从GREIssue考试的官方陈述看issue写作素材的准备思路

千里之行，始于第2页/共2页精品文档推荐从GREIssue考试的官方陈述看issue写作素材的准备思路从GREIssue考试的官方陈述看issue写作素材的预备思路,我们一起来看看吧,下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

从GREIssue考试的官方陈述看issue写作素材的预备思路

究竟用中国素材还是US素材好?”

“究竟什么样的素材会吸引考官的眼球?”

“法律类的题目我实在没有例子怎么办?”

“像牛顿、爱因斯坦的例子究竟能不能用?”

……

我个人认为，要回答上述问题，就要先认真阅读一下ETS对GRE写作的官方陈述：

“TheAnalyticalWritingMeasuretestsyourcriticalthinkingandanalyticalwritingskills.Itassessesyourabilitytoarticulateandsupportcomplexideas,constructandevaluatearguments,andsustainafocusedandcoherentdiscussion.Itdoesnotassessspecificcontentknowledge.

ThetasksintheAnalyticalWritingmeasurerelatetoabroadrangeofsubjects—fromthefineartsandhumanitiestothesocialandphysicalsciences—butnotaskrequiresknowledgeofspecificcontent.Infact,eachtaskhasbeentestedbyactualGRE®testtakerstoensurethatitpossessesseveralimportantcharacteristics,includingthefollowing:

●GREtesttakers,regardlessoftheirfieldofstudyorspecialinterests,understoodthetaskandcouldeasilyrespondtoit.

●Thetaskelicitedthekindsofcomplexthinkingandpersuasivewritingthatuniversityfacultyconsiderimportantforsuccessingraduateschool.

●Theresponseswerevariedincontentandinthewaythewritersdevelopedtheirideas.”

上述的官方陈述中，我们可以看出以下几点：

1)不考察专业背景。ETS明确指出：“Itdoesnotassessspecificcontentknowledge.”“Notaskrequiresknowledgeofspecificcontent.”既然如此，素材是否足够专业，对考分是没有影响的。也就是说，专业性强的素材不肯定能够为考试加分。而一般素材也不肯定让考试减分。所以，我个人觉得，我们要彻底摒弃issue素材预备过程中对学问背景的过分依靠。

2)着重考察辩证性思维(criticalthinking)和分析性的写作力量(analyticalwritingskills)。ETS明确指出，GRE写作考试，其实更关注于：你的写作是否体现了辩证性思维，你的写作是否论证性强、具有说服力。因此，我们其实不应当花许多时间在素材上，大量的精力应当放在论证是否说服力强这一点上。

以ETS所给出的官方范文为例，ETS在官方网站和官方指南上都给出了题库第一题的从1分到6分的官方范文。其中那篇6分的官方范文，我们通过剖析不难发觉。全文所用的11个例证没有一个是学术性专业性很强的例子。相反，所举的例子都是很一般的、平常生活中特别常见的例子。以下段落摘自该文的第一段[注1]：

“Thestatementlinkingtechnologynegativelywithfreethinkingplaysonrecenthumanexperienceoverthepastcentury.Surelytherehasbeennotimeinhistorywherethelivedlivesofpeoplehavechangedmoredramatically.Aquickreflectiononatypicaldayrevealshowtechnologyhasrevolutionizedtheworld.Mostpeoplecommutetoworkinanautomobilethatrunsonaninternalcombustionengine.Duringtheworkday,chancesarehighthattheemployeewillinteractwithacomputerthatprocessesinformationonsiliconbridgesthatare.09micronswide.Uponleavinghome,familymemberswillbereachedthroughwirelessnetworksthatutilizesatellitesorbitingtheearth.Eachofthesecommonoccurrencescouldhavebeeninconceivableattheturnofthe19thcentury.”

