自考英美文学选读课件(超级完整版)

自考英美文学选读课件(超级完整版)第一页，共346页。AnthologyofEnglishandAmericanLiterature英美文学选读第二页，共346页。Whatisliterature?Isitnecessaryorimportantinmodernsociety?什么是文学？今天我们还需要文学吗？第三页，共346页。主讲内容一、考试主要题型、特点和应考策略；二、以讲解关键词的方法作全书梳理，包括各个时期重要的文学理念，核心观点；三、结合真题对重点作家做总结和预测第四页，共346页。第一讲考试题型分析及应考策略第五页，共346页。一、考试题型分析1.选择题（40/25）40，22（英国），18（美国），主要考查：基本知识点、理解（10）趋势：选择题难度上升，主观题难度下降。第六页，共346页。2.阅读（4×4)要求指出：A）作者和作品出处（1分）B）作品中具体某个词或词组的确切意义（1分）C）表述该选段的思想内容（2分）。第七页，共346页。09年真题41.WhereforefeedandclotheandsaveFromthecradletothegraveThoseungratefuldroneswhowouldDrainyoursweat-nay,drinkyourblood?Questions:A.Identifythepoetandthetitleofthepoemfromwhichthestanzaistaken.B.WhatfigureofspeechisusedinLine2?C.Whomdoes“drones”referto?第八页，共346页。3.简答（6×4)内容的跨越比较大，既有阅读理解部分的延伸，也有某一时期的文学思潮，还有对某一断代史的简论，答对率非常低。4.讨论（2×10)考查：文学流派与作家解析，作品主题、人物、情节、叙事方法等分析第九页，共346页。二、应试技巧（主观题）基本方法：核心观点+实际问题答题时最好用A,B,C或123等符号将答案分割成几点；英文的书写与拼写语法第十页，共346页。做简答题或论述题的答题要点A.关于历史时期的介绍

1>时间+来源(0.5分---1分)

2>历史背景(不需要扩充)(1---2分)

3>该时期中最重要的创作思想以及影响该时期的大背景．(2---3分)

4>代表作家以及代表作品简介．(1分)

5>影响(0.5—1分)

第十一页，共346页。B.论述题中人物性格分析的答题要点：

1>利用题目发挥(0.5--1分)

2>该任务的代表时期，属于哪个阶层(1—2分)

3>作品中人物经历的有关情节(2—3分)

4>该人物的直接性格分析(1—2分)

5>该人物的文学性格分析(3—4分)

6>作用／影响／语言风格等(0.5—1分)

第十二页，共346页。C.论述题中关于作家的分析

1>利用题目发挥(0.5—1分)

2>该作家所处的历史背景(1—2分)

3>该作家的语言风格(1—2分)

4>该作家说写的典型作品及创作主题(2—3分)

5>关于典型作品的有关情节(1—2分)

6>影响(0.5—1分)第十三页，共346页。英美文学选读答题套语Sb.launchespossiblythesharpestandthefiercestattackupontheveryfoundationsofthecorruptfeudalism/capitalistworld.Thepenetratinghitattheveryheartofcapitalismisdrivenhome.nootherthan=nothingmorethan…isdiscernible.Lengthyaccountsaregivento…第十四页，共346页。Sb.perceptivelystatesthat…Sth.bearssomeresemblancewith……drawsinfluencefrom…inessenceprolificplayapivotalrolein…Thesignificanceof…liesratherintheportrayalof…第十五页，共346页。Itaffordsthereadersawholegalleryofvividportraitsofthepeopleofallstratum.…givesanencyclopediccreationof……showsagenuinesympathyfor…everycharacterone’screativefingertouchedcamealive…leavesunforgettableimpressionsonthereaders’mind.Thegreathumoristsoftheworldarefewinnumber,andMarkTwainisofthatchoicecompany.第十六页，共346页。评分标准：1）答出参考答案多数要点且某些要点有较好发挥，可给满分；2)考生答非所问不给分；3）内容和语言综合考虑，语言表达不好的要适当扣分，原则如下：a)语言通顺，表达清楚，语法错误和拼写错误很少，基本根据内容评分；b)语言基本通顺，有少数语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的20%；c)语言不通顺，表达不连贯，有较多语法错误和拼写错误，扣该题分值的40%；d)语言很不通顺，无法表达连贯的意思，扣该题分值的60%。第十七页，共346页。常考不衰的重点：文艺复兴的文学特色及其核心作家；英国浪漫主义与美国浪漫主义；自然主义；意象主义；现实主义；现代主义（英国）必考的作家：Shakespeare;Milton;Defoe;Fielding;Shelley;Austen;Dickens;Hardy;T.S.Eliot;Hawthorne;Whitman；MarkTwain;Dreiser;Pound;Hemingway;Faulkner第十八页，共346页。考过的是否会重考？1.任何考题都有可能在其他题型中重考；2.选择题有可能重考；3.考过的问答题不会重考，但同一作家可重考；第十九页，共346页。复习建议：把握英国重点部分，死记美国所有部分1）思考，理解；2)比较记忆和联想记忆；关键词个章节时代介绍；重要引语；作家作品名称的拼写；参考资料：原教材辅导书，近5年真题第二十页，共346页。最新考纲要求调整后的《英美文学选读自学考试大纲》将于2009年4月考试试行。一、关于考核知识点的调整

