交通运输英文交通词汇与术语释义

交通运输英文交通词汇与术语释义英文交通词汇与术语释义目录A1Arterial1AutomatedVehicleIdentification(AVI)1精品文档放心下载AverageAnnualDailyTraffic(AADT)1精品文档放心下载AverageDailyTraffic1AverageWeekdayDailyTraffic(AWDT)1感谢阅读B2Benefit/Cost(B/C)ratio2谢谢阅读Bottleneck2C2Capacity2CategoricalExclusion2CentralBusinessDistrict(CBD)3感谢阅读ChangeableMessageSign(CMS)3谢谢阅读CollectorDistributor(CD)3感谢阅读CommuterRail(CR)4Congestion/DemandManagement(CDM)4精品文档放心下载CongestionManagementSystem(CMS)4感谢阅读CongestionMitigationandAirQuality(CMAQ)improvementprogram4感谢阅读CongestionPricing4ControlofAccess(COA)5CriticalMovementAnalysis(CMA)5感谢阅读D5DesignHourVolume(DHV)5谢谢阅读DirectionalDesignHourVolume(DDHV)5精品文档放心下载DraftEnvironmentalImpactStatement(DEIS)5感谢阅读E6EnvironmentalAssessment(EA)6感谢阅读EnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)6感谢阅读EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)6精品文档放心下载Expressway6F6FeasibilityStudy6FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)7精品文档放心下载FederalTransitAdministration(FTA)7谢谢阅读FinalEnvironmentalImpactStatement(FEIS)7精品文档放心下载FlexibleOperationalCapability7精品文档放心下载Freeway7Frontageroad7G8Grade8GradeSeparation8H8HighOccupancyVehicle(HOV)8感谢阅读HighOccupancyVehicle(HOV)Lane8感谢阅读HighSpeedRail8HighwayAdvisoryRadio(HAR)9精品文档放心下载HourlyVolume(HV)9I9Incident9IntelligentTransportationSystem(ITS)9谢谢阅读IntelligentVehicleHighwaySystems(IVHS)9感谢阅读IntermodalSurfaceTransportationEfficiencyAct(ISTEA)9精品文档放心下载IntermodalTransportation10感谢阅读Intermodalism10K10K-Factor10L11LevelOfService(LOS)11LightRailTransit(LRT)orLightRail11谢谢阅读M11MajorInvestmentStudy(MIS)11精品文档放心下载MeasuresOfEffectiveness(MOE)11精品文档放心下载MetropolitanPlanningOrganization(MPO)12感谢阅读N12NationalHighwaySystem(NHS)12精品文档放心下载NationalTransportationSystem(NTS)12感谢阅读Non-attainmentareas12NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)13精品文档放心下载NoticeOfIntent(NOI)13P13ParkandPool(P&P)13ParkandRide(P&R)13PeakHourFactor(PHF)13PeakHourTraffic(PHT)13精品文档放心下载PersonTrip13Program14R14RecordOfDecision(ROD)14感谢阅读RightOfWay(ROW)14S14Single-OccupantVehicle(SOV)14感谢阅读Social,EconomicandEnvironmental(SEE)14感谢阅读StatewideTransportationImprovementProgram(STIP)15谢谢阅读StatewideTransportationPlan(STP)15精品文档放心下载SurfaceTransportationProgram(STP)15精品文档放心下载SurfaceTransportationProgramCategory4Cfor"Urban感谢阅读Mobility/Rehabilitation"(STP4C)15精品文档放心下载T15TexasDepartmentofTransportation(TxDOT)15感谢阅读TexasNaturalResourcesConservationCommission(TNRCC)16精品文档放心下载TransportationDemandManagement(TDM)16谢谢阅读TransportationImprovementProgram(TIP)16谢谢阅读TransportationManagementArea(TMA)16感谢阅读TransportationStrategy17谢谢阅读TransportationSystemManagement(TSM)17感谢阅读TransportationSystemsManagement(TSM)17谢谢阅读U17UnifiedTransportationProgram(UTP)17谢谢阅读V18VehicleMileofTravel(VMT)18谢谢阅读VehiclesPerDay(VPD)18VehiclesPerHour(VPH)18感谢阅读Volume-to-Capacityratio(V/C)18感谢阅读W18WeavingArea18TRANSPORTATIONANALYSIS18感谢阅读SoftwareforTrafficSimulationandAnalysis19感谢阅读英文交通词汇与术语释义AArterialAmajorthoroughfare.AutomatedVehicleIdentification(AVI)精品文档放心下载systemorAutomaticVehicleMonitoringSystemorAutomaticVehicle感谢阅读LocationSystem.Asysteminwhichelectronicequipmentonavehicle感谢阅读sendssignalsbacktoacentralcontrolfacility,locatingthe感谢阅读vehicleandprovidingotherinformationaboutitsoperationsorabout精品文档放心下载itsmechanicalcondition.AVIisalsoreferredtoasAutomatic谢谢阅读VehicleMonitoringSystemandAutomaticVehicleLocationSystem.