初中英语语法总复习总结计划

初中语法复习Ⅰ词类。名词：专出名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin.个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police.可数名词一般名词物质名词：表示没法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.抽象名词：表示抽象观点的词。如health,help,work,friendship.不行数名词2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不行数名词没有单复数。3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和全部格。此中只出名词的全部格有形式变化。（二）冠词1．定冠词－the.特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。Thestudentsareverygood.说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Whereisthetoilet?重复提到上文的人或事物。Ihaveacat,thecatiswhiteandblack.表示世界上唯一无二的事物。Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.形容词最高等和序数词前和表示方向的名词前。Iamtheoldest.Heisthefirsttoschool.Iliveinthesouth.1/27乐器的名称前常用定冠词－the。Ilikeplayingthepiano/violin.和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。Weshouldhelpthepoor.放在某些专出名词前。WewillgotovisittheGreatWallnextweek.thepeople’sRepublicofChina.放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妻两人。TheWhitesarewatchingTV.固定词组中。Inthemorning/afternoon/evening.2．不定冠词－a/an.指人或事物的某一种类。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Atablehasfourlegs.指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Passmeapencil,please.Wewritewithapen.指某人或某物，但不详细说明何人或何物。Thebookwaswrittenbyapeasant.Lastmonthwewereworkinginafactory.不定冠词还能够指“事物的单位”，如“每天”、“每斤”等。Hereisaletterforyou.Themeatis18yuanakilo.3．零冠词。泛指人类或男女。Manwillconquernature.抽象名词在用来表示它的一般观点时，往常不加冠词。Knowledgebeginswithpractice.有些个体名词有时能够转变成拥有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。Wehadbettersendhimtohospitalatonce.在专出名词前一般不用冠词。Chinaisagreatcountry.MrSmithisanartist.2/27在三餐饭何球类运动名称以前不用冠词。Heoftengoesoutforawalkaftersupper.SometimesIplaybasketball.在节假日、礼拜几、月份、季节等名词前。October10thisTeachers’Day.称号语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Grannyissleepingnow.Wecallhimmonitor.在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。Thisishisbook.IcanspeakEnglish.不用冠词的习用语。Atnight/onfood/gototown/athome/inclass/atwork等。（三）形容词1．形容词的构成。简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.2．形容词的用法。修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl.作表语。Heisverystrong.作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean.“定冠词＋形容词”表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.大部分形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少量形容词只好作表语，不可以作定语。如：asleep,ill,awake等。3/27有些形容词只好作定语而不可以作表语。如：many,little,wooden,golden等。3．形容词的地点。形容词往常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。Aheavybox.与表示胸怀的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后边。3metrelong.12kilometeraway.与不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时，能够放在这些词以后。Somethingimportant.nothingserious.当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下边的词序摆列：冠词（包含物主代词、序数词、基数词）－描绘形容词（brave,beautiful）－表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词－表示年纪或新旧的形容词－表示颜色的形容词－表示国籍、出处或根源的形容词－表示资料、物质的形容词－表示用途或类其余形容词－被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables.4．形容词的比较级和最高等。（一般加er/est，不规则见表）原级的用法：“和同样”一定句：A＋动词＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋B.Heisastallasme.否认句：A＋notas＋形容词原级＋as＋B（即A不如B那么）A＋notso＋形容词原级＋as＋B=A+less形+容词原级＋than+B.比较级的用法：A＋动词＋形容词的比较级＋than＋B.（A比B更，在这类句型中，比较级前面可用much,even,still,alittle,abit,alot,any,far等修饰，表示“得多”，“甚至”，“更”，“一点儿”。4/27“比较级＋and＋比较级”、“moreandmore＋部分双音节或多音节的原级”译为“愈来愈”。最高等的用法：（个体用－of，范围用－in，最高等前面要用定冠词－the）三种最高等表示法。最高等：ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.比较级：ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./ShanghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina.原级：NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.