语言学基础知识2004答案

2004年入学考 语言学基础知 试多选题：共30分，15题，每题2分..5.正误题：共20分，10题，每题2分1. 2. 3. 4. 5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10.解词：共25分，5题，每题5分 alfunction:themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.InFunctionalGrr,itisconcernedwithinctionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser’sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.syntagmaticrelation:arelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent,suchastherelationbetweenweatherandtheothersinIftheweatherisnice,we’llgoout.thesemantictriangle:atheorywhichexplicitlyemploysthenotion“concept”proposedbyOgdenandRichardsintheirTheMeaningofMeaning.Theyarguetherelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.Itismediatedbyconcept.Inadiagramform,therelationisrepresentedasfollows: theSapir-WhorfHypothesis:Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.I-narrators:The wholsthestorymayalsobeacharacterinthefictionalworldofthestory,relatingthestoryaftertheevent.InthiscasethecriticscallthenarratoraFIRST-NARRATORorI-NARRATORbecausewhenthenarratorreferstohimselforherselfinthestorythefirst pronounIisused.答题：满分为25分The3rd singularpresentverbsuffix,-(e)sinwrittenform,ispronouncedinthreedifferentways:[s],[z],and[әz].Throughysisofdata,wecanseethat/z/appearsaftervoicedsound[m],/s/foundaftervoicelessconsonant[k],while/әz/occursaftersibilant[s].Ifweexaminemorewords,wefindthattheyfollowthesamekindofpattern.Itiseasytoseethat/s/isusedwhentheprecedingsoundisavoicelessconsonantotherthanthevoicelesssibilants,(2)/z/occurswhentheprecedingsoundisavoweloravoicedconsonantotherthanthevoicedsibilants,and(3)/әz/followsanyofthesibilants.Now,thethreevariantsofthe3rd singularpresentverbforminEnglishareappliedinthefollowingfashion:a.The/s/appearsaftervoicelessb.The/z/appearsaftervoicedc.The/әz/appearsafterInordertobringouttherulethaternsthispattern,weneedtosaythat/z/,whichoccursinthemostcases,isthebasicformandtheothertwoformsarederivedfromit.Thebasicformistechnicallyknownasthe“underlyingform”or“underlyingrepresentation(UR)”.Thederivedformisthe“surfaceform”or“surfacerepresentation(SR)”.Therefore,/s/isamatterofdevoicingand/әz/isacaseofepenthesis.Thetworulesarerepresentedasfollows:zs/[-voice,C]Øә/sibilantzWiththesetworulesathand,wecanseeifwecanderivethecorrectSRsfromtheURs.Considerthederivationsin(4):a.//si:t+z//b.//bєd+z//c.//keıs+ Clearly,somethinghasgonewrong.TheproblemisthatDevoicingwillalwaysapplyto/z/afteravoicelessconsonantandthenthereisnevertheenvironmentforEpenthesistoapply.TheobvioussolutionistosaythatEpenthesiswillalwaysapplybeforeDevoicing,asin(5):a.//si:t+z//b.//bєd+z//c.//keıs+ Thus,inthisparticularcase,wehavetofollowaspeciallystipulated“ruleIfthisorderisdisturbed,incorrectderivationwill答题：满分为25分Therearefivegroupsofwords,eachofwhichhasadifferentallomorphofin-.Thetablebelowliststhewordsaccordingly,withthepertinentallomorphinthefirstrow.[ın]or ernsthedistributionoftheallomorphsisthefirstsoundofthebasetowhichthefinalconsonantoftheprefixassimilates.Thus,beforealabialconsonantlike[m]or[p],wefind[ım],beforebase-initial[l]wefind[ıl],before[r]wefind[ır],beforethevelarconsonant[k]wefindinrapidspeech[ıŋ](withavelarnasal),andincarefulspeech[ın].Inallothercases[ın]isobligatory.Assuminganunderlying/ın/,themorpho-phonologicalrulefortheprefixin-looksas/ın/{[ın],[ıŋ]}/ /ın/[ım]/ /ın/[ıl]/ /ın/[ır]/ /ın/[ın]/Theaboverulesystemcouldbefurtherstreamlinedbyeliminatingthefirstrule,because,strictlyspeaking,therealization[ıŋ]isoptional.Unliketheotherrules,thisalternationisnotdemandedbythemorpho-phonologyoftheprefix,butisduetoamoregeneralmechanismofassimilationinfastspeech.Forexample,inCambridgeisalsooptionallypronouncedwithavelarnasalinfastspeechregisters.Wecantestthepredictionsmadebytherulesbylookingatbasewordswhichprovidethepertinentenvironmentsandcantaketheprefixin-,suchascorrect,moveable,legible,rational,adequate.Whenprefixed,theformsarepronounced[ın]correct(or[ıŋ]correct),[ım]moveable,[ıl]legible,[ır]rational,and[ın]adequate,supportingtheaboverules.答题：满分为25分InthelatterpartofHowtoDoThingswithWords,Austinmadeafreshstartontheproblemandconsidereditfromthegroundupagain,i.e.inwhatsensetosaysomethingistodosomething.Inhisopinion,therearethreesensesinwhichsayingsomethingmaybeunderstoodasngsomething.Thefirstsenseisanordinaryone.Thatis,whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Inthissense,whensomeonesays“Morning!”,wecanaskaquestionlike“Whatdidhedo?”insteadof“Whatdidhesay?”Andtheanswercouldbethatheproducedasound,wordorsentence—“Morning!”TheactperformedinthissenseiscalledaLOCUTIONARYACT.Withinthisact,however,Austinsuggeststhatthereisanotheract.“[I]nperformingalocutionaryactweshallalsobeperformingsuchanactas:askingoransweringaquestion,givingsomeinformationoranassuranceorawarning,announcingaverdictoranintention,pronouncingsentence,makinganappointmentoranappealoracriticism,makinganidentificationorgivingadescription,andthenumerouslike”.Forexample,tothequestion“Whatdidhedo?”whentheconcernedsaid“Morning!”,wecouldperfectlywellsay“Heofferedagreeting.”Inotherwords,whenwespeak,wenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertain sasAustinpreferstosay.Intheexampleof“Morning!”wecansayithasthe ofagreeting,oritoughttohavebeentakenasagreeting.Thisisthesecondsenseinwhichtosaysomethingistodosomething,andtheactperformedisknownasanILLOCUTIONARYACT.Austinacknowledgesthatthecanberegardedaspartofmeaning,whenthelatterisusedinabroadsense.Sointheexampleweareconsidering,wecanalsosay“Hemeantitasagreeting”.Intheretort“Whatdoyoumean?”,thewordmeanisusedinthebroadsense,too.ButAustinthinksitisbettertodistinguishfrommeaning,withthelatterusedinanarrowsense,orwhatwecalledthemoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning.Thusinterpreted,,orillocutionary,maybesaidtobeequivalenttospeaker’smeaning,contextualmeaning,orextrameaning.Thethirdsenseinwhichtosaysomethingcanmeantodosomethingconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocutionuponthehearer.Bylingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.Whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.Thisact,whichisperformedthrough,bymeansof,alocutionaryact,iscalledaPERLOCUTIONARYACT.Forexample,bysaying“Morning!”tosomeone,thespeakerhasmadeitclearthathewantstokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.Thisfriendlinessonthespeaker’ssidewilldefiniyhaveeffectsonthehearer.Whenthetwointerlocutorsareonnormalterms,theeffectmaybenegligible.Butiftherewereanytensionsbetweenthem,asimple“Morning!”fromonesidemaybringaboutgreatchangesintheirrelationship.Theothermayaccepthisshowoffriendship,andbefriendswithhimagain.Inthiscase,wecansay“He’smadepeacewithhisfriend”inresponsetothequestion“Whatdidhedo?”whentheconce