精品文档放心下载AverageAnnualDailyTraffic(AADT)感谢阅读Thetotaltrafficforayeardividedby365.谢谢阅读AverageDailyTrafficisdefinedasthetotaltrafficvolumeduringagivenperiod(from精品文档放心下载1to364days)dividedbythenumberofdaysinthatperiod.Current精品文档放心下载ADTvolumescanbedeterminedbycontinuoustrafficcountsor谢谢阅读periodiccounts.Whereonlyperiodictrafficcountsaretaken,ADT感谢阅读volumecanbeestablishedbyapplyingcorrectionfactorssuchasfor谢谢阅读seasonordayofweek.Forroadwayshavingtrafficintwodirections,感谢阅读theADTincludestrafficinbothdirectionsunlessspecified精品文档放心下载otherwise.AverageWeekdayDailyTraffic(AWDT)谢谢阅读Thetotaltrafficforanaverageweekday.Anaverageweekdayisa精品文档放心下载representativeweekdaycomputedasthemathematicalaverageofseveral感谢阅读typicalweekdaysselectedatrandomthroughouttheyear.Atypical精品文档放心下载weekdayhasnoanomalysuchasheavytrafficduetoaspecialpublic谢谢阅读eventorlighttrafficduetoinclementweather.AverageSaturdayand精品文档放心下载Sundaydata,includingholidayservice,aredeterminedthesameway.精品文档放心下载BBenefit/Cost(B/C)ratioB/Cisusedtocomparethebenefitversusthecostofproposed感谢阅读alternatives.Forhighwayprojects,benefitsmayincludereducedfuel感谢阅读consumption,traveltime,andairpollution;costsmayinclude感谢阅读construction,rightofway,andmaintenance.谢谢阅读BottleneckHighwaysectionsthatexperienceoperationalproblemssuchas精品文档放心下载congestion.Bottlenecksmayresultfromfactorsotherthanreduced感谢阅读roadwaywidth.Forexample,theclosespacingofexitandentrance精品文档放心下载rampscancauseweavingpatternsthatresultincongestion.Aless谢谢阅读obviousexampleisasteepfreewaygradethatcanslowtrucksand感谢阅读causealocalized"bottleneck."精品文档放心下载CCapitalAreaMetropolitanPlanningOrganization(CAMPO)(formerly感谢阅读ATS)CAMPOistheMetropolitanPlanningOrganization(MPO)forthe谢谢阅读Austinarea.CapacityCapacityreferstoarateofvehicularorpersonflowthatcanbe精品文档放心下载expectedtotraverseapointoruniformsectionofalaneorroadway精品文档放心下载duringaspecificperiod,whichismostoftenapeak15-minuteperiod,感谢阅读andwhichisnotthemaximumvolumethatcanbeaccommodatedduring精品文档放心下载anhour,underprevailingroadway,traffic,andcontrolconditions.感谢阅读CapacityandLevelofService(LOS)areanalyzedseparatelyandare谢谢阅读notsimplyrelatedtoeachother;bothmustbefullyconsideredto谢谢阅读evaluatetheoveralloperationofafacility.Capacityanalysismay谢谢阅读beusedinthecomputationofVolume-to-Capacity(V/C)ratios.In感谢阅读somecases,theV/CratioisusedtodefineLOS.