（四）副词1．副词的种类：时间副词：often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,justnow地址副词：here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere方式副词：hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully程度副词：very,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enough疑问副词：how,when,where,why关系副词：when,where,why（指引定语从句）连结副词：how,when,where,why,whether频次副词：often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,everyday,always,hardly其余副词：really,certainly,surely,maybe5/272．副词的用法：作状语：Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.作定语（要后置）：ThestudentsherearefromHarbin.作表语：Imustbeoffnow.作宾补，构成复合宾语：Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight.3．副词的比较级和最高等。（一般加er/est,不规则见表）副词的原级：as+副词的原级+as“与同样”notas(so)+副词的原级+as“与不同样”too+副词的原级+todosth.太而“不可以”so+副词的原级+that从句“这样致使于”副词的原级+enoughtodosth.足够“能做”副词的比较级：A．A+动词+副词比较级+than+BB．副词比较级前也能够用much,even,still,far,any,alittle,abit,alot等修饰。C．比较级＋and+比较级，表示“愈来愈”，themorethemore表示“越就越”D．副词的最高等前往常不加定冠词the.（五）数词1．基数词：6/272．序数词：作主语：Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.作宾语：Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.作定语：Theninthletteroftheword“restaurant”is“n”./Therearethrethousandworkersinthefactory.（六）代词（七）动词注：动词（除神态动词，只有原形和过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动词ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。（八）介词1．介词的种类：简单介词：in,at,of,from,since,around,to合成介词：onto,into,without,upon,within短语介词：becauseof,infrontof,accordingto分词介词：regarding,following,concerning2．介词短语在句子中的作用：作定语。Iknowtheanswertothequestion.作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground.作表语。Mikeisintheclassroom.作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver.作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema.7/273．常用介词的基本用法：表示时间的介词（at,in,on,for,since,after,by,during,before,from,to,until,within）表示地点，方向的介词（in,at,on,to）表示交通方式的常用介词（by,on,in）其余一些词组搭配介词（beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth.bestrictwith/in/sb/sth）（九）连词1．并列连词：表结合关系连词。（and,or,but,for,notonlybutalso,aswellas,bothneithernor）.转折连词。（but,while,yet,however.）选择连词。（or,orelse,eitheror,otherwise）.2．附属连词：指引主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：that,whether,if.Ihearthatheisastudent.指引状语从句的附属连词：连结时间状语从句：when,before,after,while,assoonas,since,until,as,whenever,eversince连结退步状语从句：although,though,evenif,however连结原由状语从句：as,because,since,nowthat,for连结目的状语从句：that,sothat,inorderthat8/27连结条件状语从句：if,unless,once,incase连结结果状语从句：sothat,suchthat连结方式状语从句：as,asif,asthough连结地址状语从句：where.连结比较状语从句：as,asas,notas/soas,than（十）非谓语动词1．定义：动词除在句子中作谓语之外，还具出名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。2．动词不定式：to＋动词原形（在某些状况下能够不带to）。（没有人称和数的变化，能够有自己的宾语和状语，能够有时态和语态的变化）一般式：主动语态：todo,被动语态：tobe+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或以后发生)进行式：主动语态：tobedoing,被动语态：无(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)达成式：主动语态：tohave+动词过去分词，被动语态：tohavebeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动作以前就发生)用法：作主语：Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.=It’snoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.作表语：Themostimportantthingistofinishtheworkontime.作宾语：动词＋todo.Hedecidedtobuyanewwatch.(agree,choose,want,hope,like,wish,learn,love,plan,try,start,afford)9/27动词＋疑问词＋todoIdon’tknowwheretoputthebike.动词＋形式宾语(it)＋宾补＋todoIfinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage.作补语：动词＋宾语＋todoTomaskedmetoshowhimthenewshoes.(tell,wish,ask,want,like,beg,invite,allow,encourage)动词＋宾语＋不带to的动词HeoftensawTomplayfootball.(see,hear,feel,watch,notice,have,make,let)作状语：表示目的：HewenttoGuangzhoutoseehissons.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.