandofMauritius.ThereadingpassageattributestheextinctionofthedodototheDutchsettlementontheisland.However,thelecturerejectsthisview.First,thereadingstatesthatthedodoisaflightlessandsodefenselessbird,buttheywereunafraidofhumans,makingiteasypreyfortheDutchsettlersontheisland.However,thelecturerarguesthattheDutchsettlersfoundthatthedodomeatwasunpleasanttoeat.Actually,theDutchcalledthedodo,intheirnativelanguage,thedisgustingbird.Second,thereadingclaimsthatwhentheDutchsettledontheisland,theyhaddestroyedthe ,whichseverelyreducedtheterritoryinwhichdodoscouldliveandreproduce.Thelectureradmitsthattherewasdeationontheisland,buthearguesthatdeationdidnotcovertheentireisland.Healsopointstothefactthatmanyotherbirdspeciesdidnot eextinctbecauseofdeation.Finally,incontrasttothereading‗sargumentthatadiseasebroughtbytheDutchmayhavekilledthedodos,theprofessorsaysthedodopopulationmayalreadyhavebeendeclining.Hethenblamestheextinctionofthedodoonnaturaldisasterssuchasmassivecyclonesthatdestroyedtheirnestsandeggs.第二个阅读说是天气变化忽然特冷特干燥导致农作物没法正常生长了；说在同一时期还有另外俩第二个原因阅读提到因为季风受到climatechange影响，所以农作物减产，造成文化，然后教师说，同时期的埃及同样也受climatechange影响，但没事!第三个阅读是说有传染病蔓延通过水传染的；里的女人说H的人都是很好的工程师他们在设计的是时候肯定会注意一个叫C的问题不会导致疾病大规模ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexinthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit‘sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanculture.ThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimatechange.Thethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,ingthatawater-bornediseasehaddtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.TheprofessorexinsthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedcsystemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethroughwater.Theissuetalkedinbothcontentsisaboutwhetherornotgeneticmodifiedntsareadvantageoustohumansaswellastotheenvironment.Thestandsarecontradictorybetweenthereadingandthelisteningmaterials.Tobeingwith,thereadingsaysthatGMntscanbringprofitstotheenvironmentbymakingthetargetedntspeciesresistanttothepests,sopesticideusagewHInotbeoverused.However,thelecturerconsidersthatsuchgeneticallymodifiedgeneswillbetransferredtothewildnts.Withthis,thosentswillnotafraidoftheirarchfoe(naturalpeststhatfeedonthem)anylongerandthenumberofthentwillgrowinanuncontrolledway,producinganimbalancedenvironmentcycle.Secondly,thelecturersaysfarmersneedtobuyexpensiveseedsfromthoseprivateseedcompaniesinordertoyieldgoodproduction.Yet,itisverycostlyandisnotreallyhelfarmersmakemoremoneyfromthisGMntmethod.ThisiscontrarytothereadingpassageinthatGMntsmakethentmoretolerantfordryweatherandistomakemoreproductionofthecropthatcultivate.Thirdly,fromtheauthor,GMcropscanhelpenhancethedeficiencyofvitaminAtopeopleandthisistotheimprovementofthericenutrients.Nevertheless,thelecturersaysthateatingriceindeedmightnotbeabletogainVitaminA,yetchangingthehabitofdietsoundsmorepromisingtotacklethisproblem.Forexample,peoplesufferingfromVitaminAdeficiencycaneatmorevegetablesorfruitsthatcontainsuchVitamin.Allinall,GMcorpsmaysoundrosytous,yetitwillcausealotofharmstonts,farmersandourenvironment.ScientistsshouldnotjustholdaunilaltothisissueandbelieveGMOswillhelpus.Thistopicisaboutwhetherornotthefishfarmingcescanbedamagingtothefishspecie,waterandthewholenearbyenvironment.Clearly,thecontentsinthereadingandlisteningaredifferent.Firstly,thereadingsaysthatfishfromthefishfarmsproducehigherconcentrationofwastetothenearbywaterresource,whichcausesseriousdamages.However,fromthelistening,itsaysthatfishfarmerscankeepacertainkindofmarineanimals,suchasMollusksthatfeedonthewasteofthefarmfishandthiswilllargelyreducethedegreeofwaterpollutionfishfarmsmake.Inthesecondce,fromthespeaker,scientistscannowgeneticallyalteredthefarmfish;inotherwords,thosefarmfishcannotreproduceagainwithlocalfishgroups.Thisyetisdifferentformthereadingcontentthatindicatestheinctionofthefarmfishandlocalfishwillgeneratephysicallypooreroffspring.Thirdly,thelecturerthinksthatthoseusedwaterfromfishfarmscanbere-usedtogrowakindofntthatisagreatsourceofproteinforbothhumanbeingsandthelivestock;forinstance,theshrimpfarmwaterwasdumpedintotheopenwater,butnowitisusedtocultivatesuchsalt-toleratent.Thereadingcontentlikewisesaysthatfishfarmswasteagreatdealoffreshwaterandthewatercannotbeusedforotherintentionsanylonger.AsiancarpGreatLakes阅读说constructwallsinGreat阅读说two-stepmeasureFirst,toxicchemicals把所有的鱼毒死。Second,native（3）教授说这种做法总来试过，unpredictableanddangerous.toxicchemicalwholeecosystem发生变化，不利于鱼类生长。ThereadingsaysthatthethreemethodsusedcanpreventAsiancarpsfromenteringtheGreatLakes;however,thelisteningpassagerefutestheideaandthinkstheycannotworkwell.Tobeginwith,inthelisteningcontent,itsaysthatitwillcostanextraexpenseforshipandcargomovementstotheshipssincethosewallsdonotjustconstrainfishbutalsofactoriesthatarebuiltnearthelake.However,thereadingcontentindicatesthatconstructingthewallincertainpartofthelakebuildanareaoflimitationforthefishanditalsoignorestheeconomicbenefitsofthecommercialactivitiesnearby.Secondly,theelectricitychargeddevice,formthelisteningcontent,cannoteffectivelydiscourageAsiancarpsenteringthelake.Itistruethattheelectronicfieldcandeterfishmovingintothelake,yetthelakeishugeandthefishcanstill―swmtotheothersideofthelakewherethereisnosuchdeviceemployed.However,thereadingindicatestheelectronicdevicewillcreateapowerelectronicfieldthateliminatesallthecarptryingtomoveintothelake.Thirdly,theauthorthinksthatatwo-stepmeasurementcanworkasthetoxicchemicalscanbecarriedouttokillAsiancarpsinthefirststep;oncethenumberofthefishdecreases,thesecondstep—introducingthenativespeciescanincreasethechancesofsurvivalforthem.However,thelisteningcontentcompleycontradictstheargumentandindicatesthatsuchtoxicsubstancemethodhasneverbeenusedinthesimilarsituation,sothisistoodangerousandunpredictable.Maybeitwillleadtoanenvironmentaldisasterthatwillmakethesituationevenworse.Inconclusion,fromthelisteningcontent,thethreemethodstryingtostopAsiancarpsenteringtheGreatLakearenotvaluabletothisissue.Thus,thecontentbothinthereadingandlisteningiscontradictory.Rhoneriver发现了一个雕塑风格（realism）是时期引入的雕塑特点和罗马铸币上相似（thestyleof发现雕塑的地点在一条河，以前人们想销毁它，因为有新的leader上任，留着它是不respect。：lecture完全反驳这个观点，原因有三。