谢谢阅读CategoricalExclusionExamplesofcategoricalexclusionsareactionswhich,basedon谢谢阅读pastexperiencewithsimilaractions,donotinvolvesignificant感谢阅读environmentalimpacts.Theyareactionswhichdonotdoanyofthe感谢阅读following:inducesignificantimpactstoplannedgrowthorlanduse精品文档放心下载forthearea;requiretherelocationofsignificantnumbersofpeople;谢谢阅读haveasignificantimpactonanynatural,cultural,recreational,谢谢阅读historicorotherresource;involvesignificantair,noise,orwater精品文档放心下载qualityimpacts;havesignificantimpactsontravelpatterns;or感谢阅读otherwise,eitherindividuallyorcumulatively,haveanysignificant感谢阅读environmentalimpacts.CentralBusinessDistrict(CBD)精品文档放心下载Thedowntownretailtradeandcommercialareaofacityoranarea精品文档放心下载havinghighlandvalues,trafficflow,andconcentrationofretail谢谢阅读businessoffices,entertainment,lodging,andservices.谢谢阅读ChangeableMessageSign(CMS)谢谢阅读ACMSisusedtoadvisedriversoftrafficorroadwayconditions感谢阅读aheadand,insomecases,recommendalternateroutes.TheCMSalso精品文档放心下载reducesdriverfrustrationbyprovidingadvancewarning.ACMSisalso谢谢阅读referredtoasaVariableMessageSign(VMS).谢谢阅读CollectorDistributor(CD)谢谢阅读ACDfreewaysystemseparateslocalandthroughtrafficbyuseof精品文档放心下载CDroadwaysandthroughroadways("mainlanes"or"coreroadway").感谢阅读TheCDroadwayislocatedbetweenthemainlanesandafrontageroad谢谢阅读orlocalstreetsystem.Onthemainlanes,trafficflowisimproved感谢阅读sinceweavingiseliminatedandaccesspointsarereduced;theCD精品文档放心下载roadwayprovidesneededfreewayaccesspoints.ACDroadwayis精品文档放心下载differentfromafrontageroadbecauseaccesstoadjacentproperties精品文档放心下载isnotpermitted.ACDroadwaycancomplementanexistingfrontage谢谢阅读roadsystembyinclusionoframpsconnectingtheCDroadwaytothe精品文档放心下载frontageroad;thefrontageroadisthenbetterabletohandle谢谢阅读trafficaccessingadjacentproperties.Fortraffictravelingbetween精品文档放心下载afreewaysystemandmoredistantpoints,"directconnect"rampscan谢谢阅读beusedto"directlyconnect"theCDroadwaytomajorthoroughfares感谢阅读(leadingtomajortrafficgenerationareas)and,thereby,bypass感谢阅读frontageroadsorlocalstreetsadjacenttothefreeway.ThisCD精品文档放心下载roadwayanddirectconnectramparrangementeliminatesmergingand精品文档放心下载weavingmovementsthatwouldotherwiseoccurbetweenthefreeway,精品文档放心下载frontageroad,andlocalroads.Duringpeaktraffic,thisarrangement感谢阅读canprovidetheaddedbenefitofkeepingopenthosesectionsof精品文档放心下载freewaylanesapproachingexitrampssincegreaterstoragelengthfor感谢阅读exitingtrafficqueues(linesofvehicleswaitingtheirturn)ismade;精品文档放心下载increasedqueuestorageismadebythegreaterlengthofthedirect谢谢阅读connectramps,thereductionofturbulenceinthequeue(noaccessto感谢阅读adjacentproperty),andtherelocationofthequeueawayfrom,精品文档放心下载insteadofparallelwiththefreeway.ACDsystemwithdirectconnect精品文档放心下载rampscanpromoteintermodalismsinceitprovidesforeasiermovement谢谢阅读oftransitvehicleslikebuses.Busescaneasilytraveldirectly精品文档放心下载betweentheCDroadwayandlocalstreetswithouthavingtomergeand谢谢阅读weaveonandoffoffrontageroads.TheCDroadway'soperatingspeed谢谢阅读isgenerallylowerthanthemainlanessincetheCDroadwayhasmore谢谢阅读entranceandexitareas.Itisworthnotingthatafreeway'soptimal谢谢阅读trafficcarryingcapacityoccursataround45mph.Becauseofthis谢谢阅读loweroperatingspeed,theCDroadwaymaybedesignedwithalower谢谢阅读designspeedwhichallowsformoreflexibledesign.Ingeneral,a精品文档放心下载freewaysystemwithhightrafficvolumes,inacity-typearea,can感谢阅读haveitsoveralltrafficcarryingcapacityandflowoperations精品文档放心下载improvedbyuseofaCDsystem.CDsystemsarecurrentlyinoperation感谢阅读inseveralcitiesacrossthenation.