这其实是一个很值得推敲的issue开头。整个段落中，所使用了三个例子(car,computer,mobilephone)，均属很平常很一般的素材。但是，语句的写作特别流畅，让读者阅读之后大脑中产生很强的画面感。由此可见，素材本身不分凹凸贵贱，用好生活中的很朴实的素材，也能够成就GRE写作高分。

此外，还需要关注的是，一般例子还有一个极其重要的好处，那就是说服力更强。还是拿这个段落举例，用“Aquickreflectiononatypicaldayrevealshowtechnologyhasrevolutionizedtheworld.”这样一句话把这三个例子串了起来，体现出这些例子的典型性和普适性。肯定程度上，这样平常、简洁的例子来例证，非但没有让文章“逊色”，反而让这种论证变得具有极强的说服力。相反，假如你在此举的例子很特别很专业，反而不具有说服力。为什么呢?我们学习argument考试的时候应当都学过一个规律错误叫“hastygeneralization”(以小推大)。事实上，全部的举例论证，都会有这个问题。Argument中我们要指出这个规律漏洞，而在issue写作中，我们就要尽量避开这个规律漏洞。如何尽量弥补?就是依靠朴实无华的日常生活中的例子。而尽量避开学术性强，专业性强的例子。

为什么要提这一点呢?由于长期以来，GREissue始终给同学甚至部分老师一种幻觉，那就是：既然是学术考试，就必需要把文章写得很学术。比如，凡是消失法律类的题目，就必需把法律的基本假定、法律的意义这些东西要阐述清晰。这种熟悉，在很长一段时间内，哪怕是在现在，依旧普遍存在。不少GRE写作老师甚至某些GRE写作参考书，对同学的这种熟悉也起到了推波助澜的作用。普遍地，同学们会选择“难”、“深”的素材来作为写作素材，觉得在考试中所运用的素材越专业越艰深，就越能体现出自己深厚的学术功底。而实际状况并非如此。在我所接触的同学习作中，不乏有使用专业性很强、而写得并不抱负的文章。以下为典型的一例：

(同学习作)11.Peoplesbehaviourislargelydeterminedbyforcesnotoftheirownmaking.

Thestatementindicatesthatpeoplebehaveaccordingtoexternalforcesinsteadoftheirownidea.However,asthegreatphilosopherKarlMarxsaid,allthethingsaredeterminedbyinnerworld,sinceinternalelementsaredecisivewhileexternalfactorsmerelyplayaroleofcatalyst.Considertheprocessofdecisionmaking,whichpeoplesbehaviourdependson.Nomatterhowpowerfulexternalforcesare,itispeoplethemselvesthatdecidewhethertheyyieldtotheforcesorinsistontheirownbelieforfollowtheirheartswhenpressurefromexternalforcesandideasininnerworldarecontroversial.Accordingly,forthismatter,IwouldliketostandthesideMarxholds.

Tostartwith,weshouldacknowledgethatbehaviourisdependedondecision.AsCognitiveBehaviourTheoryproves,peoplesbehaviourdirectlyresultsfromdecision.Onlyafterthinkinganddecisioncanpeoplesetouttodosomething.Basedonthisassumption,therefore,itisnecessaryforustohavealookontheprocessofdecisionmaking.

Peoplesbehaviourcanbeclassifiedintotwogroups.Oneisinstinctivebehaviourwhichregaredspeopleasakindofanimal,andtheotherissocialbehaviour.However,aspeopleareakindofsocialanimalwithbrilliantmind,instinctivebehavioursuchasseekingforwater,foodandsacurity,intermsofpeople,isneverthelesscontrolledbybrains.Forinstance,soldierscansufferfromthirstyandhungerduringwars,studentswillstopeatingwhenclassstartsforthesakeofrespectingteachers,althoughtheymayextremelyhungry.Thus,despiteinstinctivebehaviourmaydeterminedbyforcesonotherkindsofanimal,peoplebehavesaftertheirdecisions.

Socialbehaviour,theothergroup,ismorecleartoseedependenceondecision.Largenumberoftheoriesstudydecisionmakingandfactorsinfluencingdecision.Communicationandpsychologicaltheoristsdevelopedconsistencytheory,whichoffersusapowerfultestimonyonpeoplesowndecisionwhenfacingconflictchoice.Allconsistencytheoriesbeginwiththesamepremise:peoplearemorecomfortablewithconsistencythaninconsistency.Therefore,peopletendtoinitiallyseekmentalbalancefacingconflicts.Eventhoughexternalpressuredoesnotobviouslyforceone,whoistheuniqueoneholdsdifferentideawithothers,tochangeidea,butforseekingmentallybalance,theindividualtendstofollowthemajority.Inthisway,decisionchanges,ononesownmaking.