考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。二、关于考核要求的调整

考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整；“该时期的重要作家”只包

含对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核。第二十一页，共346页。5分钟巧记所有作家

英国

小沙弥在看非州的Swift吹笛子,布来克/澳雪(在旁边)华华叫,(吵得)狄更斯和哈代不得安宁,(气得)萧伯纳踢死(T.S)了劳伦斯

美国

挥霍的梅姑娘.(看见)James骑马D答D答响,(后面跟着)肥仔老罗和发福的海明威

第二十二页，共346页。大纲调整后的特点二、大纲调整后的特点（一）新大纲更加突出了英美各个文学时期的时代特点。如：文艺复兴时期的戏剧和诗史，浪漫主义时期的诗歌等。从这个意义上讲，命题的重点突出了。（二）新大纲中考核的作家，都是每一个文学时期文学潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是对该时期文学的发展起到决定作用的作家。从这个意义上讲，命题的焦点集中了。（三）新大纲中所保留的作家的作品大多是广大考生耳熟能详的作品，从这个意义上讲，考试的难度降低了。三、大纲调整后的复习方法（一）概述：考试大纲调整以后，可命题的作家的数量减少了，但命题的深度会增加；同时，由于作家数量的减少，这也意味着在每一章的概述部分和作品选读部分的命题点会增多。（二）每章概述部分的复习重点在对这部分的复习中，重点关注每一个文学时期的界定以及其标志性事件；另外每一个文学时期的时代特点和突出文学成就也是考查的重点，还有本时期同时存在的文学流派的特点也是重点内容。（三）每章重点作家的复习重点作家的文学史上的地位和贡献；作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社会现实；作家的写作风格和写作特点也是命题的重点。（四）每章作品选读的复习重点作品选读前面的斜体字部分的简介和概括；作品中的名句；作品选读中的注释部分，小说作品中的人物关系。第二十三页，共346页。第二讲英美文学的发展脉络第二十四页，共346页。TheRenaissancePeriod1)Itmarksatransitionfrom_____tothe____world.2)Itreferstotheperiodbetween____and_____.3)a)revivalorrediscoveryofancientGreekandRomanculture;b)introductionofHumansim;c)newideasprosandconsintheinterestoftherisingbourgeoisie;d)thedevelopmentofearlyscience;e)thereligiousReformationorreligiousstruggleinthefolklife;f）theshapingofnationalism.第二十五页，共346页。Humanisma)Emphasisofmanandindividual,manisthemeasureofallthings;b)HumaniststrytoexalthumannatureandregardhumanbeingsasgloriouscreaturescapableofIndividualdevelopmenttowardperfectionwithlifetoquestion,exploreandenjoy;c)Emphasisofhumanvalues,dignity,ambitionsandthepresentliferatherthantheafterlife.第二十六页，共346页。TheAchievementoftheElizabethanDrama1)ItistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.ItisnotuntiltheElizabethanage,undertheinfluenceoftheRenaissance,thatdramawasdevelopedintoamatureartform.Andgreatdramatistslike____,_____,_____appearedonthestage;2)Byimitatingtheromances,embracingthemysteriesofGermanlegend,andcombingthepoeticfancywiththefactsofdailylife,theymadeavividdepictionofthesharpconflictsbetweenfeudalismandtherisingbourgeoisie;3)Thedrama,with_____asthemaster,standsoutasamonumentoftheRenaissance,whichisunrivaledforpurecreativepowerbyanyotherproductofthatepoch.第二十七页，共346页。Representatives:Chaucer:_______Spenser:____________Marlowe：____________Shakespeare:__________Bacon:_______JohnDonne:________JohnMilton:_______第二十八页，共346页。TheNeoclassicalPeriodStartsfrom_____to_____.The18thcenturyEnglandisalsoknownastheageof______ortheageof_____.Howtodefine1．TheEnlightenmentMovement2.Neoclassicism3.theRealisticNovelWhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?第二十九页，共346页。Neoclassicism1)Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&Romanwriters&thoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotion&accuracy,&thatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Seekproportion,unity,harmony&graceinliteraryexpressions,inanefforttodelight,instruct&correcthumanbeings,primarilyassocialanimals.Thus,apolite,urbane,witty,&intellectualartdeveloped.第三十页，共346页。TheEnlightenmentMovement