表示结果：Heistootiredtowalkanyfarther.Theyaren’toldenoughtogotoschool.表示原由：Heissorrytohearthat.Iamgladtoseeyou.F．作定语：Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Iwanttobuysomethingtoeat.动词不定式to的省略：在感官动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice及使役动词have,let,make等后边要省to，但在变被动语态时要复原不定式to。Ioftensawhimgooutoftheroom.--------Hewasoftenseentogooutoftheroombyme.B．在hadbetter,wouldrather,donothingbut等后边常省to。动词不定式的否认形式：not+todo，有时也能够用－never+todo结构。10/273．动名词：动词原形＋ing。具出名词、动词一些特点。一般式：主动语态：doing，被动语态：being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或以后发生)达成式：主动语态：having+动词过去分词，被动语态：havingbeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态以前就发生）Childrenenjoywatchinganimatedcartoon.Idon’trememberhavingeverseenthefilm.动名词的否认形式：not+动名词（v-ing）Iregretnotbeingabletohelpyou.用法：作主语：动名词作主语假如太长，能够用形式主语it取代。LearningEnglishisveryimportant.---It’sveryimportantlearntoEnglish.No+动名词表示“严禁”。Nosmoking,Noparking.作宾语：Hefinisheddoinghishomework.作表语：Hisfavouritesportisplayingbasketball.作定语：shoppingbasket,finishingline.（表示名词的用途、功能等）动名词的复合构造：名词全部格、形容词物主代词＋动名词。Doyoumindmy/WeiFang’sopeningthewindow?4．分词：动词原形＋ing。拥有形容词、副词和动词一些特点。（可分为此刻分词、过去分词）此刻分词一般式：主动语态：doing，被动语态：being+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)11/27达成式：主动语态：having+动词过去分词，被动语态：havingbeen+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态以前就发生）动名词的否认形式：not+动名词（v-ing）Nounderstandingthemeaningofthewords,hecouldn’texplainthesentence.用法：作表语。Theresultissurprising.作定语。Developingcountry(主谓关系)sleepingboy(boy所做的动作)作状语。Passingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.=whenhewaspassingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.作宾补。Ifoundhimlyingonthegrass.过去分词形式：规则动词＋ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。过去分词的否认形式：not+动词过去分词。用法：作表语：Mybikeisbroken.Heisveryworried.作定语：developedcountry,fallenleaves,spokenEnglish.作状语：Askedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.=Whenhewasaskedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.作宾补：Youhadbetterhaveyourshoesmended.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.（十一）动词的语态12/27语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的履行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。WeteachEnglishinourschool.主(动)Englishistaughtinourschool.（被动）被动语态：助动词Be+及物动词的过去分词（be+p.p.），be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：被动语态中值得注意的问题：带有双宾语的动词，能够把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。Myfathergavemeabook./Iwasgivenabookbymyfather./Abookwasgiventomebymyfather.英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。Theclothwasheswell./Thiskindofbagssellswell./Theshoeswearlong./Theknifecutswell./Thepenwritessmoothly./Thiscoatlastslong.在英语中有时“be+-Ved”构造其实不是被动语态，而是系表构造。Themountainswerecoveredwithsnow.在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的构造中，要补留宾语补足语。Wefoundthedoorbroken./Thedoorwasfoundbroken.宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变成被动语态后，要复原to。Hemademelaugh./Iwasmadetolaugh.假如短语动词是及物动词时，能够用被动语态，但不可以遗漏所含的介词或副词。Thenurselookedafterthebaby./Thebabywaslookedafterbythenurse./Wemustmakeupforthelessonswemissed./Thelessonswemissedmustbemadeupfor.以下状况不可以用被动语态：不及物动词：Theaccidenthappenedonabusyroadyesterday.连系动词：Thegirllookslikehersister.13/27宾语为反身代词：Healwaysdresseshimselfneatly.宾语为互相代词：Thestudentsoftenhelpeachother.同源宾语：Atthattime,theylivedahappylife.表示状态的及物动词：Ihaveanewcar./Thebookcostme30yuan.（十二）动词的时态：Ⅱ句子句子的成分1．定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的构成部分。句子的种类1．英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类：陈说句、疑问句、祈使句、叹息句。A．陈说句。陈说句说明一个事实或陈说一个人的见解。陈说句分为一定陈说句和否认陈说句两种。a．陈说句的一定式。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos./Theyarestudents./Imustgonow./Hewasreadingabookat8:00lastnight.b．陈说句的否认形式。1）谓语动词是系动词be,助动词have,will,shall,be或神态动词，只须在后来面加not构成否认句。Sheisn’tastudent./Hehasnwillnotgotheretomorrow./Theyaren

