英语学习胡壮麟语言学详细笔记

Chapterone一、定义语言学definedstudyoflanguage.普通语学GeneralLinguisticsTheofaGeneral语言languageaarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。识别特DesignItreferstoofhumanlanguagedistinguishitfromanimalsystemof语识特征是人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。任性Productivity多性Duality双性移位性transmission化传递⑴TherenomeaningsandP.Snatureoflanguageissignofsophisticationititforunlimitedofexpressions⑵Animalsquitethemessagesareableto⑶awhichconsistsoftwosetsof,orlevels.⑷Displacementusedtotofromof⑸transmissionHumanforbutwehavetobelearnedthelanguagesystem.thisthatistransmitted.byinstinct.animalsbornwithproducethesetofcallspeculiartheir语言能Competenceistheidealuserknowledgeofrulesofhislanguage.6.言运用performanceofincommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规那么在语言交际中的表达。历时语学DiachroniclinguisticsTheoflanguagethroughtime.diachronicstudyoflanguagestudy,whichthehistoricallanguageovera共时语学SynchronicallinguisticsTheofagivenlanguagea语言langueThelinguisticbyallmembersofspeechcommunity.10.言语paroleTheofin规定性

Itlaydownrulesfor〞correcttellshouldandnotsay.12.描述性DescriptiveAlinguisticpeople二、知识点1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentby语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。几种观和现象的提出者：⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussure和的别⑵linguist美语言学家in1950对Saussurelangue&parole出和performance⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir---languagehumannon-instinctiveofideas,emotionsbyproducedistheinstitutionwherebyinteractwithmeanshabituallyoral-auditoryarbitraryChomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguageasetsentences,finiteinlengthandconstructedoffiniteelements.⑷LinguistCharlesHockett国语言学家Charles提出了语言的识别特征3.theword’language’precededbythezero-articleimplieslinguisticsnotanyparticular一前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4.intodiscoveroftheunderlyinglanguagelinguistshastofirstiftostudylanguagefacts.5.languageisaentitywithmultipleandit'shardlyforthelinguisticsdealwithitallat判题6.Fristdrewtheattentionofweresoundsin最引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题arebranchesofwhatdoesstudy?it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,itconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurinworld’slanguages.Phonology---theof—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsinwhichtheyfall.Morphology---’sabranchofagrammarstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandthebywhichformed.Syntax-------it'salinguisticsthatstudiesstructureofaIt’smplydefinedasthestudymeaninginabstraction.studyofincontextofSociolinguistics—thelanguagewithreferencesociety.studyofwithworkingofmind.Appliedapplicationoflinguisticprinciplestolanguagedosaylanguage

isinisandobjectswhichsoundsThefactthatdifferenthavewordsforsameobjectisgoodofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,itonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkndintheutterance.Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis‘arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellsweetwhattraditionallinguisticsisitsauthenticmainly现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为根底。traditionalprescriptive.itisbased’highwrittenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。4.Ismodernmainlysynchronicordiachronic?whylinguisticssynchronic,language.statesofalanguagesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotpossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointof现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否那么很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.whichenjoyspriorityinmodernorSpeechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.⑵Alargeoutinthanin⑶speechtheinwhichinfantstheirlanguage.6.howisSaussure’sdistinctionlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’s?BothSaussuremakethedistinctiontheabstractlanguageandtheactualpurposeissinglethelanguagesystemstudydifferSaussuretooksociologicalofChomskylooksfromaofview,apropertyofthemindofindividual.distinctionbetweenlangueparole?⑴abstract,relatively⑵paroleconcrete,variesfrompersonperson,situationsituation什么是语言学？isgenerallyasthescientificoflanguage.Itnotlanguage,inThe语言学的研究范畴Theofagenerallinguistics.普语言)Theofsounds,whichusedinlinguisticcommunication,〔音学〕Theofhowareandincommunicationisphonology.〔系学〕Theofwayinwhicharrangedtoformare〔

