《欧洲文化入门》练习及习题与讲解

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1.TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedby________elementand_________element.Greco-RomanJudeo-Christian2.TheHomer’sepicsconsistedof_________.IliadandOdyssey3.________isthefirstwriter“proboflemplays”.Euripides4.__________iscalled“FatherofHistory”.Herodotus5.________isthegreatesthistorianthateverlived.Thucydides6.ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto________.27B.C.7.“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”isafamoussayingby_______.JuliusCaesar8.TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyis__________.citizen-assembly.判断题1.Euclidsays“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheAworld”.rchimedes(×)2.Herodotus’shistoricalwritingsontheiwarbetweenAnthensandSparta.(×)GreeksandPersians名词解释：1.PaxRomana答：IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana2.“Democracy”nincieantGreece答：1）Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.2）Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.论述题：1.HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?1)Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarHomerreferstoinhisepics.2)Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcentury.B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.C.Theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginA3)The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.4)Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持5)MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreec2.WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?答：TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhereRediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissancinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.1)SpiritofinnovationTheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersofanyinheritedorthodoxy.2)SupremeAchievementTheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour:Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.3)LastingeffectA.Countlesswritershavequoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’scomedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.B.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.C.Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparatheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.3.WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture?答：1)similarities:A.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.B.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiesbereadtoilyidentified,andtheirmythstobefused.C.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlangufamily.2)differences:A.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire;theGreeksdidn’t,exceptforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.B.TheRomanswereconfidentintheirownorganizationalpower,theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.4.WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground?答：1)ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods:Beforetheyear27B.C.,Romehadb

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持republic;fromtheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.2)Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax,markedbylandarea’sextension:EncirclingMtheediterranean.3)Strongmilitarypower:thefamousRomanlegions.4)IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguarabytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana.5)AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.6)Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.A.Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).B.After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWestC.In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheentheWestRomanEmpire.D.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.第二章填空题：1.___________isbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.Christianity2.TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedin_________oftheBible.theOldTestament3.TheNewTestamentisabout_________.thedoctrineofJesusChrist4.ThestoryaboutGod’sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,theBible,whichwasknownas_________.Noah’sArk.5.TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedin________.Matthew6.ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinnedinthecrosstodeathwasknownas_________.TheSupper.7.ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382copiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledby_________.JohnWycliff.名词解释:1.TheOldTestamentTheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持2.PentateuchTheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:Genesis,Exodus,Leviticus,Numbers,Deuteronomy.3.GenesisGenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheorigintheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacanofJacobandhissonJoseph.4.ExodusExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsabouthistoaryreligiousoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.JoshuathepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.5.TheBookofDanielTheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.论述简答题：1.WhatarethebeliefsofChristianity?答：Christianitybaseditselfontwoforcefulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherre1）OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashusufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.2）TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.2.WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible?答：1)TheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.isstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.2)ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople’slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.3)ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382copiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.4)AfterJohnWycliff’sversion,appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedonthHebrewandGreeksources.5)TheGreatBibleorderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale’swork.6)ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”or“KingJames”version,firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommand

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持James.Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.7)TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885,andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.8)TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.3.Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible?答：1)ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreseModernEnglish.2)Miltion’sParadiseLost,Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.第三章填空题：1.In_______aGermanic日(耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.4762.After1054,thechurchwasdividedinto_________and_______.theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.3._______istheonewhotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebandGreekoriginals.St.Jerome4.______introducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.5.Both___________arethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish.ChaucerandTheCanterburyTales6._________pavedthewayforthedevelopmentofwhatisthepresent-dayEuropeanculturMiddelAges名词解释1.theMiddleagesInEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcameancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific,fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.2.FeudalismFeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemofland—holdingasystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,.agra3.TheManorThecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords.Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremade

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持ofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.4.CarolingianRenaissanceCarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne’snameinLatin,Carolus.ThemostinterestingfacetofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacleofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilatetherichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.5.Gothic1)TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEuro2)Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand,insomeareas,intothechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.3)TheGothicwasanoutgrowthoftheRomanesque.论述简答题：1.WhyisthemiddleagesiscalledAge？ofFaith答：1)DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.2)TheChristianchurchcontinuedtogainwidespreadpowerandinfluence.3)IntheLatemiddleages,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberoftheChristianChurch.Christianitytooktheleadinpoliticlaw,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.4)Itshapedpeople’slives.Thatiswhythemiddleagesisalsocalledthe“AgeofF2.WhatisthegreatsignificanceoftheCrusades?答：1)ThecrusadesbroughttheEastintoclosercontactwiththeWest.AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope.2)DuringthewarswhilemanyofthefeudallordswenttofightinPalestine,kingsathomefoundopportunitiestostrengthenthemselves.Thusamongotherthings,Crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudalism,which,inturnledtotheriseofthemonarchies.3)Besides,throughtheircontactwiththemoreculturedByzantinesandMoslems,thewesternEuropeanschangedmanyoftheiroldideas.Theirdesireforwealthorpowerbegantoovershadowtheirreligiousideals.4)TheCrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingople’pesinterestinlearningandinvention.Bythe13century,universitieshadspreadalloverEurope.SuchknowledgeasArabicnumerals,alandArabmedicinewereintroducedtotheWest.5)Astradeincreased,villageandtownsbegantogrowintocities.AndtheriseoftownsinwesternEuropepavedthewayofthegrowthofstrongnationalgovernments.3.HowdidlearningandsciencedevelopintheMiddleAges?

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持答：1)CharlemagneandCarolingianRenaissance:A.Hewascrowned“EmperoroftheRomans”bythepopein800.B.CarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne’snameinLatin,Carolus.mostinterestingfacetofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacleofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilatetherichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.The2)AlfredtheGreatandWessexCentreofLearning:A.HepromotedtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.B.HealsoinspiredthecompilationoftheAnglo-SaxonChronicles.3)St.ThomasAquinasandScholasticism:4)RogerBaconandExperimentalScience:A.RogerBacon,amonk,wasoneoftheearliestadvocatesofscientificresearch.B.Hecalledforcarefulobservationandexperimentation.HismainworkwastheOpusma4.Howdidliteraturedevelopinthemiddleages?答：1)TheepicwastheproductofHtheeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointaofgradualtransitionfEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteriBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.2)DanteAlighieriandTheDivineComedy:A.Hismasterpiece,TheDivineComedy,isoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.B.ThepoemexpresseshumanisticideaswhichforeshadowedthespiritofRenaissance.C.DantewrotehismasterpieceinItalianratherthaninLatin.3)GeofferyChaucerandTheCanterburyTales:A.TheCanterburyTaleswerehismostpopularwork.B.MostofthetalesarewritteninversewhichreflectsChaucer’sinnovationbyintrodthenativealliterativeversetheFrenchandItalianstyles.C.Chauceristhusbeto,regardedasthefirstshortstorytellerandthefirstmodernEnglishliterature.D.ChaucerandtheCanterburyTaleswererepresentativeoftheMiddleages.5.WhatisthedifferencebetweenthevernacularlanguageusedintheNationalepicsandthevernacularlanguageusedbyMarktwain?答：1)TheepicwastheproductofHtheeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyused

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持forminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointaofgradualtransitionfEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationavarietyofofnationalcharacteristics.BothBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.2)ThevernacularlanguageusedbyMarktwainreferstobothlocalandcolloqlanguageutheMississippiarea,withastrongcharacteristicofthatregion.Marktwainusedvernacularlanguagenotonlyindialogue,butalsoinnarration.3)HisrepresentativeworksLifeontheMississippi.6.WhatwerethepowerandinfluenceoftheRomanCatholicchurchintheMedievaltimes?1)WithahighlycentralizedanddisciplinedinternationalorganizationfromprieststoRomanCatholicChurchseemedtobetheonlyunityacrossthewesternEuropeoftheMedievaltimes.ItdevelopedacivilizationbasedonChristianityandhelpedtopreserveandpassontheheritageoftheclassicalculturesbytheofficiallanguageofLatin.2)withthePopeasthesupremeheadofalltheChristianChurchesofthewesternEurope,theCatholic(meaninguniversal)churchreceivedheavytaxesfromlaypeopleandvarioussupportsfromnoblesandkings.Churchcouldremoveanyopponentspoliticalrightsorevenemperors,withthepowerfulsymbolInquisition,theChurchcourttopunishheresy.3)TheMedievalChurchwasthecenteroftheEuropeans’dailylifeandalmosteveryonebecameamemberoftheChurch.PeopleturnedtotheChurchforcomfortandspiritualguidance;theChurchalsowasthecenterofholycommunion,recreation,tradeandcommunalactivity.4)Clergythenwastheonlyliterateclass,sokingsandnoblesusedthemtoimplementiseculargovernmentalduties.5)TheChurchtooktheleadinspolitic,law,art,andlearningthroughoutthe“AgeofFaith”.example,RomanesqueandGothicartswerepredominantlyreligious;inlearning,itinfluencedgreatlythewesternthinkingwiththemonks’workoncopyingandtranslatingancientbooks,theChurchFathers’philosophy,Monasticism,ScholasticismandExperimentalscience.6)originallyforregainingtheholycityofJerusalem,theChurchlaunched200-yearCrusades,whichhelpedtobreaddownfeudalismandenhancedtheculturalcontactbetweentheWesttheEast.