1)The18th-centuryEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.2)AprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance&sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.3)ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th&16thcenturies.4)Toenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodemphilosophical&artisticideas.5)celebratingreasonorrationality,equality&science.6)FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,Alexanderpope&soon.第三十一页，共346页。theRealisticNovelAnewlyrisingliteraryformcontrarytothetraditionalromanceofaristocrats,GivesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.IsanaturalproductoftheIndustrialRevolutionAmongthepioneerswereDanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,HenryFielding,LaurenceSterne,TobiasCreorgeSmollott,&OliverGoldsmith.第三十二页，共346页。WhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?

1)AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&RomanwritersandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.2)Neoclassicistshadsomefixedlaws&rulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature,proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smooth&flexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,&eachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.3)DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets(iambicpentameterrhymedintwolines);thethreeunitiesoftime,space&actionshouldbestrictlyobserved;regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredto&typecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented.第三十三页，共346页。Representatives:JohnBunyan:________Pope:_________Defoe:_______Swift:______Fielding:______Johnson:______Sheridan:______Gray:_____第三十四页，共346页。TheRomanticPeriod1.EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebegunin____withthepublicationofof____andtohaveendedin____.2.Culturalbackground：TheideasofRousseau;B.Theliterarysources:TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.

第三十五页，共346页。C.Theliteraryviews:(1)arebellionagainstneo-classicism(2)expressonimagination(3)prioritiesbeengiventopassion,emotionandfeeling(4)beingclosetonatureforitspuritywhilethesocietyiscorrupting(5)tremendousinterestinsomethingremoteintermofspaceandtime(6)supremacyoffreedom

第三十六页，共346页。3.Literaryforms:A.Poetry

A).TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.

第三十七页，共346页。B).Theoryofpoetrya.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.b.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy,thebelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.

第三十八页，共346页。c.Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.d.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic.

第三十九页，共346页。B.Prose

TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb,andDeQuinceyweretheleadingfigures.

第四十页，共346页。C.Novel

A).Austenisofthe18th-centuryinhermoraloutlook.Herviewoflifeisatotallyrealisticone.Themajorthemeofhernovelsisloveandmarriage.

B).WalterScottisthemostpopularnovelistofhisday.Waverley,OldMartality,TheHeartofMidlothian,RobRoy,andIvanhoeareamongthemostpopularonesofhisnovels.Heisthefirstmajorhistoricalnovelist.

第四十一页，共346页。C).Gothicnovel:

a.Nature:

Gothicnovel,atypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelateeighteenthcentury,wasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement.

b.Subjectmatters:

Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror,andthesupernatural.

c.Works:

WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolphobyAnnRadcliffeandFrankensteinbyMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.

第四十二页，共346页。D.Drama

Shelley’sPrometheusUnboundandTheCenci,Byron’sManfredandColeridge’sRemorsearegenerallyregardedasthebestverseplaysduringthisperiod.