精品文档放心下载CommuterRail(CR)CommuterRailisurbanpassengertrainserviceforshortdistance谢谢阅读(local)travelbetweenacentralcityandadjacentsuburbsandlong感谢阅读haul(regional)passengerservicebetweencities.Itdoesnotinclude精品文档放心下载heavyrailserviceorlightrailservice(servinglongerdistances).谢谢阅读Commuterrailservicemaybeeitherlocomotive-hauledor谢谢阅读self-propelled,andischaracterizedbyreducedfaremulti-trip精品文档放心下载tickets,specificstation-to-stationfares,railroademployment谢谢阅读practices,andusuallyonlyoneortwostationsinthecentral感谢阅读businessdistrict.Alsoknownas"suburbanrail."Itmaycrossthe感谢阅读geographicalboundariesofastate.谢谢阅读Congestion/DemandManagement(CDM)感谢阅读SeeTransportationDemandManagementandCongestionManagement感谢阅读System.CongestionManagementSystem(CMS)精品文档放心下载Asystematicprocesswhichprovidesinformationontransportation谢谢阅读systemperformanceandalternativestrategiestoalleviatecongestion谢谢阅读andenhancethemobilityofpersonsandgoods.ACMSincludesmethods谢谢阅读tomonitorandevaluateperformance,identifyalternativeactions,感谢阅读accessandimplementcost-effectiveactions,andevaluatethe感谢阅读effectivenessofimplementedactions.感谢阅读CongestionMitigationandAirQuality(CMAQ)improvementprogram谢谢阅读AspecialprovisionoftheISTEAthatdirectsfundstowards感谢阅读projectsinCleanAirActNon-Attainmentareasforozoneandcarbon精品文档放心下载monoxide.CongestionPricingThepolicyofchargingdriversafeethatvarieswiththelevelof谢谢阅读trafficonacongestedroadway.Congestionpricingisdesignedto精品文档放心下载allocateroadwayspaceinamoreefficientmanner.Congestionpricing谢谢阅读isalsoknownasrelieftolling,variablepricing,androadpricing.谢谢阅读ControlofAccess(COA)Thisisalsoreferredtoasaccesscontrol.COAistheregulated感谢阅读limitationofaccessandisachievedbyregulationofpublicaccess感谢阅读rightsinto(ingress)andoutof(egress)propertiesabuttinga谢谢阅读roadway.Therearetwotypes:fullcontrolofaccessandpartial谢谢阅读controlofaccess.Also,therearedrivewayandapproachcontrol谢谢阅读regulations.OnaroadwaywithfullCOA,preferenceisgiventothe感谢阅读movementofthroughtrafficbyprovidingaccessconnectionsonlywith感谢阅读selectedpublicroads,byprohibitingcrossingsatthesamegrade,谢谢阅读andbyprohibitingdirectprivatedrivewayconnections.Onaroadway谢谢阅读withpartialCOA,preferenceisgiventothroughtraffic;however精品文档放心下载theremaybeaccessconnectionswithselectedpublicroads,crossings精品文档放心下载atthesamegrade,andprivatedrivewayconnections.Fullorpartial谢谢阅读accesscontrolisusuallyaccomplishedbylegallyobtaining感谢阅读right-of-accessfromtheabuttingpropertyownersorbytheuseof精品文档放心下载frontageroads.CriticalMovementAnalysis(CMA)谢谢阅读Forsignalizedintersections,CMAfocusesonlanegroupsor谢谢阅读movementswhichcontrolsignalrequirements.CMAfocusesonthe精品文档放心下载identificationandprovisionofcapacityforsuchflowscalled精品文档放心下载criticalmovements.CMAisalsousedincapacityanalysis.精品文档放心下载DDesignHourVolume(DHV)Typically,theDHVisthethirtiethhighesthourlytrafficvolume精品文档放心下载forthedesignyear,commonlytwentyyearsfromthetimeof精品文档放心下载construction.TheDHVisgiveninunitsofvehiclesperhour.