’tbeentotheGreatWall./Icannotswim./’tsleeping.14/27（2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上donot，第三人称单数此刻时用doesnot，过去时用didnot。Hedidn’tsendmeaninvitation.3）由拥有否认含义的词never,nobody,hardly,little,dislike,seldom,few,tooto等构成的否认句。Notallthebooksinourschoollibrarycanberenewed.疑问句。疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特别疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。a．一般疑问句：以一个助动词、神态动词、动词be或have开始，语调为升调，往常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。（1）一般疑问句的基本构造：Be动词(is,am,are,was,were)+主语+表语？Have动词(表示“有”：have,has,had)+主语+宾语？神态动词(can,may,must等)+主语+行为动词或be?助动词(do,does,did)+主语+行为动词？助动词(shall,will,have,has)+主语+行为动词？（2）否认形式的疑问句，往常把助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答：Aren’tyouastudent?Yes,Iam不.，(我是)No,Iamnot.(对，我不是)b．特别疑问句：以疑问代词who,what,whom,whose,which或疑问副词when,where,why,how开头。（1）假如疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈说句。Whoisondutytoday?/Whichbookisyours.15/272）假如疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“疑问词＋一般疑问句”形式。Wherehaveyoubeen?c．选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上的状况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不可以用Yes或no往返答。1）疑问句＋选择成分1＋or＋选择成分2？Doyouwantcoffeeorcocoa?/AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican?2）特别问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？whorunsfast,Tom,MaryorLilei.d．反意疑问句：陈说部分＋发问部分。（1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。◎前后代称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes,非事实回答用No.◎前陈说句用降调，后问句用升调；如对前陈说句内容有掌握，后问句也可用降调。◎假如前面陈说句中有否认词：hardly,little,few,never,rarely,nothing,none,nobody,not,no等，后边疑问句应当用一定式。（2）陈说句中有：haveto,hadto,oughtto,usedto,don’t(imperative),somebody/someone,everybody/everyone时，附带疑问句需分别用：don’t,didn’t,shouldn’t,usedn’t/didn等。’t,will,theyMygrandmausedtobeateacher,usedn’t/didnDon’’tshetturn?ontheTVset,willyou?（3）陈说句部分是复合句时，发问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。Hewasreadingwhentheteachercamein,wasn’the?4）在“Ithink(guess,suppose,believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附带疑问句的主语和谓语应与后边宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附带问句与前面主句一致。Idon’tthinkhecanpasstheexam,canhe?Hebelievedyouhadseenherbefore,didn’the?16/275）在含有神态动词must的句子中，若must表示推断，发问用must后边的动词。若must表示有必需时，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示严禁时，发问用must。Hemustbetired,isn？’tYouhemustgotoGaozhou,needn？You’tmustn’tsmokehere,mustyou?（6）陈说句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用willyou(表恳求)。注：let’用sshallwe（包含说话人），letus用willyou（不包含说话人）。Haveacupoftea,willyou?Let’sgonow,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?e．祈使句：可表示恳求、命令、劝说、建议等。（省主语，动词用原形）1）let+第一人称，第三人称＋（not）动词原形。Letmetryagain.2）动词原形＋其余成分。Listentomecarefully.3）Don’t(never)+动词原形＋其余成分。Don’tlookoutofthewindow.4）Do+动词原形＋其余成分。Dogivehimanotherchance.f．叹息句：表示喜怒哀乐等激烈感情，句尾用“！”。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词、副词。（1）How＋形容词/副词。◎How+形容词＋主＋谓＋·！Howcolditistoday!Howclevertheboyis!◎How＋副词＋主＋谓＋·！