Similarly,intermsofeconomicstheory,gametheoryprovidesamethodofstudyingdecisionmaking,whichalsostrengthspeoplesowntendencytomaximumthebenefitandminimumtheloss.Takelaws,adefinitelytypeofforcesoutofpeoplesmind,forexample.Lawsforbidpeopleinavarietyofaspects.Nomatterwhatindividualsthinks,lawsregulatepeoplesbehaviour.Andduringonesdecisionmakingonwhetherheisgoingtodriveornotafterdrinkingbeer,forexample,heisboundtoweighbenefitsandloss.Lawsdoubtlessplayaroleofaffectinghisdecision.

上文给读者的最大印象是“难懂”。而且作为写作老师，我完全想象得出来，写这篇文章的过程也同样是极其苦痛的。特别盼望自己能够写出一篇很深刻的文章，可是对于一个对英语写作的驾驭力量不是特殊高的同学来说，写这样的文章就会消失被“憋”住的状况。即：想表达但不会表达、或者想表达但不知如何表达的状况。本文中，这种例子不计其数。全文从第一段开头，就引用了社会行为学和社会心理学的理论来进行阐述，但是，全部读者在读文章的过程中，几乎要每读一句话就要停顿一下，想一想究竟要表达什么。比如，第四段第一句话：Socialbehaviour,theothergroup,ismorecleartoseedependenceondecision.这种句子，就是典型的读者大致能够知道想表达什么，但就是不会表达的状况。更为典型的就是第四段的倒数其次句：Eventhoughexternalpressuredoesnotobviouslyforceone,whoistheuniqueoneholdsdifferentideawithothers,tochangeidea,butforseekingmentallybalance,theindividualtendstofollowthemajority.此句话层次特别不清晰，让读者读后完全不知所云。事实上，这种写作经常会让文章陷入“死局”——很苦痛，同时读者也很苦痛。想表达但不会表达，读者想弄清晰的意思但反复读还是弄不清晰。消失这种状况的主要缘由，其实就是文中所使用的写作素材理论性过强，导致过于抽象。我们知道，无论是哪门语言，表达抽象概念的难度要远远大于表达详细事例的难度。这几乎成为了全部人全都认同的常识。因此，假如没有力量来驾驭这样的文章，想方法把文章写得更加“简洁”才是明智之举。而且，既然ETS已经明确指出，是否了解专业背景对于文章分数的凹凸没有任何影响，这就说明把文章写得艰深是完全没有必要的。既然如此，那就干脆不要选择理论性专业性强的素材。

许多同学在骨子里可怕GREissue考试，例子是其中的一个致命问题。而事实上，我们根本不用担忧，由于全部的话题，我们其实都有方法用日常生活中的例子就完全能够应付。比如，涉及类似法律领域的题目，就没有生活的例子了吗?当然不是!交通法规、食品平安、网络平安、爱护环境、盗版、甚至义务教育法，都是阿!哪一个不行以举例?!为什么肯定要举辛普森案件、十四修正案呢?艺术没有生活的例子了吗?文学、影视中的好例子比比皆是，为何肯定要举莫扎特、贝多芬呢?假如把这些例子预备好，那是特别棒的。既好写、又具有说服力，何乐而不为呢?

当然，必需要指出的，本文的观点是基于ETS官方陈述的解读和中国同学写作的实际状况入手进行分析的。并不代表全部同学都肯定要沿着这条思路走。专业性强的例子不是不行以，而是具有劣势。但这并不表明每一个同学都写不好专业性强的例子。所以，同学们要依据自己的实际状况进行选择。假如某个领域的专业性素材你特别熟识而且写起来得心应手，当然是可以的。

GRE作文资料：政治

66学习的生理学

Thought,inageneralsense,iscommonlyconceivedassomethingarisingfromthestimulationofneuronsinthebrain.Currentunderstandingofneuronsandthecentralnervoussystemimpliesthattheprocessoflearningcorrespondstochangesintherelationshipbetweencertainneuronsinthebrain.Researchisongoinginthisarea.

Itisgenerallyrecognizedthatmemoryismoreeasilyretainedwhenmultiplepartsofthebrainarestimulated,suchasthroughcombinationsofhearing,seeing,smelling,motorskills,touchsense,andlogicalthinking.