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持第四章填空题：1.Renaissancestartedin________and________withthefloweringofpaintings,sculptuarchitecture.FlorenceandVenice.2.InRenaissanceliteratureofItaly,_______wastherepresentativepoet.Petrarch3.AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophywastheassertionof_________.thegreatman.4.Theideaofthegreatnessofmanisreflectedin__________literature.TShakespeare’henationalreligionestablishedafterreformationinEnglandwascalled_______.ThechurchofEnglandorTheAnglicanChurch.6.Itwasunderthereignof_______thatreformationwassuccessfulinEngland.Ⅷ.Henry7.MontaignewasaFrenchhumanistknownforhis_______.“Essais”(Essays).8.TherepresentativenovelistofRenaissanceinSpainwas__________withhisfamouswork_______,whichmarkedEuropeancultureentryintoanewstage.CervantesDonQuixote9.TheVenusofUrbinois___________works.Titian10._______translatedthewholeBiblewiththevernacularlanguage.MartinLuther名词解释:1.RenaissanceGenerallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcenturword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogeconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsofbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities2.ReformationTheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement.ItbeganasMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberghis95thesis.ThismovementwhichsweptoverthewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.ThereformistsengagedthemselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.3.Counter-ReformationBylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermany.TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle.Theymusteredtheirforces,thededicatedCatholicgroups,toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroduce

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持andimprovements,tobringbackitsvitality.ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.论述简答题：1.WhataretheGeographicalDiscoveriesintheRenaissance?答：TheRenaissancewasthegoldenageofgeographicaldiscoveries:bytheyearof1600thesurfaceoftheknownearthwasdoubled.1)Columbus:ColumbusdiscoveredthelandofAmerica.OnhisfourthvoyageheexploredthecoastofCentralAmerica.2)Dias:DiaswasaPortuguesenavigatorwhodiscoveredtheCapeofGoodHopein1487.3)DaGama:GamawasaPortuguesenavigator,whodiscoveredtheroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHopebetweentheyearsof1497and1498.4)Amerig：AmerigowastheItaliannavigatoronwhosehonourAmericawasnamed.HisdiscoveredandexploredthemouthoftheAmazonandacceptedSouthAmericaasanewcontinent.2.Whatpositiveinfluencedoesthereformationexertonworldculture?答:1)TheRomanCatholicChurchwasnevertheinternationalcourttowhichallrulersandstatesweretobemorallyresponsiblefor.2)Economically,peasantsalloverEuropehadnoneedtopayagoodamountoftheirgainsPope.3)Ineducationalandculturalmatters,themonopolyofthechurchwasbroken.4)Inreligion,ProtestantismbroughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytochallengetheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.5)Inlanguage,thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewaytothenationallanguagesasaresultofvarioustranslationsoftheBibleintothevernacular.6)Inspirit,absoluteobediencebecameout-modedandthespiritofquest,debate,wasubythereformists.3.WhatcontributiondidtheRenaissancemaketotheworldculture?答：1、TheRenaissancecreatedaculturewhichfreedmantodiscoverandenjoytheworldwaynotpossibleunderthemedievalChurch’sdispensation.2、TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblow.第五章填空题：1.Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsin________.the17thc2._________formedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation.Kepler’sLaws