第四十三页，共346页。HowisRomanticismdifferentfromNeoclassicism?a.Neoclassicistsupheldthatartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliterature,shouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity,andthus,literaryexpressionsshouldbeofproportion,unity,harmonyandgrace.b.Romanticismtendedtoseetheindividualastheverycenterofallexperience,includingart,andthus,literaryworkshouldbe“spontaneousoverflowofstrongoffeeling”thevalueoftheworklinkliedintheaccuracyofpresentingthoseuniquefeelingsandparticularaltitude.c.Inaword,NeoclassicismemphasizedrationalityandformbutRomanticismattachedgreatimportancetotheindividual’smind(emotion,imagination,temporaryexperience……….)第四十四页，共346页。Representatives:WilliamBlake:________WilliamWordsworth:_________Coleridge:_______Byron:______Shelley:______Keats:______Austen:______第四十五页，共346页。TheVictorianPeriod1.TheVictorianPeriodroughlycoincideswiththereignofQueenVictorianfrom1836to1901,themostgloriousintheEnglishhistory.2.Towardsthemid-19thcentury,Englandhadreacheditshighlypointofdevelopmentasaworldpower.3.Darwin’sTheoriginofspeciesandTheDescentofManshooktheoreticalbasicoftraditionalfaith.4.FamousnovelistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackery,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,Mrs.GaskellandAnthonyTrollope.第四十六页，共346页。WhatarethecharacteristicsofVictorianliterature?Asaproductofitsage,itnaturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.Victorianliteraturehasthehigh-spirtedvitality,thedown-to-earthearnestness,thegood-naturedhumorandunboundedimaginationareallunprecedented.第四十七页，共346页。WhatwerethecommonthingssharedbythenovelistsofVictorianPeriod?Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,thenovelistsofthisagesharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutiions,thedecayingsocialmorality.第四十八页，共346页。

WhatweretheliterarycharacteristicsofEnglishcriticalrealism?Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcentury,flourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties;ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint;Therealistsnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltheruiningclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.HumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Thecriticalrealistsdidnot,duetotheirworldoutlook,andcouldnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.第四十九页，共346页。Representatives:Dickens:_______TheBronteSisters:_________Tennyson:_______RobertBrowning:______GeorgeEliot:______ThomasHardy:______

第五十页，共346页。TheModernPeriodThesocial,ideologicalbackgroundoftheModernEnglishLiterature:TheinfluencesofthetwoWorldWarsonEnglishliterature;Ideologically,theriseoftheirrationalphilosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincitedmodernwriterstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.So,aftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared.AftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony."

第五十一页，共346页。2.WhatisModernism?A)Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury;B)Modernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism;C)Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase;D)Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.

第五十二页，共346页。WhatarethebasiccharacteristicsofModernisminliterature?

Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.OnecharacteristicofEnglishModernismis"thedehumanizationofart".Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingledtogetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.

第五十三页，共346页。WhydowesayModernismisareactionagainstRealism?Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism.A)Itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;B)Byadvocatingafreeexperimentationonnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryandanti-drama.

第五十四页，共346页。HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishPoetry?The20thcenturyhaswitnessedagreatachievementinEnglishpoetry.A.Intheearlyyears,thepoemsofPoundandEliotandYeatsmarkedtheriseof“ModernPoetry”,whichwasarevolutionagainsttheconventionalideasandformsoftheVictorianpoetry;B.Withthecomingofthe1950s,therewasareturnofrealisticpoetryagain,advocatingreason,moraldisciplineandtraditionalforms.第五十五页，共346页。HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishnovels?Thefirstthreedecadesof20thcenturyweregoldenyearsofthemodernistnovel.Instimulatingthetechnicalinnovationsofnovelcreation,thetheoryoftheFreudianandJungianpsycho-analysisplayedaparticularlyimportantrole.Oneoftheremarkablefeaturesoftheirwritingswastheircontinuousexperimentationonnewandsophisticatedtechniquesinnovelwriting,whichmadetremendousimpactsonthecreationofbothrealisticandmodernistnovelsinthiscentury.Modernistnovelscametoadeclineinthe1930s,AftertheSecondWorldWar,modernismhadanotherupsurgewiththeriseofexistentialismwhichwasreflectedmainlyindrama.