态学〕Theofhowcombinedformiscalled〔句法学〕Theofinlanguageiscalledsemantics.〔义学〕Theofinofuse〔语用学〕Theofwithreferencetosocietysocio-linguistics.〔会语言〕Theofwithreferencetothepsycho-linguistics.〔理语言学〕Theofapplicationstherecoveryofability)isgenerallyknown〔应用语言学〕Butinaappliedlinguisticsreferstheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageandofforeignandrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,〔类语言学〕neurologicallinguistics,〔神经语言学〕mathematicallinguistics,〔字语言学〕andcomputationallinguistics.〔算机语言学〕Someimportantin语言学研究中的几对根本概念anddescriptive规定与描写Ifalinguisticthelanguageactuallyuse,itifitrulestellshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itprescriptive.linguisticstraditionalmodernlinguisticsdescriptive.supposeddescribepeopleactuallywhetheritisSynchronicanddiachronic共时和历时Theofpointintimeasynchronicthedescriptionofaitthroughtimealinguistics,synchronicstudyisimportant.Speechwriting口语与书面语SpeechandwritingarethemajorofModernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformofprimary,butnottheform.Reasons1.precedeswriting;2.thathaveonlyspokenform;Intermsoffunction,thelanguageisforwiderofpurposescarriesaofcommunicationthanthewritten.Langueandparole语和言语Thelinguistdethedistinctionlangueandparoleearly20thLanguetotheabstractlinguisticsharedbyallthespeechcommunity,

refersrealizationlangueinactualuse.SaussurethedistinctioninorderoutaspectoflanguageforseriousHewhatlinguistsshoulddolangueparole,todiscovertheusemakesubjectsofstudyofCompetenceperformance语言能力和语言运用ProposedbylinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.Hedefinesastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,performancetheactualofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.HebelievesthetaskoflinguistsdiscoverandspecifyChapterTwo一、定义宽式音Thetranscriptionofspeechwithsymbols窄式音NarrowThetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithlettersdiacritics.清音Voicelesscordswideairgothroughwithoutvibrationsoundsproducedinaconditionvoiceless浊音Soundsthecordsvoicedsounds.元音Thesoundsinproductionwhichnocomeclosetogetherandthestreamvocalwithoutobstruction辅音Thesoundsinproductionwhichanobstructionairstreamatarecalledconsonants.音位Thebasicunitinphonology,itacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.音位变Allophonescanrepresentphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheof音素phoneAphoneticunititdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,itaspeechsounduse10.最小对立对Minimalpairtwoineverywayexceptforsoundsegmentoccurstheplaceinthepair.超切分特征Thephonemicfeaturesoccurabovethelevelsegmentaresuprasegmentalfeatures.theincludestress,intonationand12.互补分布complementarydistributionallophonessamephonemearesaidincomplementarydistribution.Phonicmediumof

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhichmeaningfulhumanandtolinguisticstudiesaretheof在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。14.爆破音stopsobstructioncreatedbyorgansistotalsoundwithobstructionairpassingisstopthey[p][t][d][k]二、知识点carefulinvestigationsshowthattherebeenover5,000languagesinthewhichhavehadwrittenform.mediaofismorebasicthanwriting.组成⑴Articulatory发语学longestmostlydeveloped⑵听觉语音学⑶声语音学4.articulatoryApparatusofcavity–咽腔–口greatestsourceofmodificationofstreamhereNasal…鼻tongueflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofthanextremebackofthetonguetowardstheandspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisin6.Obstructionbackofthetonguevelarareainof[k]ofspacethehardpalateandofthetongueleadstotheobstructioncreatedtipoftongueandalveolarridgein7.nasalconsonants:[m]/[n][η]Aisorsegment.10.Sequentialrules例Ifconsonantsshouldtogetherattheaword,combinationshouldobeythefollowingthree⑴thephonemebe⑵thephonememustbe/p/or/t//k/⑶thethirdphonemebe/l//r/or/wfourtypesofRisingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-fall三、问答题arethreeofphonetics?howdocontributestudyofspeechthespeechworkthesoundsandtheydiffer.Auditory-–thephysicalofspeechreachestheimportantthatphoneticidentityonlyaideal.Acoustic-–studiespropertiesspeech,thewaysoundtravelfromthehearer.发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的理想。

