词汇学考试整理

词汇学整理一、选择题25题25分从规约走向描述的里程碑词典是：OED同义词的特征？()Synonymouswordgroupacommondenotativecomponentbringsthewordstogether.习语的特征？Idiomsareusuallysemanticallyopaqueandarecharacterizedbystructuralinvariability.古代英语Archaicwordsarewordsnolongerincommonuse,howevertheyareretainedforspecialpurpose,theyaresometimesemployedinpoetry,businessletters,legaldocuments,religiousspeeches,andprose,(markedarch.Oraic.)whereasobsoletewordsjustrefertothewordscompletelyoutofcurrentuse.markedobs.(olete.)ordatedinadictionary.语境的分类Linguistic(orverbal)contextsorextra-linguistic(ornonverbal)candeterminethemeaningsofwords,esp.thoseofpolysemouswords.(orverbal)contexts:Lexicalcontext,Lexicalcontextreferstothelexicalitemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.(seetheexamplesof"make"on)Grammaticalcontext,Ingrammaticalcontext,thesyntacticstructureofthecontextdeterminesvariousindividualmeaningsofapolysemousword.(seetheexamplesof"take"invarioussettingson)However,itisnotsufficienttoindicatealltheindividualmeaningsofagivenword.(seetheexamplesconcerningthedifferentmeaningsofthesamepattern"get+n."on)VerbalcontextTheverbalcontext,initsbroadestsense,maycoveranentirepassag,orevenanentirebook,andinsomecaseseventheentiresocialorculturalsetting,asstatedatthebeginningofthechapter.contextofsituation:1)Theactualspeechsituationinwhichaword(oranutterance,oraspeechevent)occurs.(seetheexampleof"operation"onTheentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichaword,oranutteranceoraspeecheventhastobeset(seetheexampleof"peasant"and"farmer"on6.?两个单词有相同的部分，根据什么来猜意义？Componentialanalysisandsemanticfeatures理据？Motivationcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes:Phoneticmotivation;Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledechoicwordsoronomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.Morphologicalmotivation;Wesaythatthewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.Ifweknowthemeaningoftheaffixandthebase,thenwecanimmediatelythemeaningofthisword.Semanticmotivation.SemanticmotivationreferstomotivationbasedonsemanticfactorsThefigurativeusagecanprovidesemanticmotivation;thefigurativemeaningcanbereadilyunderstoodbythosewhoknowtheliteralmeaning.研究多义的两个方法Theyare:1)diachronic;历时角度2)synchronic.共时角度1)diachronicThestudyofthegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword,orthestudyofhowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromaprimarymeaningtothepresentpolysemicstate,.withderivedmeaningspringingfromtheoriginalmeaning.Thiswayofstudyiscalleddiachronicapproaches.(primarymeaningandthepresentpolysemicmeaning)Synchronically,weareinterestedinthecomparativevalueofindividualmeaningsandtheinterrelationbetweenthecentralmeaningandsecondarymeaning..习语的文体特征？StylisticfeatureMostidiomsarestylisticallyneutral,butquiteanumberofthembelongtoinformalspokenEnglish.Afewidiomssuggestadignifiedandelevatedtone,andareusedonformaloccasions,.Someidiomsphrasesareslangy.Stylisticfeatureofidioms,however,areconstantlyshifting,andwhatisslangtodaymayinformaltomorrow..词义变化的内部要素(原因)？Linguisticcause:(P172-175)Changeofmeaningisfrequentlybroughtaboutbytwotendenciesinalinguisticsystem;towardsellipsisandtowardanalogy.Ellipsisasacauseofsemanticchangeoftenoccursinhabitualcollection,suchasadjective+noun,orattributivenoun+noun,inwhichthenounisdeletedandonlythefirstelement(theattributive)isleft,butretainingthesenseofthewholephrase.Theanalogicaltendencyisalsoconstantlyatwork.Newmeaningsdevelopedinonepartofspeecharepassedontootherpartsofspeechfromthesamelexicalbase.11.词素的分类？elementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother明喻(simile)是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体(tenor)和喻体(vehicle)之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like,as,asif,asthough等

Metaphor：（暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。Forexample,theworldisastage./Thediamonddepartmentwastheheartandcenterofthestore.Analogy:（类比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusesbetweentwounlikeparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelthingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofwhichusuallyusesbetweentwounlikeresemblance.Personification:（拟人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes（赋予）toinanimate（无生命的）objects,ortoideasandabstractions（抽象）.拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。Hyperbole:（夸张）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。1、Mybloodfroze.我的血液都凝固了。Understatement:（含蓄陈述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately（故意地）understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Itisnolaughingmatter.Euphemism:（委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive（无冒犯）expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as”passaway".Metonymy（转喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance,thepen（words）ismightierthanthesword（forces）.借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。Synecdoche（提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。TheGreatWallwasmadenotonlyofstonesandearth,butofthefleshandbloodofmillionsofmen.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“thefleshandblood”喻为“thegreatsacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.10）Antonomasia（换喻/替代）Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.In?,?antonomasia?isasubstitutionofany??orphraseforapropername.Thereverseprocessisalsosometimescalledantonomasia.Antonomasiaisaparticularformof?.Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.Pun:（双关语）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,”hedeclared.“Both，sir!”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.（Here"arms"hastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.）/Napoleonwasastonished.”Eitheryouaremad,orIam,“hedeclared.“Both，sir!”criedtheSwedeproudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役Alliteration:（头韵）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals（间隔）andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。押韵(rhyme),A?rhyme?isarepetitionofsimilarsoundsintwoormorewordsandismostoftenusedin??and??赘述(tautology)A??tautologycanalsobedefinedasaseriesofstatementsthatcompriseanargument,wherebythestatementsareconstructedinsuchawaythatthetruthofthepropositionisguaranteedorthatthetruthofthepropositioncannotbedisputedbydefiningatermintermsofanotherself-referentially..单词的定义：Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction..rootstembase的区别Root:"Arootisaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology.Itisthatpartofaword-formthatremainswhenalltheinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisthebasicpartalwayspresentinalexeme."(.desireistherootinthewordundesirable,-ableisthesuffix,un-istheprefix)Stem:Bauerdefines"stem"as"Astemisofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphology….Inflectional(butnotderivational)affixesareaddedtoit:itisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.".inthewordundesirablythestemisundesirable；intheworddesired,thestemisdesire.)Base:Basemaybedefinedas"aformtowhicharuleofword-formationisapplied”.Thismeansthatanyrootorstemcanbetermedabase..搞清四个术语terminology，neologism，morphology，etymologyEtymology:Thestudyoftheoriginofwords,andoftheirhistoryandchangesintheirmeaning.Neologism:Newwordsornewmeaningsforestablishedwords)Morphology:thestudyofmorphemeandtheirdifferentforms.Terminology:术语consistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:.？根据什么来猜单词的意思，一句话中来猜斜体单词的意义？Fromthecontext,guessingmeaningofaword.到时根据具体题目猜单词。本族语词汇的特征？ThetypicalfeatureofmostnativewordsinModernEnglishismonosyllabic(havingonlyonesyllable).Thefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstock:Nationalcharacterstabilityword-formationabilityAbilitytofromcolletction17.词素变体？AllomorphsAnallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds；Theallomophssuchas-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationdonotdifferinmeaningorfunctionbutshowaslightdifferenceinsounddependingonthefinalphonemeoftheprecedingverbs.Allomorphsmayoccuramongthepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix,like-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation,theymayalsooccuramongprefixes.Theirformsthendependsonthefirstletteroftheverbtowhichtheywillbeadded,forexample,imoccurringbeforep,b,orm.imperfect,Imbalance,immobile)；Nativewords:9mostfrequentlyused:you,and,it,will,have,to,be,of,the18.功能词和实词(p17-18)Functionwards:oftenshortwordssuchas:determiners,conjunction,prepositions,auxiliaries,andsoforthhavenomuchlexicalmeaningandsomeofthemhavenolexicalmeaning,theyservegrammaticallymorethananywords-grammaticalmeaningnumber:relativelysmallandpermanentsetofwordscomparedwithcontentwords(154totalnumber)closedlists:closedinthesensethattheycannotbeextendedbythecreationofnewwords.highfrequencyofoccurrenceContentwords:usedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processorstates(they’renouns,mainverbs,adjectives,andadverbofalanguage)haveindependentlexicalmeaning.number:large(onemillion-154)Openlists:thelistisopeninthesensethatit’sindefinitelyextendiblelowfrequencyofoccurrencecomparedwithfunctionwords19.搞清绝对同音同形词和多义词的区别？Perfecthomonymsrefertothewordsidenticalinsoundandspellingbutdifferentinmeaning(seetheexamplesonp.115and).(itexistsintwowordsthoughtheirspellingandsoundsareidentical)ThewordpolysemyisofGreekorigin.Ithasbeendefinedas"...Atermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings."(it’stheonewordwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings)二、填空题20分 15题语境的分类(同选择题第五题)century这本词典是什么样的词典？()Thefirstencyclopedicdictionaryinthe.百科全书类词典任意性和规约性Arbitrary:thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense.Conventional:thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound-symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.多义的两个过程Radiationconcatenation词汇意义和语法意义Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigmLexicalmeaningcanbesubdividedintofourtypes:Denotativemeaning;Connotativemeaning;Socialmeaning;Affectivemeaningrootstembase的区别(同选择题14)?分析单词定义的方法？同音同形的分类Englishhomonymscanbeclassifiedinto:Perfecthomonyms;Homophones;Homographs.同音同形词四个起源？()PhoneticconvergenceSemanticconvergenceForeigninfluenceShortening10.歧义(定义)Ambiguitiesreferstoaphenomenonthataword,aphrase,sentenceorgroupofsentencesmayhavemorethanonepossibleinterpretationormeaning.Type:lexicalambiguity;grammaticalambiguity11.语法意义分类？Grammaticalmeaningconsistsofword-classandinflectionalparadigm12.美国英语所独有，起源于美国英语的单词短语用法叫做？Americanisms,whichmeans“aword,aphrase,orusageoriginatinginorpeculiartoAmericanEnglish”13.verbaltrafficSocialcauseofchangesinwordmeaningChangeinwordmeaningresultingfromaconstantverbaltraffic(orshift)betweencommonwordsandvariouswordsisreferredtoassocialcauseofsemanticchange.Asaresultofthisconstantverbaltrafficbetweencommonwordsandtechnicalwords,sometechnicalwordshavelosttheirspecializedmeaningsandhavecometobeusedinmoregeneralsenses.Amongthenumerousnewwordsconnectedwithelectricity,physical,chemi