第五十六页，共346页。Thedevelopmentof20thcenturyEnglishdrama.A.Themostcelebrateddramatistsinthelastdecadeofthe19thcenturywereOscarWildeandGeorgeBernardShaw,who,inasense,pioneeredthemoderndrama,thoughtheydidnotmakesomanyinnovationsintechniquesandformsasmodernistpoetsornovelists.B.The1930switnessedarevivalofpoeticdramainEngland.OneoftheearlyexperimenterswasT.S.Eliotwhoregardeddramaasthebestmediumofpoetry.C.TheEnglishdramaticrevolution,whichcameinthe1950sundervariousEuropeanandAmericaninfluences,developedintwodirections:theworking-classdramaandtheTheaterofAbsurd.

第五十七页，共346页。Representatives:BernardShaw:_______Galsworthy:_________Yeats:_______T.S.Eliot:______Lawrence:______JamesJoyce:______

第五十八页，共346页。AmericanLiterature第五十九页，共346页。TheRomanticPeriodTheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromthetheendofthe____totheoutbreakof_____.Itstartedwiththepublicationof________andendedwith_______.Itisalsocalled_________.第六十页，共346页。A.TheRomanticmovementwhichhadflourishedearlierinthecenturybothinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluencewithoutwhichtheupsurgeofAmericanRomanticismwouldhardlyhavebeenpossible.第六十一页，共346页。B.Althoughforeigninfluenceswerestrong,Americanromanticism,exhibitedfromtheveryoutsetdistinctfeaturesofitsown.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”.C.PuritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.D.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementintheperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.第六十二页，共346页。美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式:Varied多样,Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾Romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

第六十三页，共346页。WhatisTranscendentalism?a)asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。b)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。C）theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。d)itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.f)representatives：Emerson爱默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭罗，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”第六十四页，共346页。Representatives:Irving:_______Emerson:_________Hawthorne:_______Whitman:______Melville:______

第六十五页，共346页。TheRealisticPeriodTheAgeofRealism(HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliteraryhistory?)

Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.

第六十六页，共346页。WhatisRealism?

A)RealismemergedasaliterarymovementinEuropeinthe1850s.B)Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.C)InreactiontoRomanticism,realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Theyinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.D)RealismenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWar.WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJameswerethepioneersofrealismintheU.S.

第六十七页，共346页。TheliterarycharacteristicsoftheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliterature.

Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife,therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues.Intheirworks,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.Theyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,c1assstratificationsandmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'ssub-consciousness.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces,broughttoperfectionthevernacularstyle,andexploredandexploitedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.

第六十八页，共346页。WhatisLocalColorism?“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsofauniqueenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocale.Theirmaterialswerenecessarilylimitedandtopicsdisparate,yettheyhadcertaincommonartisticconcerns.WriterswhoseworksarecharacterizedwithlocalcolorsareMarkTwain,SarahOrneJewett,JosephKirklandandHamlinGarland.

第六十九页，共346页。WhatisNaturalism?A).Inliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthof19th–centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.

第七十页，共346页。B)AmericanNaturalismisamoreadvancedstageofrealism.ThenaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofDarwin’stheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworks.C)TheAmericannaturalistsalsofollowedtheFrenchnovelistandtheoristEmileZola'scall.D)Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayedthepeoplewhoweredemonstrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.E)OneofthemostfamiliarthemesinNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”,especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.

第七十一页，共346页。F)Naturalisticwritingsareunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldyinstructure.Philosophically,thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividual,orbeyondhiscontrol.Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached,ironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.NotablewritersofnaturalisticfictionwereFrankNorris,SherwoodAnderson,andTheodoreDreiser.

第七十二页，共346页。ThedistinctionbetweenRealismandNaturalism

Thedistinctionlies,firstofall,inthefactthatRealismisconcerneddirectlywithwhatisabsorbedbythesenses;Naturalismattemptstoapplyscientifictheoriestoart.Second,NaturalismdiffersfromRealisminaddinganamoralattitudetotheobjectivepresentationoflife.Naturalisticwritersregardhumanbehaviorascontrolledbyinstinct,emotion,orsocialande