精品文档放心下载DirectionalDesignHourVolume(DDHV)精品文档放心下载Typically,theDDHVisthethirtiethhighesthourlytrafficvolume精品文档放心下载inonedirectionforthedesignyear,commonlytwentyyearsfromthe精品文档放心下载timeofconstruction.DDHVisgiveninunitsofvehiclesperhour.感谢阅读DraftEnvironmentalImpactStatement(DEIS)感谢阅读Anenvironmentaldocumentthatispreparedwhenitisinitially精品文档放心下载determinedthattheaction/projectmaycausesignificantimpactsto感谢阅读theenvironment,whenenvironmentalstudiesandearlycoordination精品文档放心下载indicatesignificantimpacts,orwhenreviewoftheenvironmental谢谢阅读assessmentindicatesthattheimpactsanticipatedtoresultfromthe精品文档放心下载projectmaybesignificant.TheDEIScomparesallreasonable感谢阅读alternativestotheproposedprojectandsummarizesthestudies,精品文档放心下载reviews,consultations,andcoordinationrequiredbylegislationand感谢阅读ExecutiveOrderstotheextentappropriateatthedraftstageinthe谢谢阅读environmentalprocess.Thisdocumentlistsallentitiesfromwhich感谢阅读commentsarebeingrequested.感谢阅读EEnvironmentalAssessment(EA)谢谢阅读Adocumentthatassessesanactionthatisnotacategorical精品文档放心下载exclusionanddoesnotclearlyrequirethepreparationofan精品文档放心下载environmentalimpactstatement(EIS),orwheretheFederalHighway精品文档放心下载Administrationbelievesanenvironmentalassessmentwouldassistin感谢阅读determiningtheneedforanEIS.谢谢阅读EnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)感谢阅读Anenvironmentaldocumentthatisrequiredwhenanactionthat谢谢阅读willsignificantlyaffecttheenvironment.感谢阅读EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)精品文档放心下载AFederalagencychargedwithprotectingthenaturalresourceson谢谢阅读thenation.ExpresswayAnexpresswayisadividedhighwayfacilityusuallyhavingtwoor谢谢阅读morelanesfortheexclusiveuseoftrafficineachdirectionand感谢阅读partialcontrolofaccess(asopposedtoafreewaywhichhasfull感谢阅读controlofaccess).FFeasibilityStudyAstudyaboutaproject'sfeasibilitywhichissummarizedina感谢阅读document.Thestudyaddressesissuesincludingtheproject'sbenefits,谢谢阅读costs,effectiveness,alternativesconsidered,analysisofalternative感谢阅读selection,environmentaleffects,publicopinions,andotherfactors.感谢阅读ThefeasibilitystudyformajorprojectsinvolvingFederalfundswas感谢阅读replacedundertheIntermodalSurfaceTransportationEfficiencyAct感谢阅读bytheMajorInvestmentStudy.精品文档放心下载FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)精品文档放心下载Thefederalagencyresponsiblefortheadministrationoffederal谢谢阅读highwayfunds.FHWAdoesnothaveadirectroleorresponsibilities谢谢阅读inthedevelopmentofurbantransportationplansortheirdevelopment.感谢阅读However,theirroleisadministrationoffederalfundsandinthe感谢阅读issuanceofpolicyandproceduretimetablesforimplementationof谢谢阅读federallegislativedirectivesisimmense.精品文档放心下载FederalTransitAdministration(FTA)精品文档放心下载TheFTAwasformerlyastheUrbanMassTransportation谢谢阅读Administration.ItoperatesundertheauthorityoftheFederal谢谢阅读TransitAct.TheFTAwasestablishedasacomponentoftheUS感谢阅读DepartmentofTransportation.