基础导学夏阅读课堂第练习球座用语

约词，使用 probablywouldn’tbe

Afriendofminerecentlystartedaconversationwiththesewords:“Don’ttakethisthewrongway…”IwishIcouldlyouwhatshesaidnext.ButIwasn’tlistening—mybrainhadstalled.Iwasbracingforthesentencethatwouldfollowthatphrase,whichexperiencehastaughtmeCertainphrasesjustseemtocreepintoourdailyspeech.Theymaymakeiteasiertosaysomethingdifficultorbuyusafewextrasecondstocollectournextthought.Yetforthelistener,thesephrasesaredisconcerting.Theymakeitfairlyimpossibletounderstand,orevenaccurayhear,whattheyspeakeristryingtosay.Consider:“Iwantyoutoknow…”or“I’mjustsaying…”or“Ihatetobetheonetolyouthis…”Often,thesephrasesimplyoppositeofwhatthewordsmean.Essentially,takenalone,theyexpressasimplethought,suchas“Iamwritingtosay…”Atfirst,theyseemharmless,formal,maybeevenpolite.Butcomingbeforeanotherstatement,theyoftensignalthatbadnews,orevensomedishonestyonthepartofthespeaker,willfollow.Somepeoplerefertothesephrasesas“tee-ups.”Theirusemaybeincreasingasaresultofsocialmedia,wherepeopleusephrasessuchas“Iamthinkingthat…”or“AsfarasIknow…”bothtoavoidcommittingtoadefinitivepositionandtomanagetheimpressiontheymakeinprint.So,iftee-upsaredamagingourrelationships,yetweoftendon’tevenknowwe’reusingthem,whatcanwedo?Startbytryingtobemoreawareofwhatyouaresaying.Ifyouareabouttoutterone,slowdown.Thinkaboutwhatyouareabouttosay.“Ifyouarefeelinganeedtousethemalot,thenperhapsyoushouldconsiderthepossibilitythatyouaresayingtoomanyunpleasantthingstooraboutotherpeople,”saysEllenJovin,co-founderofSyntaxis,acommunication-skillstrainingfirminNewHeradviceiseithertoabortyourspeakingmissionandthinkaboutwhetherwhatyouwantedtosayissomethingyoushouldsay,ortosaywhatyouwanttosaywithoutusingthatphrase.“Tobeperfectlyhonest…”isaphrasetostrikefromyourspeech.Itoftenprefacesnegativecomments,andcanseemcondescending.Itsignalsalargerissue:Ifyouaretakingthetroubletoannounceyourhonestynow,maybeyouaren’talwaystruthful.Asmentionedatthebeginningofthetext,whenhearingtheopeningremarks,theenjoyedthepleasuresofwascompelledtoexpandontheimmediayattendedtothesuddenlylosthistrainofOnthepartofalistener,phrasesliketee-upsseemto [B]in[C] [D]WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthephrasesfromParagraphTheyarefrequentlyusedoninformalTheirinterpretationlargelydependsupontheirTheyessentiallyconveyasenseofTheiruseiscommonlyfoundinoffensiveSomephraseswidelyusedinsocialmediaareintendedtocreateaneutraltoavoidtheinitialtoestablishclosetoevadecommittingWhatadvicemightEllenJovingivetothosewhofeelobligedtoemploy“tee-up”Slowdowntheir [B]Deliverthespeech[C]Putonanairof [D]Stoptheirtalk约词，使用 InSeptember1942,ViktorFrankl,aprominentJewishpsychiatristandneurologistinVienna,wasarrestedandtransportedtoaNazaconcentrationcamp.Threeyearslater,whenhiscampwasliberated,mostofhis约词，使用 1946book,Man’sSearchforMeaning,Franklconcludedthatthedifferencebetweenthosewhohadlivedandthosewhohaddiedcamedowntoonething:Meaning.Now,thebook’sethos—itsemphasisonmeaning,thevalueofsuffering,andresponsibilitytosomethinggreaterthantheself—seemstobeatoddswithourculture,whichismoreinterestedinthepursuitofindividualhappinessthaninthesearchformeaning.Franklwrote,“Happinesscannotbepursued;itmustensue.Onemusthavereasonto‘behappy.’Itistheverypursuitofhappinessthatthwartshappiness.”