演示文稿华中农业微生物学第一章英文

（优选）华中农业微生物学第一章英文版ppt讲解当前1页，总共40页。Chapteroutline1.1Whatisamicrobe?1.2TheimportanceofMicrobiology1.3Microbesinourlives1.4Thehistoryofmicrobiology1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology当前2页，总共40页。ConceptsMicroorganismsareresponsibleformanyofthechangesobservedinorganicandinorganicmatter(e.g.,fermentationandthecarbon,nitrogenandsulfurcyclesthatoccurredinnature.Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyasascientificdisciplinehasdependedontheavailabilityofthemicroscopeandtheabilitytoisolateandgrowpureculturesofmicroorganisms.Microbiologyisalargediscipline,whichhasagreatimpactonotherareasofbiologyandgeneralhumanwelfare当前3页，总共40页。Thewordmicrobe(microorganism)isusedtodescribeanorganismthatissosmallthatcannotbeseenwithouttheuseofamicroscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoaandsomealgaeareallincludedinthiscategory.1.1Whatisamicrobe?当前4页，总共40页。Ourworldispopulatedbyinvisiblecreaturestoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaidedeye.Theselifeforms,themicrobesormicroorganisms,maybeseenonlybymagnifyingtheirimagewithamicroscope.当前5页，总共40页。

MicrobialworldOrganisms

(living)Infectiousagents

(non-living)Prokaryotes(unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae(unicellularormulticellular)Fungi(unicellularormulticellular)Protozoa(unicellular)Other(multicellularorganisms)当前6页，总共40页。Mostofthebacteria,protozoa,andfungiaresingle-celledmicroorganisms,andeventhemulticelledmicrobesdonothaveagreatrangeofcelltypes.Virusesarenotevencells,justgeneticmaterialsurroundedbyaproteincoatandincapableofindependentexistence.Thesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes

当前7页，总共40页。MicrobeApproximaterangeofsizesCelltypeViruses0.01-0.25µmAcellularBacteria0.1-10µmProkaryoteFungi2µm->1mEukaryoteProtozoa2-1000µmEukaryoteAlgae1µm-severalmetersEukaryoteThesizeandcelltypeofmicrobes当前8页，总共40页。Microbesimpingeonallaspectsoflife,justafewofthesearelistedbelow:TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2Theimportanceofmicrobiology当前9页，总共40页。TheenvironmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearchPressheretocontinue当前10页，总共40页。

Microbesareresponsibleforthegeochemicalcycles.Theyarefoundinassociationwithplantsinsymbioticrelationships.Somemicrobesaredevastatingplantpathogens,butothersmayactasbiologicalcontrolagentsagainstdiseases.当前11页，总共40页。Thedisease-causingabilityofsomemicrobesiswellknown.However,microorganismshavealsoprovideduswiththemeansoftheircontrolintheformofantibioticsandothermedicallyimportantdrugs.当前12页，总共40页。Microbeshavebeenusedtoproducefood,frombrewingandwinemaking,throughcheeseproductionandbreadmaking,tothemanufactureofsoysauce.Butmicrobesarealsoresponsibleforfoodspoilage.当前13页，总共40页。Traditionallymicrobeshavebeenusedtosynthesizeimportantchemicals.Theadventofgeneticengineeringtechniqueshasledtothecloningofpolypeptidesintomicrobes.当前14页，总共40页。Microbeshavebeenusedasmodelorganismsfortheinvestigationofbiochemicalandgeneticalprocesses.Millionsofcopiesofthesamesinglecellcanbeproducedveryquicklyandgiveplentyofhomogeneousexperimentalmaterial.Mostpeoplehavenoethicalobjectionstoexperimentswiththesemicroorganisms.当前15页，总共40页。1.3Microbesinourlives

MicroorganismsasDiseaseAgentsMicroorganismsandAgricultureMicroorganismsandtheFoodIndustryMicroorganisms,Energy,andtheEnvironmentMicroorganismsandtheFuture当前16页，总共40页。

BranchesofMicrobiologyBacteriologyProtozoologyParasitologyMicrobialMorphologyMycologyVirologyPhycologyorAlgologyMicrobialphysiologyMicrobialtaxonomyMicrobialgeneticsMolecularbiologyMicrobialecology当前17页，总共40页。ThefutureofmicrobiologyisbrightMicrobiologyisoneofthemostrewardingofprofessions,becauseitgivesitspractitionerstheopportunitytobeincontactwithalltheothernaturalscienceandthustocontributeinmanydifferentwaystothebettermentofhumanlife.当前18页，总共40页。1.4ThehistoryofmicrobiologyInthefieldofobservation,chancefavorsonlypreparedminds.------LouisPasteur当前19页，总共40页。ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThespontaneousgenerationconflictTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterThedevelopmentofmicrobiologyinthiscentury当前20页，总共40页。ThediscoveryofmicroorganismsThefirstpersontoaccuratelyobserveanddescribemicroorganismsAntonyvanLeeuwenhock(1632-1723)当前21页，总共40页。ThefirstpersontoobserveanddescribemicroorganismswastheamateurmicroscopistAntonyvanleeuwenhoekofDelft,Holland.Leeuwenhockmadehissimple,single-lensmicroscopewhichcouldamplifytheobjectbeingviewed50–300times.Between1673-1723,hewroteaseriesofletterstotheRoyalSocietyofLondondescribingthemicrobesheobservedfromthesamplesofrainwater,andhumammouth.当前22页，总共40页。Leeuwenhoek’sdrawingsofbacteriafromthehumanmouth.Adrawingofoneofthemicroscopesshowingthelensa;mountingpinb;andfocusingscrewscandd.lensObjectbeingviewedadjustingscrews当前23页，总共40页。Pasteur’scontributions:LouisPasteurworkinginhislaboratoryLouisPasteur(1822–1895)