精品文档放心下载FinalEnvironmentalImpactStatement(FEIS)精品文档放心下载AnenvironmentaldocumentthatispreparedfollowingtheDraft精品文档放心下载EnvironmentalImpactStatement(DEIS),whichincludestheresultsof感谢阅读thepublicinvolvementprocessandagencyinputontheDEIS.This精品文档放心下载documentsummarizesthesubstantivecommentsonsocial,economic,感谢阅读environmental,andengineeringissuesmadeasaresultofthepublic感谢阅读involvementprocess,anddocumentscompliancewithrequirementsof精品文档放心下载allapplicableenvironmentallaws,ExecutiveOrders,andother精品文档放心下载relatedrequirements.FlexibleOperationalCapability感谢阅读allowsthedirectionlanestochangetoaccommodateuneventraffic谢谢阅读flow.Forexample,duringanevacuation,7northboundlanescanbe感谢阅读createdforevacueesand1southboundlaneforemergencyvehicles.感谢阅读FreewayAdividedhighwayfacilityhavingtwoormorelanesforthe感谢阅读exclusiveuseoftrafficineachdirectionandfullcontrolofaccess.谢谢阅读Thefreewayistheonlytypeofhighwayintendedtoprovidecomplete感谢阅读"uninterrupted"flow.FrontageroadAnarterialtyperoadwaythatparallelsamajortransportation感谢阅读facilitysuchasafreeway.Itservestocollectanddistribute谢谢阅读trafficalongthemajorfacilitywithoutimpedingflowalongthe感谢阅读freeway.Frontageroadsarealsoreferredtobythepublicas感谢阅读"access,""feeder,"and"service"roads.精品文档放心下载GGradeTheslope(ratioofchangeinelevationtochangeindistance)of谢谢阅读aroadwaytypicallygiveninpercent.Forexample,a2%grade感谢阅读represents2-feetofelevationchangeovera100-footdistance.谢谢阅读GradeSeparationAverticalseparationbetweenintersectingroadsorrailroad感谢阅读tracks.Onefacilitytravelsovertheotherviaanoverpassorother谢谢阅读structure.HHighOccupancyVehicle(HOV)精品文档放心下载Vehicleshavingmorethanoneoccupant.Examplesincludecarpools,谢谢阅读vanpools,buses,andmini-buses.Transportationsystemsmayencourage感谢阅读HOVusebyhavingdesignatedHOVlanes.谢谢阅读HighOccupancyVehicle(HOV)Lane感谢阅读HighOccupancyVehicleLane.Exclusiveroadortrafficlane谢谢阅读limitedtobuses,vanpools,carpools,emergencyvehicles,andinsome谢谢阅读cases,singleoccupantmotorcycles.HOVlanestypicallyhavehigher精品文档放心下载operatingspeedsandlowertrafficvolumesthanadjacentgeneral谢谢阅读purposelanes.HOVlaneshaveproventobesuccessfulinmajor感谢阅读metropolitanareasacrosstheUS;however,theirfulleffectiveness谢谢阅读isusuallynotrealizeduntilaboutonetotwoyearsafter感谢阅读implementation.HighSpeedRailArailservicehavingthecharacteristicsofintercityrail谢谢阅读servicewhichoperatesprimarilyonadedicatedguidewayortracknot精品文档放心下载used,forthemostpart,byfreight,including,butnotlimitedto,感谢阅读trainsonweldedrail,magneticallylevitated(MAGLEV)vehiclesona精品文档放心下载specialguideway,orotheradvancedtechnologyvehicles,designedto精品文档放心下载travelatspeedsinexcessofthosepossibleonothertypesof感谢阅读railroads.HighSpeedRailhasexclusiverightofwayandserves感谢阅读denselytraveledcorridorsatspeedsof124milesperhourand谢谢阅读greater.HighwayAdvisoryRadio(HAR)感谢阅读Aradiostationwhichbroadcastshighwayconditionsandtraffic精品文档放心下载information.HourlyVolume(HV)Thevolumeoftraffic(giveninunitsofvehicleperhour)that感谢阅读traversesacrossasegmentofaroadwayinonehour.TheHVmaybe谢谢阅读determinedfromtrafficcountsormaybeaprojectedcalculation.感谢阅读RefertoDesignHourVolume.