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持3.“Knowledgeispower.”By_____.FrancisBacon4.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigBy_____.FrancisBacon5.Leviathaniswrittenby________.TomasHobbes6.TheEnglishRevolutionisalsocalled__________.BourgeoisieRevolution.7.In_______,theBillofRightswasenactedbytheEnglishParliament.16898.TherearetwoleadersintheEnglishRevolution._______wasthemanofactionand___themanofthought.Cromwell,Milton.9.ThebestrepresentativeofFrenchneoclassicismis________.re名词解释：Moliè1.thelawsofgravitation:thesun,thethemoon,earth,theplanets,andalltheotherbodiestheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce,whichiscallgravitation.2.ClassicismClassicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientworld,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.ButFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival.Itintendedtoproducealiterature,Frenchtothecore,whichwasworthyofGreekandclassicalideals.ThisneoclassicismreacheditsclimaxinFranceinthe17thcentury.3.BaroqueArtBaroqueArt,flourishedfirstinItaly,andthenspreadtoSpain,Portugal,FranceinsouthEuropeandtoFlanderandtheNetherlandsintheNorth.Itwascharacterizedbydramaticiandsentimentalappealwithalotofemphasisonlightandcolour.论述简答1.Whydowesaythe17thcenturyisatransitionalperiodfrommiddleagestothemodern答：1)Thisadvancebeganinscience,inastronomy,physicsandpuremathematics,owingtotheworkofGalileo,Kepler,NewtonandDescartes.2)Theoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofoundchangeintheconcepofmen’splaceintheuniverse.3)Thenewscienceandphilosophygaveagreatpushtothepoliticalstrugglewagedbythemergedclass,thebourgeoisie,andotherchasses.4)Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury.2.WhatarethemeritssharedbytheGreatScientistsof？17thcentury答：Duringthe17thcentury,themodernScientificmethodbegantotakeshape.Itemphasizedobservationandexperimentationbeforeformulatingafinalexplanationorgeneralization.Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newtonandotherscientistsofthe

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持timesharedtwomeritswhichfavouredtheadvanceofscience.1)First,theyshowedboldnessinframinghypotheses.2)Second,theyallhadimmensepatienceinobservation.3)Thecombinationofthetwomeritsbroughtaboutfundamentalchangesinman’sscientificandphilosophicalthinking.3.WhatisBaconianPhilosophicalsystem?答：1)Thewholebasisofhisphilosophywaspractical:togivemankindmasteryoverthefonaturebymeansofscientificdiscoveriesandinventions.2)Heheldthatphilosophyshouldbekeptseparatefromtheology,notintimatelybeblenditasinScholasticism.3)Baconestablishedtheinductivemethod.Inductionmeansreasoningfromparticularfactsorindividualcasestoageneralconclusion..Deductivemethodemphasizedreasoningfromaknownprincipletotheunknownandfromthegeneraltothespecific.4)Inaword,tobreakwiththepast,andtorestoremantohislostmasteryofthenatThiswaswhatBaconcalledtheGreatInstauration.4.WhatisthedifferencebetweenHobbesandLockeintermsofnatureLaw?答：ForLocke,NatureLaw,therefore,meansauniversallyobligatorymorallawpromulgatedbythehumanreason.WhereasforHobbesitmeansthelawofpower,forceandfraud.5.WhatisthedifferentbetweenTomasHobbesandJohnLockeintermsofSocialContract?1)JohnLock’sSocialContractconsistsof:A.Societyisoutofnecessity,convenienceandman’sowninterest,andtherefore,societyisnaturaltoman.B.Theinstitutionofpoliticalsocietyandgovernmentmustproceedfromtheconsentofthareincorporatedintopoliticalsocietyandsubjectthemselvestogovernment.C.Lockeemphasizedthatthesocialcontractmustbeunderstoodasinvolvingtheindividual’sconsenttosubmittothewillofthemajorityandthatthewillofthemajoritymustprevaD.Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgovernmentisonepartnerofthesocialcontract.Ifheviolatesthesocialcontract,thengovernmentiseffectivelydissolved.ThisideawaswelcomedbytheAmericansduringtheAmericanRevolutionandthebourgeoisierevolutioninEngland.2TomasHobbes’SocialContractconsistsof:A.Itisnecessarythatthereshouldbeacommonpowerorgovernmentbackedbyforceandtopunish.B.Commonwealth,inLatin,Civitas.

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持C.Toescapeanarchy,menenterintoasocialcontract,bywhichtheysubmittothesovereturnforconferringalltheirpowersandstrengthtothesovereign,menattainpeaceandD.Thepowersofthesovereignmustbeabsolute,anditisonlybethecentralizationofinonepersonthattheevilcanbeavoided.E.Astotheformofgovernment,Hobbes