Howfastsheruns!Howhardthegirlsareworking!How+形容词＋a/an+名词＋主＋谓＋·！Howcleveraboyheis!Howfunnyanelephantitis!（2）What+名词。17/27◎What+a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋主＋谓＋·！Whatafinedayitistoday!Whatanhonestmanhisfatheris!What＋形容词＋可数名词复数＋主＋谓＋·！Whattalltreestheyare!Whatgoodstudentstheboysare!◎What＋形容词＋不行数名词＋主＋谓＋·！Whatcoldwateritis!Whatdeliciousmilkitis!句子种类1．从构造上看，英语的句子可分为三种种类：简单句、并列句和复合句。2．简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型：3．并列句：由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一同构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet,neithernor,eitheror,still,howevonlybutalso等。并列句的构造：简单句＋并列词＋简单。Hurryup,oryou’llmisstheearlybus./Welovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar./Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.Shehasnotonlyknowledge,butalsoexperience./Hewasill,sohedidnschool./Workhard,andyouwillsucceed.4．复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个成分，不可以独立。从句能够担当复合句的主语（主语从句）、表语（表语从句）、宾语（宾语从句）、定语（定语从句）、状语（状语从句）。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。A．状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句依据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地址、原由、结果、退步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。18/27时间状语从句：由when,while,as,themoment,theminute,once,whenever,before,after,till(until),since,assoonas等连词指引。条件状语从句：由if,unless,solongas,aslongas,incase,ifonly,providedthat等指引。（注：在条件状语从句的未来时态要用此刻时和过去时，表示相应的未来时）。I’llshowyouaroundthecityifIamfreetomorrow./IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythecar.原由状语从句：由because（因为）,as（因为）,since（既然）,for（因为）等指引。Hewasabsentyesterdaybecausehewasill./Asitwasalreadydark,theydecidedtostayinthetownforthenight.目的状语从句：由sothat,that,so,inorderthat,incase等指引。句中常有may,might,can,could,should,would等神态动词。Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlytrain./Hestudiedhardinorderthathemightsucceed.结果状语从句：由sothat,so,sothat,such等。thatThefilmissointerestingthateveryonelikestoseeitagain./Nothingmorewasheardofhim,sopeoplethoughtthathewasdead.比较状语从句：由than,asas,notas(so)the（as,＋比较级）the（＋比较级）等指引。Todayisnotaswarmasyesterday./HelistenstotheteachermorecarefullythanI.地址状语从句：由where和wherever等指引。地址状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句分开；位于句末时则不用逗号。Hefollowsherwherevershegoes.19/27方式状语从句：由as,justasso,as等。ifAsif指引的从句的时态要用过去时（虚语语气）。PleasedoasIdo./Hetellsmethewholethingasifhekneweverything.退步状语从句：由though,although,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,nomatterwho等指引。Althoughhehasfailedmanytimes,hedoesn’tgiveuptrying.B．宾语从句：由一个句子充任宾语，我们称之为宾语从句。（宾语从句的语序永久是陈说语序）宾语从句的连词。假如宾语从句是从陈说句变化而来的，要用连词that来指引，that能够省略。假如宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的，要用连词if或whether.假如宾语从句是从特别疑问句变化而来的，连词就应当用特别疑问词（what,when,where）。宾语从句的时态：宾语从句的人称：人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。Shesaid,“Iammuchbetterthanbefore--------.Shesaid”thatshewasmuchbetterthanbefore.when和if在指引宾语从句和状语从句中，后边的时态有差异。C．定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一定放在先行词以后。指引从句的关系代词有：who(人，主格),whom(人，来宾),whose(人，全部格),which(物),that(人，物)。指引从句的关系副词有：where(地址),when(时间),why(原由)。20/27Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman./YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo./WewillneverforgetthedaywhenwevisitedGaozhou.主句/先行词从句主句主句/先行词从句主句/先行词从句从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。主谓关系：Heaskedtheman(作从句主语)who/thatwassmoking.动宾关系：Thenoodles(作从句宾语)that/whichIcookedweredelicious.只好用that的状况：先行词为all,any,few,no,some,much,little等修饰。Ihavedonealltheworkthathetoldustodo.先行词被序数词修饰。Thatlast/firstquestionthatheaskedmewashardtoanswer.先行词同时有人和物。Theyoftentalkaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremember.先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词。Irememberedeverythingthattheteacherstaughtmebefore.先行词被形容词最高等修饰。ThatisthebestbookthatIhaveread.先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰。ItistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.先行词是指示代词that,one,those,this,another,all等。IsthisschooltheonethatIsawinthepicture?主句以who/which开头，定语从句用that。whoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow?/whichisthecarthatwasmadeinChina?21/27只好用which的状况：关系代词前有介词。Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.先行词自己是that。TheclockisthatwhichIboughtyesterday.非限制性定语从句。HisEnglish,whichusedtobeverypoor,isnowexcellent.定语从句在句中作定语，因此在使用时，相当于此刻分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。a．IboughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.=IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun.b．Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingbasketballnottodothat.=Tellthechildrenplayingbasketballnottodothat.c．Thehousethatstandsatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.=Thehousestandingatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.d．Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear.=Wehavenothingtofear.e．Thebookthatisonthetableisexpensive.=Thebookonthetableisexpensive.指引词when,where和why可用相应的表示时间（in,on,at,during等）、地址（in,on,at等）和原由（for）的介词＋which表达为介宾构造。a．IstillrememberthedaywhenImetherforthefirsttime.----IstillrememberthedayonwhichImetherforthefirsttime.b．ThatistheplacewhereIwentwhenIwasachild.-----ThatistheplacetowhichIwentwhenIwasachild.c．MayIknowthereasonwhyyouarelate?-----MayIknowthereasonforwhichyouarelate?22/27在定语从句中，不可以再出现指示先行词的指示代词。Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelentitto（me×）----.Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelenttome.（√）注意下边的变化：Thisisthehouse(不作lived的宾语)wherewelivedlastyear.Thisisthehouse(作livedin的宾语)which/thatwelivedinlastyear.Thisistheday(不作left的宾语)whenweleftforShenzhen.Thisistheday(作spent的宾语)which/thatwespentinShenzhen.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的差异：限制性定语从句：是句中不行缺乏的构成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完好，从句主句不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的增补说明，没有从句其实不影响主句意思的明确或完好，这类定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that。LastSundaytheyreachedDalian,whereameetingwastobeheld.Shehastwobrothers,whoarebothdoctors.Therebe句型英语“There+be+(not)构造表”示“有（没有）某人或某物”时，there是无词义的指引词，be是谓语动词，它后边的名词是主语，二者再数上一定一致。句末常常有表示地址或时间的状语。一定句：There+(助动词或神态动词)＋be主语＋地址（时间）状语。Thereisapenonthetable./Therewillbeafootballmatchtomorrow.否认句：There+be(助动词或神态动词)＋not（any）(或＋no)+主语。23/27Therearenotfairiesintheworld./Therewasn’taundergroundinShanghaibefore./Therewon’tbeafootballmatchtomorrow.一般疑问句：Be+there+(any)+主语？/助动词或神态动词＋there+be+(any)+主语？IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?/Willtherebecloudtomorrow?特别疑问句：疑问词（＋名词）＋be＋there+状语？Howmanyweeksarethereinayear?/Whatisthereonthedesk?/Wherewilltherebeafootballmatchtomorrow?假如there+be以后是并列主语，应依据离be近来的名词来选择be的形式。Thereisaappleandtwopearsonthetable./Therearetwopearsandaappleonthetable.含有指引词there的句子用seemtobe,happentobe,usedtobe或live等作谓语的构造。Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheshop./Thereusedtobeatemplehere.Ⅳ主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包含三方面：形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。单数名词、不行数名词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词作主语，谓语用复数；若主语表示单数或整体观点时，谓语应用单数。Timeismoney./Mybookisnew./Ourbooksarethere./Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge./Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.有些名词以“s结”尾，但谓用单数。（news,physics,maths,politics等）Mathsisveryimportanttous.24/27People,police,youth,cattle等常作复数办理。Theyoutharefullofliving.既作单数又是复数的名词，可作单、复数。（sheep,fish,deer,Chinese,Japanese）Thereisonedeer/aresomedeerinthezoo./ImetaJapaneseinthestreet./TheJapaneseImetinthestreetwerefriendly.当主语是两个名词由and连结时，若表示一种事物或一种观点时，谓语用单数。有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数，第二个everyeach可省略。Everyboyand(every)girlhasanewbook.表示时间、距离、金钱或数目的复数名词，一般视为一个整体，谓语用单数。Ahundredmilesisalongdistance.有些