精品文档放心下载IIncidentAnincidentmaybeanyofthefollowing:trafficaccident,stalled谢谢阅读vehicle,loadspillage,orotheractionthateffectsoneormore谢谢阅读lanesoftraffic.An"accident"typicallyinvolvesacollisionofa精品文档放心下载movingvehiclewithanothervehicle,person,orobject.感谢阅读IntelligentTransportationSystem(ITS)精品文档放心下载ITSreplacesthetermIntelligentVehicleHighwaySystem.ITSisa谢谢阅读surveillancesystemdesignedtomonitortrafficflowsonmajor感谢阅读freewaysandtoinformmotoristsorproblemareas.SomeITS感谢阅读technologyincludeschangeablemessagesigns,cameras,andvideo谢谢阅读detectors.ITSapplicationsinclude:theintegrationoftraffic精品文档放心下载controlandtransportationmanagementsystems;trafficsignalswhich精品文档放心下载adapttotrafficandchangecontroleachcycle;highwayadvisory谢谢阅读radiosystems;changeablemessagesigns(CMS);vehicledetectors;谢谢阅读closed-circuittelevision;GlobalPositioningSystemsandroute感谢阅读guidance(currentlyusedinsometrucks,buses,andrentalcars).An感谢阅读ITSmayenabledriverstooperatetheirvehiclesmoresafelyandwith精品文档放心下载greaterknowledgeaboutexistingtrafficconditions.谢谢阅读IntelligentVehicleHighwaySystems(IVHS)感谢阅读SeeIntelligentTransportationSystem.精品文档放心下载IntermodalSurfaceTransportationEfficiencyAct(ISTEA)精品文档放心下载ATransportationBillpassedbyCongressin1991thatprovidessix谢谢阅读yearauthorizationsfordevelopmentofaNationalIntermodal精品文档放心下载TransportationSystemwhichconsistsofallformsoftransportation感谢阅读inaunified,interconnectedmanner.Itincreasedthepercentageof感谢阅读federalmatchfundingavailableforthemajorityofTexas感谢阅读transportationprojects.ISTEAwasdesignedtomovegoodsandpeople感谢阅读moreefficientlybydevelopinganintegratedtransportation精品文档放心下载infrastructuresystemfortheUnitedStates.ISTEAisthiscountry's感谢阅读firstseriousefforttopromoteintermodalism,theideathatall精品文档放心下载systemsandstructuresformovingpeopleandgoodsmustfunctionas谢谢阅读anintegratedandcohesivetransportationnetworkwhichincludesrail精品文档放心下载andmasstransitaswellashighways.UnderISTEA,thestatewide精品文档放心下载planningprocessmustincorporatesomenewgoals:toreduce谢谢阅读congestionandimproveairquality;toconsidernationaland感谢阅读internationalcommerce;toconsiderenergyconservation;tocreatean精品文档放心下载integratedsystemofseveralmodes;andtoconcentrateonthemost感谢阅读efficientwaytomovegoodsandpeople,notjustpeople.Thethree谢谢阅读majorcomponentsofISTEAaretheNationalHighwaySystem,the谢谢阅读SurfaceTransportationProgram,andtheCongestionMitigationandAir谢谢阅读QualityImprovementProgram.谢谢阅读IntermodalTransportationTransportationofpersonsandgoodsthatinvolvestheinterchange精品文档放心下载betweentransportationmodessuchassurfaceroutes,airways,and谢谢阅读waterways.Intermodaltransportationforsurfacetransportationof感谢阅读peopleandgoodsincludestheinterchangebetweenmodessuchas精品文档放心下载automobiles,masstransitsuchasbuses,railwayincluding感谢阅读commuterrailandcanincludeParkAndRidelotsorothermode感谢阅读interchangefacilities.Intermodaltransportationenablespeopleand感谢阅读goodstobeconsolidatedintolargergroupsthatcanbetransported精品文档放心下载atlowercosts.Inadditiontoreducingcosts,itenablesgreater感谢阅读logisticflexibilitythancanalsoreducecongestionandtraveltime.