Pasteur(1857)demonstratedthatlacticacidfermentationisduetotheactivityofmicro-organismsPasteur(1861)conflictoverspontaneousgeneration–birthofmicrobiologyasasciencePasteur(1881)developedanthraxvaccinePasteurization当前24页，总共40页。

Spontaneousgeneration–thatlivingorganismscoulddevelopfromnonlivingordecomposingmatter.Thespontaneousgenerationconflict当前25页，总共40页。Pasteur’sswanneckflasksusedinhisexperimentsonthespontaneousgenerationofmicroorganisms当前26页，总共40页。Conclusion:Microorganismsarenotspontaneouslygeneratedfrominanimatematter,butareproducedbyothermicroorganisms当前27页，总共40页。RobertKochinhislaboratoryTherecognitionofmicrobialroleindiseaseRobertKoch(1843–1910)当前28页，总共40页。Koch’sdemonstrationofspecialorganismscausespecialdiseases当前29页，总共40页。

Koch’spostulatesThemicroorganismsmustbepresentineverycaseofthediseasebutabsentfromhealthyorganisms.Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbeisolatedandgrowninapureculture.Thediseasemustresultwhentheisolatedmicroorganismsisinoculatedintoahealthyhost.Thesamemicroorganismsmustbeisolatedagainfromthediseasedhost当前30页，总共40页。TheGoldenageofmicrobiology

Kochandpurecultures

FermentationandPasteurization

Germtheoryofdisease

Vaccination当前31页，总共40页。ThediscoveryofmicrobialeffectsonorganicandinorganicmatterTheRussianmicrobiologistWinograskydiscoveredthatsoilbacteriacouldoxidizeiron,sulfurandammoniatoobtainenergy,andalsoisolatednitrogen–fixingbacteria.Beijerinckmadefundamentalcontributionstomicrobialecology.HeisolatedAzotobacterandRhizobium.当前32页，总共40页。AlexanderFleming(1881-1955)SirAlexanderFlemingdiscoveredtheantibioticpenicillin.Hehadtheinsighttorecognizethesignificanceoftheinhibitionofbacterialgrowthinthevicinityofafungalcontaminant.当前33页，总共40页。DateMicrobiologicalHistory1676Leeuwenhoekdiscovers"animalcules"PasteurshowsthatlacticacidfermentationisduetoamicroorganismPasteurshowsthatmicroorganismsdonotarisebyspontaneousgeneration1867Listerpublisheshisworkonantisepticsurgery1869Miescherdiscoversnucleicacids1876-1877KochdemonstratesthatanthraxiscausedbyBacillusanthracisLaverandiscoversPlasmodium,thecauseofmalaria1881KochculturesbacteriaongelatinPasteurdevelopsanthraxvaccine1.5Importanteventsinthedevelopmentofmicrobiology当前34页，总共40页。1884Koch'spostulatesfirstpublishedMetchnikoffdescribesphagocytosisGramstaindeveloped1887Petridish(plate)developedbyRichardPetriBeijerinckisolatesrootnodulebacteriaBeijerinckprovesthatavirusparticlecausesthetobaccomosaicdisease1921Flemingdiscoverslysozyme1923FirsteditionofBergey'sManual1928Griffithdiscoversbacterialtransformation1929FlemingdiscoverspenicillinRuskadevelopsfirsttransmissionelectronmicroscope1935Stanleycrystallizesthetobaccomosaicvirus当前35页，总共40页。AveryshowsthatDNAcarriesinformationduringtransformationWaksmandiscoversstreptomycinWatsonandCrickproposethedoublehelixstructureforDNA1961-1966Cohenetaluseplasmidvectorstoclonegenesinbacteria1980Developmentofthescanningtunnelingmicroscope1983-1984ThepolymerasechainreactiondevelopedbyMullis1990Firsthumangene-therapytestingbegunDiscoveryofThiomargaritanamibiensis,thelargestknownbacteriumEscherichiacoligenomesequencedDiscoverythatVibriocholeraehastwoseparatechromosomes当前36页，总共40页。1.HowdidPasteur'sfamousexperimentdefeatthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration?2.HowcanKoch'spost