雕塑的特点也不完全一致，有Slimnoseandlongleg，和雕塑不符合Thelectureandthereadingpassagebothtalkaboutalife-sizemarblebust,foundduringanarchaeologicalexcavationandretrievedfromthebedoftheriverRhone.WhiletheauthorofthepassageattributesthisbusttoJuliusCaesar,thelecturerrefuteseachoftheargumentspresentedinthereading.First,thestyleoftheportraitcouldnotbeusedasevidencetoshowthatthisbustwasthatofJuliusCaesar.AlthoughthebustwasmadeinastyleverypopularduringCaesar‘stime,thisstyletobepopularmanyyearsafterCaesardied.Therefore,thisbustcouldverywellhavebeenmadeinamuchlatertimeforsomeoneotherthanCaesar.Second,thesimilaritiesbetweenthebustandtheportraitofCaesaronsilvercoinswereratherlimitedtothehaironly.Inotherfeaturessuchastheneckandthenose,therearemanyobviousdifferences.IfthebustwasCaesar‘s,thenitshouldhavelookedthesameinallfeaturestootherportraitsofCaesar.Finally,thelocationwherethebustwasfoundcouldnotproveanything.ArchaeologicalstudyalsoexcavatedotheritemsfromthesameceincludingasculpturefortheGodofNeptune.Thisindicatesthatpeoplecouldhavethrownthingsintotheriverbecausetheyhave euselessratherthanbecauseofpoliticalreasons,aswhatthereadingsuggests.1）太贵.2）有污染.3）光对眼睛不好。教授反驳CFL灯有这个问题,CFLphosphor混合了.所以光不单调了,对眼睛好了1.volcaniceruption;2.meteoricexplosion;3.sporesofredrain,redrain,因为和一般的雨差不多，而且雨水成2个月之久的红色雨，在发生前地面上应该有大量的红色lichens,可是市民都没有看到这种现象。bureaucracyidea大公司最近几年不提供extrabenefits，比如退休金，更低的医疗。自己开公司要面对的手续会extrabenefitsAnincreasingnumberofpeoplechoosetostarttheirownbusinessinsteadofworkingfora .Thereadingpassageexinswhyself-employmenthas esopopular,whilethelecturerpointsoutseveralrisksassociatedwiththistrend.First,thereadingsaysthatbigcompaniesoftenhavetoomanybureaucraticregulationsandrules,makingitdifficultforindividualemployeestopursuetheirownideas.However,thelecturerarguesthatstartingone‘sownbusinessinvolvesevenmorerulesduringtheprocessofbusinessSecond,thereadingstatesthatemploymentbybigcompaniesnowadaysisnotasstableasitusedtobe,leadingtoadecreasedsenseofsecurityamongemployees.However,thelecturerrefutesthispointbysayingthatstartingupanewinvolvesfarmorerisksandfarlessstabilitybecauseitcouldmeanthelossof alinvestmentorotherFinally,thereadingsuggeststhatrecentlythereisatrendforbigcompaniestostopofferingextrabenefits,suchaspensionormedicalinsurance,totheiremployees.Yetthelecturerpointsoutthattheseextrabenefitsareevenlesslikelytobefoundinastart-up （3）MMTM恐龙能跑，那么T恐龙自然也能跑；（1）TT虽然有和类似的腿骨结构，但的骨头要比T恐龙的强壮的多，T恐龙腿骨的结构太脆弱，如果跑的话，很容易损坏；（3）MTTMTherehasbeensomecontroversyoverwhetherornotT.rexcouldrunfast.ThereadingpassageprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetoprovethatT.rexwasafastrunner.However,thelecturerarguesthatnoneoftheevidenceisFirst,thereadingsuggeststhatT.rexmusthavebeenacapablerunnerbecauseitfedonherbivorousanimalwhichcouldrunveryfast.However,thelecturerarguesthatthismaynotserveasvalidproof,becauseT.rexhadveryacutesenseofsmellsotheycoulddetectandscavengeonthedeadbodiesofsmallanimalsinsteadofhavingtochasethem.Secondly,thereadingdrawscomparisonbetweenthelegbonesofT.rexandafastrunningtiger.Yetthelecturerrejectssuchcomparison.Hearguesthatinspiteofthesimilarity,thebonesofT.rexweretoofragiletosustainthehighpressurecausedbyhigh-speedrunning.Finally,fossilevidenceshowsthatT.rexhadtwopowerfullegsandlargetoes.RelativesoftheT.rexthatsharedthesefeatures,likethe[M-],werefastrunners.Againthisisdisprovedbytheprofessor,whoarguesthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhaveneededtocarry86%ofitshugebodymassassupportivemusclesinitslegs,whichcouldnothavebeenhydroelectricdamReading:hydroelectricpowerntsthreelowlowthewaterpathsprotectwildlifeLecture:disagreeaccountoftheresearchcostforselectinglocationandbuildingcost,thecostofhydroelectricntsisnothydroelectricntsproducethesameamountofgreenhousegasesasfossilfuelntwaterpathscannotprotectallfishes,anexampleinEngland,akindoffishcannotusethewaterpathassalmonBesuspiciousofwhetherhydroelectricpowerisadvantageoustouscomparedwithotherpower,thespeakerholdsacontrarytothereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutthecostanditmeansthatpriortoadamcanbebuilt,manystudieshavetoberesearchedandmadesureiftherockaroundthepotentialdamcansupporttheheavyandmassiveconstruction.Thedamscannotbebuiltjustanywherenearariversource.Inaddition,thecostofbuildingadamisenormous.Thisisnotcostcutting.However,thereadingthinksdamsarebuiltrightinthesourceanddonotneedextrafueltotransportthepower,soitismoreinexpensive.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,eventhoughtheoperationofsuchntdoesnotgenerategreenhousegases,hydroelectricntscratefloodedareasthatmakelargeamountsofntmaterialto poseanddecay.Thisis"thesource"ofproducinggreenhousegaseslikecarbondioxideandmethane.Fortropicalareaswherevegetationisdensest,thedamagetotheenvironmentisjustthesamecomparedtocoalnts.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthathydroelectricntsdonotcauseharmfulgasestothesurroundings.Thethirdpointisregardingthewildlife.Itistruethatsalmoncanbesavedintheresearchbecausetheyarestrongandgetupstreamfromthedam.ThisisnotthecaseforotherkindsoffishinEngland.Thefishcannotmoveverticallyuptobypassthedam.Tobemoreconcise,hydroelectricntsstillcausenegativeejectswildlife.Thus,allpointsfromthereadingpassagearedifferentfromthosestatedinthelisteningcontent.DeathValley里300kg的大石头会动（movingstones），有人试着解释。第一种理论是风吹动的，因为存在关于山谷里有大风的，且天下雨的时候，muddy很变得很平，适：Thereadingpassagetriestoexinwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbythesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there‘sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeenthesaty.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalsmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighlyunlikely.(可以改善环境improvethatarea's收的fee可以用于revenuethecitylecture中，professor在区里面环境可能会好点，但是周围的车相对就会增多，noiseandairpollution就会多。所以不是整有的人不能afford这个费用了，就会去坐subway，就得出的钱subway，这样一来收的那点Theofcongestionpricingisendinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexinsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthishasanumberofnegativeThereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisThesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemay eworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseFinally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbytheernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthiswillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethewillnothelpimproveroadsandbridges.阅读：小额（microcredit）给poor没因为thepoor没有businessadministrative这样的话投资给poor的会减少可以educatethem,并举了例 ,teachthemhowtofinance,howto可以给asmallofgroup,insteadof ，这样的话cost也不会增穷人从international机构中获得之后 ernmentsavemoney可以用于bridgesandroadInthelecture,thespeakermakesseveralpointsabouttheadvantagesofmicrocredit,awayusedtohelpthepoorforasuccessfulfuture;thismethodhoweverissupportedbythereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutifmicrocreditreallyhelpsthepoorinbusiness.Fromthereading,itsaysthatborrowerscanonlybenefitfromsuchloanswhentheyhavetheknowledgeoffinanceandbusinesssettingupexperience.However,thisisdifferentfromthelisteninginthatmanyfinancialagenciesprovidebasicfinancialed