声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。Englishclassified?ByplaceofBydophoneticsdifferfocusofyouthinkwillmoreinterestedinthebetweensay[i]and[i],[p]and[ph],aorphilologist?why?语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语学家和音位家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?什么Phonetics—descriptionallsoundsfinddescriptionofsoundsystemsofandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.Awouldbemoresuchwillnotdifferencesin4.what’saphone?howitdifferentfromaphoneme?howallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?—speechsoundunit.ofabstractfeatures,phonologicalunit.ofaphonemeincontexts.isminimalpairaitimportanttoidentifythesetin为么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重Minimal—twocombinationsineveryexceptinsoundelementoccursinthe除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同,他局部都一样的两个语音组Minimal—agroupofsoundcombinationswithfeature.一组具有上述特征的语音组合Byidentifyingtheminimalpairtheminimalsetofalanguage,philologistcanits通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立,音位学家能区分出它的音.withexamplesbroadanddiffer?Broadonelettersymbolforonetranscriptiondiacriticsareone-lettertothefinerdifferencessequentialruleassimilationandthe有序规那么rulesRulesgovernthecombinationofinlanguage.同化规那么rulesTheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby’copyingfeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingtwosimilar.省略规那么rule’saphonologicalruletellsasoundisdeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.ChapterMorphology一、定义词素MorphemeTheunitinstudyofsmallestmeaningfulunitof自由词Free

morphemesareofmeaningandcanbeusedall黏着词morphemesBoundmorphemesmorphemesthatnotbeusedbymustbecombinedwithmorphemeswordsthatused词根RootRoottheofwordcannotbewithouttotalloss词缀AffixThecollectiveforthetypeofonlyaddedtoanother曲折词inflectionalaffixesThethroughtheofaffixes,suchasdegreecase.派生词affixesTheofbetweenstemstheadditionofderivational词干StemAtheexistingformwhichderivationalcanbeadded.acanaboundfreeaderivedformitself.形态学那么rulesaregovernwhichbewhatofstem10.前缀Prefixesmodifythemeaningofstem,butnotchangeofoftheoriginalword,exceptionsaretheprefixes‘be‘and-后缀Suffixrules,weOver-generalization.二、知识点Inflectionalmorphology1.MorphologymorphemesMorphemesBoundmorphemesInflectionalaffixesAffixesPrefixsaidcontainrootmorpheme.Suffix4.Compoundfeatures:⑴orthographically,beasonetwoseparatewithorwithoutahyphenbetween.⑵Syntactically,thepartofdeterminedbythe⑶semantically,meaningofacompoundidiomatic,notcalculablefrommeaningsofallitscomponentChapterFour一、定义句子sentenceAstructurallyunitanumberofacomplete

questionor语言运Theoflinguisticknowledgeoflanguage谓语Thepartofsentencewhichfiniteverboraverbandwhichisgrammatically定式子Aclauseasubjectafiniteatsamealone.附属子EmbeddedClauseC)Inacompletesentence,clauseisnormallyanC.主要子MatrixInasentence,intoitisclause.层次结HierarchicalThesentencethatwordsintoconstituentsshowsthesyntacticcategorieseachstructuralconstituent,suchasandVP.语法关relationsTheandlogicalfunctionaleverynounand句法类SyntacticAorphrasethataparticulargrammaticalobject.tureAlevelrepresentationtheoperationof深层结构Alevelrepresentationtheof12.普遍语法GeneralAsystemlinguisticknowledgeofgeneralandaboutnaturelanguage.α规么αAgeneralmovementaccountingforthebehaviorofconstituent14.句法移位occursconstituentmovesofitsoriginalto15.转换原那么Transformationrulesmovementisdictatedbytraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,operationchangetherepresentationa16.X标理X-bartheoryAgeneralandcollapsesallstructureinto:X〞→〔〕X(Compl).一种泛指的、高度抽象的图示，它把所有的词组结构规那么概括为一种程式X→〕a:X〞

X〞

SpecX’SpecXXcomplXcomplementNPthestudentwholikes’consistsofNwith,Nthehead,S…有冠词、名词和子句组成，冠词是指示语名词是核心词，子句是补足语。

