第3章相互依赖性与贸易的好处曼昆经济学原理第七版

第3章相互依赖性与贸易的好处曼昆经济学原理第七版第一页，共19页。AParablefortheModernEconomyOnlytwogoodsMeatPotatoesOnlytwopeopleAcattleranchernamedRoseApotatofarmernamedFrankBothwouldliketoeatbothmeatandpotatoes©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.2第二页，共19页。AParablefortheModernEconomyIfRoseproducesonlymeatandFrankproducesonlypotatoesBothgainfromtradeIfbothRoseandFrankproducebothmeatandpotatoesBothgainfromspecializationandtradeProductionpossibilitiesfrontierVariousmixesofoutputthataneconomycanproduce©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.3第三页，共19页。Figure1©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier(a)Panel(a)showstheproductionopportunitiesavailabletoFrankthefarmerandRosetherancher.4第四页，共19页。Figure1©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier(b,c)Panel(b)showsthecombinationsofmeatandpotatoesthatFrankcanproduce.Panel(c)showsthecombinationsofmeatandpotatoesthatRosecanproduce.BothproductionpossibilitiesfrontiersarederivedassumingthatFrankandRoseeachwork8hoursperday.Ifthereisnotrade,eachperson’sproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisalsohisorherconsumptionpossibilitiesfrontier.(b)Frank’sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier(c)Rose’sproductionpossibilitiesfrontierMeat(oz)048Potatoes(oz)1632AIfthereisnotrade,Frankchoosesthisproductionandconsumption.Meat(oz)01224Potatoes(oz)2448BIfthereisnotrade,Rosechoosesthisproductionandconsumption.5第五页，共19页。AParablefortheModernEconomySpecializationandtradeFarmerFrankspecializesingrowingpotatoesMoretimegrowingpotatoesLesstimeraisingcattleRancherRosespecializesinraisingcattleMoretimeraisingcattleLesstimegrowingpotatoesTrade:5ozofmeatfor15ozofpotatoes©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.6第六页，共19页。Figure2©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunities(a,b)TheproposedtradebetweenFrankthefarmerandRosetherancherofferseachofthemacombinationofmeatandpotatoesthatwouldbeimpossibleintheabsenceoftrade.Inpanel(a),FrankgetstoconsumeatpointA*ratherthanpointA.Inpanel(b),RosegetstoconsumeatpointB*ratherthanpointB.Tradeallowseachtoconsumemoremeatandmorepotatoes.(a)Frank’sproductionandconsumption(b)Rose’sproductionandconsumptionMeat(oz)048Potatoes(oz)1632AFrank'sproductionandconsumptionwithouttradeMeat(oz)01224Potatoes(oz)2448BRose’sproductionandconsumptionwithouttradeFrank'sproductionwithtrade517A*Frank'sconsumptionwithtrade13181227B*Rose’sconsumptionwithtradeRose’sproductionwithtrade7第七页，共19页。Figure2©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunities(c)TheproposedtradebetweenFrankthefarmerandRosetherancherofferseachofthemacombinationofmeatandpotatoesthatwouldbeimpossibleintheabsenceoftrade.Inpanel(a),FrankgetstoconsumeatpointA*ratherthanpointA.Inpanel(b),RosegetstoconsumeatpointB*ratherthanpointB.Tradeallowseachtoconsumemoremeatandmorepotatoes.8第八页，共19页。ComparativeAdvantageAbsoluteadvantageTheabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducerInproducingmeat:RoseRoseneeds20min.toproduce1oz.ofmeatFrankneeds60minutesInproducingpotatoes:RoseRoseneeds10min.toproduce1oz.ofpotatoesFrankneeds15minutes©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.9第九页，共19页。ComparativeAdvantageOpportunitycostWhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemMeasuresthetrade-offbetweenthetwogoodsthateachproducerfaces©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.10第十页，共19页。Table1©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.TheOpportunityCostofMeatandPotatoes11第十一页，共19页。ComparativeAdvantageComparativeadvantageTheabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducerReflectstherelativeopportunitycostPrincipleofcomparativeadvantageEachgoodshouldbeproducedbytheindividualthathasthesmalleropportunitycostofproducingthatgoodSpecializeaccordingtocomparativeadvantage©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.12第十二页，共19页。ComparativeAdvantageOnepersonCanhaveabsoluteadvantageinbothgoodsCannothavecomparativeadvantageinbothgoodsFordifferentopportunitycostsOnepersonhascomparativeadvantageinonegoodTheotherpersonhascomparativeadvantageintheothergood©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.13第十三页，共19页。ComparativeAdvantageOpportunitycostofonegoodInverseoftheopportunitycostoftheotherGainsfromspecializationandtradeBasedoncomparativeadvantageTotalproductionineconomyrisesIncreaseinthesizeoftheeconomicpieEveryoneisbetteroff©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.14第十四页，共19页。ComparativeAdvantageTradecanbenefiteveryoneinsocietyAllowspeopletospecializeThepriceoftradeMustliebetweenthetwoopportunitycostsPrincipleofcomparativeadvantageexplains:InterdependenceGainsfromtrade©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.15第十五页，共19页。ApplicationsofComparativeAdvantageShouldTomBradyMowHisOwnLawn?Brady,in2hoursMowhislawn,orFilmaTVcommercial,earn$20,000ForestGump,in4hoursMowBrady’slawnWorkatMcDonald’s,earn$40©2015CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassword-protectedwebsiteforclassroomuse.16“Theydidanicejobmowingthisgrass.”第十六页，共19页。Appli