“Happinesswithoutmeaningcharacterizesarelativelyshallow,self-absorbedorevenselfishlife,inwhichthingsgowell,needsanddesireareeasilysatisfied,anddifficultortaxingentanglementsareavoided”,addedFrankl.Howdothehappylifeandthemeaningfullifediffer?Happiness,somepsychologicalscientistsinanewstudyfound,isaboutfeelinggood.Specifically,theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhoarehappytendtothinkthatlifeiseasy,theyareingoodphysicalconditions,andtheyareabletobuythethingsthattheyneedandwant.Mostimportantlyfromasocial,thepursuitofhappinessisassociatedwithselfishbehaviour—beinga“taker”ratherthana“giver.”Meaningisnotonlyabouttranscendingtheself,butalsoabouttranscendingthepresentmoment—whichisperhapsthemostimportantfindingofthestudy,accordingtotheresearchers.Whilehappinessisanemotionfeltinthehereandnow,itultimayfadesaway,justasallemotionsdo;positiveaffectandfeelingsofpleasurearefleeting.Theamountoftimepeoplereportfeelinggoodorbadcorrelateswithhappinessbutnotatallwithmeaning.Meaning,ontheotherhand,isenduring.Itconnectsthepasttothepresenttothefuture.“Thinkingbeyondthepresentmomentintothepastorfuture,wasasignoftherelativelymeaningfulbutunhappylife.”theresearcherswrite.“Happinessisnotgenerallyfoundincontemtingthepastorfuture.”ThewisdomthatFranklderivedfromhisexperiencesthere,inthemiddleofunimaginablehumansuffering,isjustasrelevantnowasitwasthen:“Beinghumanalwayspoints,andisdirected,tosomethingorsomeone,otherthanoneself—beitameaningtofulfilloranotherhumanbeingtoencounter.Themoreoneforgetshimself—bygivinghimselftoacausetoserveoranother tolove—themorehumanheis.”ViktorFrankl’sstoryismentionedinthetoemphasizethevalueofhistointroducethecoremeaningofhistohighlighttheinfluenceofhisfamoustoexinthedifferencebetweenlifeandFrankl’sattitudetowardsAmericanculturalviewsonhappinessseemsto [B][C] [D]Paragraph4suggeststhathappinessinliesinpurchasingisagoodstateofisatransientfitofrelatestogreaterItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthosewhothinkmoreaboutthefutureorpastcanfeelmoremeaningsintheirwillenduremorelonelyfindthemselvesguidedbymaycastdoubtsupontheirTowhichoffollowingwouldFranklmostlikelytoItishumannaturetopursuehappinessatallPeopleareboundtoexperiencepainsandBeingunselfishbringsmoremeaningtotheUnhappypeoplealwaysleadameaningful约词，使用 Biologistsbelievethatloveisfundamentally约词，使用 crazinessanddesireistofocusattentionontheraisingofoffspring.Childrendemandanunusualamountofnurturing,andtwoparentsarebetterthanone.Loveisasignalthatbothpartnersarecommitted,andmakesitmorelikelythatthiscommitmentwillcontinueaslongasisnecessaryforchildrentoreachindependence.Butwhatdoessciencehavetosayaboutthenotionofloveatfirstsight?Inrecentyearstheabilitytowatchthebraininactionhasofferedawealthofinsightintothemechanicsoflove.Researchershaveshownthatwhena fallsinloveadozendifferentpartsofthebrainworktogethertoreleasechemicalsthattriggerfeelingsofeuphoria,bondingandexcitement.Ithasalsoshowthattheunconditionallovebetweenamotherandachildisassociatedwithactivityindifferentregionsofthebrainfromthoseassociatedwithual,pair-bondinglove.Passionateloveisrootedintherewardcircuitryofthebrain—thesameareathatisactivewhenhumansfeelarushfrom e.Infact,thecravings,motivationsandwithdrawalsinvolvedinlovehaveagreatincommonwithaddiction.Itsmostintenseformstendtobeassociatedwiththeearlystagesofarelationship,whichthengivewaytocalmerattaentformofloveonefeelswithalong-termpartner.Thishasaslightlydifferentchemistrybutstillinvolvestherewardcentresofthebrain.Whatallthismeansisthatonespecial echemicallyrewardingtothebrainofanother.Loveatfirstsight,then,isonlypossibleifthemechanismgeneratinglong-termattaentcanbetriggeredquickly.Therearesignsthatitcanbe.OnelineofevidenceisthatpeopleareabletodecidewithinafractionofahowattractivetheyfindanotherOnemightalsospeculatethatifa islookingforapartnerwithtraitsthatcannotbefiedinstantly,suchascompassion,inlectoragoodsenseofhumour,thenitwouldbehardtoformarelationshiponthebasisofloveatfirstsight.Thosemoreconcernedonlywithvisualappearances,though,might