二、知识点1.syntax这单词源Greek,本义是我们把学习看作systemofrulesthatofgrammatical3.Amajorgoaloflinguisticsiswithaandgrammaticaltheoryrulesaccountforthisgrammatical判断题thesyntacticrulesofanyarefinite,andyetnolimitnumberofsentencesspeakersoflanguageproduceand判断题:Afiniteinformallycalledmainverbofaexpressesoroccurrencewhichisbynumber,andmood.一个限定动词被非正式称为句中主要动词，表达了人称、数、时态、语气限定的存在、行动或事件。句子的类sentencesentencesorcompoundsentencesentence简单句--Itasingleclausewhichasubjectpredicatestandsaloneitsown并列句合成Itjoinedbylinkingsuchas“〞〞and.ect.复合句—twoorwhichisincorporatedother.复合句的特点：⑴Anembeddedclausefunctionsasagrammaticalinitsmatrix⑵Mostrequireintroductorywordcalled〞that〞⑶clausemayfunctionasentenceifitassimpleformchanges.子句是一个语法单位，大局部子句要带一个被称为附属连词的引导词，如果子句作为秒年第秒年句单独存在，它可能不是一个符合标准的句子，除非改变他的形式。7.whenorwrittendown,theofsentenceproducedafterinofsentencestructure句结构层次特点sentencesareorganizedwithsamesyntacticcategory,nounphraseNPorverbphrasegroupedpointswhichtheat分点10.Inadditiontothetreediagrams,linguistsshowhierarchicalstructureofsentencesusinglabels.句法类型Major…要词类open,canLexicalcategory

名、动、形、副词N,V,Adj,AdvMinor…次词类wordsarefixedCategoriescategory

限定、助动、介、代、连、叹Apartfromclauses,syntacticcategoryusuallyrefersword(calledlexicalcategory)aphrase(calledcategory)thataparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectinasentence.12.短语类型NounNPVP

CategoriesPrepositionPhraseAdjectiveAP13.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentencethephrasetherelatestheverb,inmanyrelationsrvirtuallyto’who’does’what’to’whom’.usuallyrefergrammaticalsubject15.Combinationalrulesmustbeinnumberasnotcreateonthehumanmustbepowerfulenoughtoyieldallpossibleruletheimpossible组合规那么一定不能太多，以免给人的记忆带来过多的负担，用这些规那么必须能组合出所有可能的句子，而排除不可能的句子。generateansentences,sentenceswithinfiniteItabilityofgeneratemoreasentenceenablestorepeatwithinthe循环性表达了语言中的句子能有更多的成分，使说话者能在同一句子中重复一些句法成分。17.移位类型NP-movement=tinvolvingnounphrase.Movement名短语的移位WH-movement=Itasentenceto陈述变疑问句AUX-movementofanauxiliarytosentenceinitialtion.助动词移位到句首的移位18.普遍语法的广义原那PrinciplesofCondition和AdjacencyCondition格条件nounmustCaseandbyVorPtotheorbyAUXposition.名词词组必须有格，宾语的格是由动词或介词决定，而主语的格由助动词决定。相邻条件—caseCaserecipientstaytoeachother,itexplainswhyotherphrasalcategoryaverbobject.格分派者和格接受者要相邻。这解释了为什么任何别的词组类不能插到动词和它的直接宾语之间。believedtocontainwiththevalves增and减onthecondition.withlanguages,tothe增value,fortheset减value.三、问答题1.Usetheappropriatestructuredrawforoffollowing⑴thetowerhillinthe⑵MaryJohntodoctor.Chapter5一、定义命名论TheThenamingtheory,oldestconcerningandveryprimitiveonewasproposedbythePlato.Accordingthistheorinotherwords,thewordsinlanguagetakenlabelsofthestandfor,sowordslabelsfor

意念论TheItthatislinklinguisticformanditrefersto;,ininterpretationofarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsthe语境论Conceptualism’sbasedthepresumptionthatderivefromorreducetoobservablecontexts.hertwokindsofthesituationallinguisticcontext.行为主论Itreferstomeaningoflanguageformas〞situationinwhichspeakeruttersitandtheitforthinhearer〞.thistheorysomewhatcloseto意义Sense’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,’sabstractand-contextualized.所指意Itmeanslinguisticformtothephysicalworld,itdealswithrelationshiplinguisticandnon-linguisticworldofexperience.同义词SynonymyItsamenessorclosesimilarityoforwordsareinarecalledsynonyms.多义词Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavesameorsimilarthesameonewordmeaning.同音()异义HomonymyItreferstowordsdifferentmeaningssamei.e,differentidenticalinorinboth.Itreferstotwowordsareidenticalin同形异义HomographsItreferstotwowordsareidenticalin.e.g.tearv./tearn.12.上下义关系HyponymyItreferstosenserelationbetweenmoregeneral,inclusivewordandmoreword.thewordwhichinisandthehyponyms.13.反义词’stermusedforoppositenessofdifferentdimension.14.成分分析法ComponentialAnalysis----分析词汇抽象意义’sawayproposedbystructuralsemanticistsanalyzemeaning.baseduponthebeliefmeaningofawordcandissectedcalledsemantic15.述谓结构分析PredicationAnalysis由BritishLinguist提出’sanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.isconsideredanimportantcommoncategorypropositions,questions,commandsect.通过对论元argument和谓语的分析，到达对句子意义进行分析的多模式中的一种。16.先设前提