Repeatingthoughtsandactionsisanessentialpartoflearning.Thinkingaboutaspecificmemorywillmakeiteasytorecall.Thisisthereasonwhyreviewsaresuchanintegralpartofeducation.Onfirstperformingatask,itisdifficultasthereisnopathfromaxontodendrite.Afterseveralrepetitionsapathwaybeginstoformandthetaskbecomeseasier.Whenthetaskbecomessoeasythatyoucanperformitatanytime,thepathwayisfullyformed.Thespeedatwhichapathwayisformeddependsontheindividual,butisusuallylocalizedresultingintalents.

第六大类政治类

2哲学与政治

Philosophershaveforeverbeenconcernedwithpoliticalandsocialmatters.Notonlyhavetheyaskedhowpoliticsworkbutmainly,howtheyshouldwork.Thesephilosophershavebeenconcernedwiththenatureandjustificationofpoliticalobligationandauthorityandthegoalsofpoliticalaction.Althoughtheirdoctrineshavedifferentiated,andnumeroushavebeenutopianinconcept,theyhaveallsharedthesameideasandconvictionsthatitisthepoliticalphilosopher?sdutytodistinguishbetweenwhatisandwhatoughttobe,betweenexistingpoliticalinstitutionsandpotentiallymorehumaneinstitutions.Throughoutthecenturies,philosophershavedebatedoverthemoralissuesinvolvedinthesearchfortheidealsociety.ThreeinfluentialphilosophersinthisfieldhavebeenPlato,JohnLockeandKarlMarx.Theirphilosophiesandutopianstateshavecontinuallyinfluencedpoliticalactionsandthoughtsthroughouttheages.

19掌权者的文化

Theideaofunmarkedcategoriesoriginatedinfeminism.Thetheoryanalyzesthecultureofthepowerful.Thepowerfulcomprisethosepeopleinsocietywitheasyaccesstoresources,thosewhocanexercisepowerwithoutconsideringtheiractions.Forthepowerful,theircultureseemsobvious;forthepowerless,ontheotherhand,itremainsoutofreach,éliteandexpensive.

Theunmarkedcategorycanformtheidentifyingmarkofthepowerful.Theunmarkedcategorybecomesthestandardagainstwhichtomeasureeverythingelse.FormostWesternreaders,itispositedthatifaprotagonist?sraceisnotindicated,itwillbeassumedbythereaderthattheprotagonistisCaucasian;ifasexualidentityisnotindicated,itwillbeassumedbythereaderthattheprotagonistisheterosexual;ifthegenderofabodyisnotindicated,itwillbeassumedbythereaderthatitismale;ifadisabilityisnotindicated,itwillbeassumedbythereaderthattheprotagonistisablebodied,justasasetofexamples.

Onecanoftenoverlookunmarkedcategories.Whitenessformsanunmarkedcategorynotcommonlyvisibletothepowerful,astheyoftenfallwithinthiscategory.Theunmarkedcategorybecomesthenorm,withtheothercategoriesrelegatedtodeviantstatus.Socialgroupscanapplythisviewofpowertorace,gender,anddisabilitywithoutmodification:theablebodyistheneutralbody;themanisthenormalstatus.

GRE作文备考资料之创新

10创新者的八大特点

A2022/6MITsurveyofinnovationintechnologyfoundanumberofcharacteristicscommontoinnovatorsworkinginthatfield.

1.Theyarenottroubledbytheideaoffailure.

2.Theyrealizethatfailurecanbelearnedfromandthatthefailedtechnologycanlaterbereusedforotherpurposes.

3.Theyknowinnovationrequiresthatoneworksinadvancedareaswherefailureisarealpossibility.

4.Innovatorsarecuriousaboutwhatishappeninginamyriadofdisciplines,notonlytheirownspecialism.

5.Innovatorsareopentothird-partyexperimentswiththeirproducts.

6.Theyrecognizethatausefulinnovationmustberobust,flexibleandadaptable.

7.Innovatorsdelightinspottinganeedthatwedon?tevenknowweharbor,andthenfulfillingthatneedwithanewinnovation,andassuch.

8.Innovatorsliketomakeproductsthatareimmediatelyusefultotheirfirstusers.

38想象力的概念

Imaginationistheabilitytoformmentalimages,ortheabilitytospontaneouslygenerateimageswithinone?sownmind.Ithelpsprovidemeaningtoexperienceandunderstandingtoknowledge;itisafundamentalfacilitythroughwhichpeoplemakesenseoftheworld,anditalsoplaysakeyroleinthelea