谢谢阅读IntermodalismAholisticviewoftransportationinwhichindividualmodeswork感谢阅读togetherorwithintheirownnichestoprovidetheuserwiththebest谢谢阅读choicesofservice,andinwhichtheconsequencesonallmodesof精品文档放心下载policiesforasinglemodeareconsidered.Thisviewhasbeencalled精品文档放心下载balanced,integrated,orcomprehensivetransportation.Intermodalism谢谢阅读includestheprovisionofconnectionsbetweendifferentmodes,such感谢阅读ashighwaystobusfeederservicestorailtransit.谢谢阅读KK-FactorAfactorwhichrepresentstheproportionofAverageAnnualDaily感谢阅读Traffic(AADT)expectedtooccurinthedesignhour.TheK-factoris谢谢阅读alsoknownasthedesignhourfactorandisnormallyexpressedin精品文档放心下载designproblemsasDHV=AADTxK,wheretheDHVisthetotaltwo-way谢谢阅读DesignHourVolume,andKisestimatedfromtheratioofthe30th精品文档放心下载HourlyVolumetotheAADTfromasimilarsite.谢谢阅读LLevelOfService(LOS)Aqualitativemeasuredescribingoperationalconditionswithina精品文档放心下载trafficstreamandmotorists'perceptionsofthoseconditions.For精品文档放心下载example,LOSArepresentsfreeflow,almostcompletefreedomto感谢阅读maneuverwithinthetrafficstream.LOSFrepresentsforcedflow,感谢阅读morevehiclesareattemptingtousethefreewaythancanbeserved精品文档放心下载resultinginstopandgotraffic.精品文档放心下载LightRailTransit(LRT)orLightRail精品文档放心下载Arailwaywitha"lightvolume"trafficcapacitycomparedto感谢阅读"heavyrail."Lightrailmayusesharedorexclusiverightsofway,谢谢阅读highorlowplatformloading,andmulti-cartrainsorsinglecars精品文档放心下载travelingonfixedrails.LRTuseslightweight,streetcartype谢谢阅读passengervehiclesoperatedoncitystreetsthatisnotseparated精品文档放心下载fromothertrafficformuchoftheway.LRTalsoknownaslightrail,精品文档放心下载streetcar,trolleycar,andtramway.谢谢阅读MMajorInvestmentStudy(MIS)谢谢阅读AstudyandresultingdocumentwhichreplacedFeasibilityStudies精品文档放心下载undertheIntermodalSurfaceTransportationEfficiencyAct(ISTEA)谢谢阅读formajorimprovementprojectsinvolvingsignificantFederalfunds.A精品文档放心下载MISincludesthestudyoffactorsthatmayjustifyaproposedproject精品文档放心下载suchasit'scosteffectivenessandoveralleffectivenessand精品文档放心下载incorporationofintermodaltransportation.MeasuresOfEffectiveness精品文档放心下载aredefinedandcalculatedaspartoftheMIS.TheMISalsorequires谢谢阅读considerationofothertransportationmodesaswellasbroaderpublic谢谢阅读andagencyinput.MeasuresOfEffectiveness(MOE)谢谢阅读MOEinclude:averagevehiclespeed,vehiclestops,delays,精品文档放心下载vehicle-hoursoftravel,vehicle-milesoftravel,fuelconsumptionand精品文档放心下载pollutantemissions.MOEprovideinsightintotheeffectsonthe感谢阅读trafficstreamoftheappliedimprovementstrategy.精品文档放心下载MetropolitanPlanningOrganization(MPO)精品文档放心下载Anassociationoflocalagenciesestablishedformutualbenefit感谢阅读andtohelpcoordinateplanninganddevelopmentactivitieswithina精品文档放心下载metropolitanregion.EstablishmentoftheMPOisrequiredbylawin精品文档放心下载urbanareasofover50,000populationiffederalfundsaretobeused.谢谢阅读TheMPOconsistsoftwogroups.1)ThePolicyboardiscomprisedof精品文档放心下载officialsrepresentingthecounties,cities,andstateagency.2)The谢谢阅读technicaladvisorygroupconsistsofprofessionalplannersand精品文档放心下载engineerswhoareusuallyemployeesofthesameagencies.TheMPOis感谢阅读notalevelofgovernment.However,theMPOhas"effectivecontrol"感谢阅读overt