’sasemanticrelationshiporlogicalconnection.ApresupposesB.17.蕴涵EntailmentbeillustratedfollowinginwhichsentenceAsentenceA:marriedheiress.B:Markmarried二、知识点1.MajorviewsofmeaningThenaming希腊ScholarTheconceptualism-----点代表人是Firth,但Bloomfield阐更有说服力The和用ofTheBehaviorism-----英Bloomfield提，使用了和Jill故事说明Thenaming局限:⑴Itsonlyapplicabletoonly.⑵categoryofnouns,nounswhichthings’tinthesense主要的义关系;Antonymy;Polysemy;homonymysynonymssynonymsusedindifferentdialectsSynonyms(2)Stylisticsynonyms---Synonymsinstyle分类inevaluativemeaning(4)Semantically例子：(1)BritishLiftLuggageLorryFlatwindscreenTruckGasolinewindshieldflashlight(2)kickbucket=popoff=die=passhavingthemeaningmaydifferdegreeofformality.synonymsdifferintheir例子….of…withrebuke….formilktomatoesaddledeggsrancidbaconorbutterapolysemicawordwithseveralmeaning,isprimaryofword.areoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence.8.Accordingnamingarejustorlabelsfor9.Everyutteranceparticularspatiotemporaltheofwhichapartfromplaceand,thespeakerhearer,areperformingtime,theobjectseventin10.theviewwaswhodrewonbehaviouristtryingtheoflinguistic—twowordsinsoundRain/reign;piece/peace;Homographs—twowordsidenticalin分类

Bown.tearleadv./leadn.homonymstwoareidenticalspellingsound.例子Fastfastv.n./scalev.

12.antonyms分反义词ofdegree)例子Old—middle-agedyoung;hot-warm-coldantonyms互补反义词aofbetween分类twoextremes例—dead;—female;opposites关反义词中间可以加成分，如上、中、)father-son;doctor-patient;13.句子间的意义关系senserelationbetweensentencesXsynonymousYXentailsY.XpresupposesXaXanomalous.14.Analysismeaning意的分析(1)Componentialanalysis—wayanalyzelexical对汇成分的分析Predicationanalysisasentence对子义的分析proposedbystructuraltomeaning.Theuponthemeaningofworddissectedintomeaningcalled一个单词的意义可以分析为称作语义特征的意义。Thisparallelthewayphonemeintosmallercalleddistinctivefeatures.这一方法和把一个音位分析成更小的叫作区别性特征的方法类似。Plusandsignsareusedtowhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentusuallywritteninofcomponentialanalysisisbytheofitwillbepossiblethesewordsarein加减号用来表示某一语义特征在一个词义中是存在或缺省，这些特征用大写字母来写。15.themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalmeaningsofallitsSentenceWhethersentencemeaningfulisgovernedby17.Insemanticanalysisofsentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication------abstractionoftheofsentence.itallofaincludingimperativeandconsistsofArgumentsand述谓是句子根本单位，是对句子的抽象化，适用于包括陈述句、祈使句和疑问句。述谓由一个或数个论元和一个谓词组成。isalogicalinpredication,withtheelementsinsentence,predicateissomethingaboutanoritlogicalrelationlinkingtheina论元是一个的逻辑的一个参与者，谓词是关于论元的陈述，或说明一个句子的论元间的逻辑关系。totheofinpredication,theintotwo-placearguments),one-placepredicationargument),andno19.判断题althoughpredicatearesameunitinterms

differentrolesthewholetheastheelement,foritmodality,italsosaidtheforitthenumberofnatureofarguments.20.Theanalysismeaningisahighlycomplicated三、问答题senseandrelated?referstotheinherentmeaningalinguisticofallofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandReferencealinguisticinphysicalitisamatterofrelationshipformreality.2.iniscomponentialanalysisofphonemesintodistinctive成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？Inthelightofofaofdistinctivefeatures,analysisbreaksdownmeaningoftheworditdifferentwordmeaningphonemeisconsideredofdistinctivefeatures,aphonemecanbebrokendownintodistinctiveanditsthesesoundfeaturesthatdistinguish3.what’swhattakeameaningless?什么是语法性？一个语法上有意义的句子可能由于什么而不是有意义Grammaticality---thegrammaticalwell-formednessofaAbei.e.ittogrammaticalofthelanguage,itiswell-formed,i.e.itmakeatallChapter6pragmatics一、义语境Thenotioncontextessentialtothepragmaticstudylanguage,’sgenerallyconsidasconstitutedthebyspeakerhearer.言语行理论Speech’sanimportanttheorythepragmaticstudylanguage.’saphilosophicalexplanationofnatureoflinguisticitaimstoanswerthe〞wewhen〞Theofperformatives,illocutionaryact,perlocutionaryactandofillocutionarysuggestedandformulatedbythespeechacttheory.表达句arestatementsthateitherstateorandthusverifiableanditbearingtruth-value.;行为句sentencesthatdidnotorastate,are言内行ActAlocutionaryacttheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.ittheactofconveyingliteralmeansofsyntax,言外行Actillocutionaryisressingthespeaker’sintention’sactperformedinsaying

言后行PerlocutionaryActPerlocuationarytheperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.ittheconsequenceofthechangeaboutbytheutterance.句子意SentenceItreferstosentenceandisaconcept,themeaningofsentenceoftenintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceinof话语意meaningItreferstosentenceaspeopleinthecourseofitandutteranceitconsideredinthesituationinitactuallyuttered.10.合作原那么Principle’sproposedandformulatedP.Grice,apragmatichypothesis,isthatthefirstallbewillingcooperate,otherwise,itnotpossibleforcarryonthetalk.会话含义ConversationalAccordingtoitmeaningnotinutterance,understandablethelisteneronlywhenhesharesthespeakerknowledgeorknowswhyandhowheviolatesintentionallyfourofCP.话语的言外之义是说话人通过成心违反某一准那么而获得这种听者能懂的暗含之意。二、知识点语用学几个重要的理论⑴言语行为理论Speech由英国哲学家JohnAustin在20世纪50年末提出在此理论根底上区分了定义了表达句Constatives和为句在区分表达句和行为句之后，他又定义了言内行为、言外行为和言后行为例子：leftthewideopen.Locutionarywhatwordofsentenceliterallymean.Illutionaryofspeaking,askingsomeonecloseact:heardsentence,andclosethethisisperformed.※在这三种行为中，语言学家对言外行为最感兴趣costhiskindofactwithr’sintention,intheirstudyoflanguagemostinterestedinhisintentionandalsohisrecognizedthe⑵会话原那么CP逻哲学家Grice提出;合原那么的准那么4MaximPrinciple数量maximof你的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求Makeyourcontributioninformativeasrequired;makeyourcontributioninformative质量themaximof-----不要说你认为是假的话或你缺乏足够证据的话sayyousayforwhichyouadequate关系maximof使的与话题相关方式maximof防止模糊、歧义应简明有序Avoidobscurityofambiguity;

brief/be六七十代时，美国哲学语言学家JohnSearle对外行为分成了5类阐述性Representatives---tocommitspeakersomething’the,tothetruthof例词swearing,hypothesizing最代表性,指令性Directives---areattemptsspeakerthe例词,advisingordering是特有实例承诺性speakerputsobligation.例词promising,undertaking,vowing最型表达类Expressives---thespeakerishistowardsanexistingstateof例词apologizing,thanking,congratulating宣告类Declarations---theperformanceofanactofbringscorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.例句Ideclareappointyouchairmanofthefireyou.这五类differinstrength4.Semantics和的区分PragmaticsmeaninginprocessofThebasicdifferencebetweenthatpragmaticscontext,traditionalmeaninginisolationthecontextofuse.语境中者与说话者sharedknowledgetwotypes:Theofthelanguagetheyuse,theworld,theknowledgethethespecificaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationisplace.6.Sentencemeaning与Utterancemeaning的别Sentencemeaning---abstract,decontextualized.Utterancemeaning---concrete,contextualized’ssentencemeaning,ittherealizationofthemeaningofsentenceinsituationofcommunication,orina区分句子和话句，类似区分语义和语用学，关键在于是否考虑语境。7.WhilemosttakeformofsentencesmostutterancesarecompletesentencesIntermssyntax,someutterancesarenot,someevenrestoredcompletesentencesChapter7一、定义历时语学DiachroniclinguisticsAinhistorical