118号托福阅读真题答案解析

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！本文关于20XX年11月18日阅读真题回忆，有利于考生备考。让我们回忆一下最近考试的内容：环境类，类，词汇题等，请考生们要认真的阅读哦，来学识网会给你不一样的精彩内容，学识网会在考试后第一时间更新。号托福解析阅读部分考试回忆如下：1.PreventingOvergrowthamongTreeBranchesshedding剪枝的意义。一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。词汇题补充：exposed=unprotectedwithnowarning=withoutanyindicationbeforehandcongestion=overcrowding2.CrownofThornsStarfishandCoralReefs冠状棘海星，话题重复20XX.01.08珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因环境人)词汇题补充：outbreak=suddenincreaseaccompany=occuralongwithconverge=cometogetherseverity=seriousness原题重现：Thecrownofthornsstarfish,AcanthasterTlanci,islarge,-fivetothirtyfivecentimetersindiameter,andhassevento-onearmsthatarecoveredinspines.ItfeedsprimarilyoncoralandisfoundfromtheIndianOceantothewestcoastofCentralAmerica,usuallyatquitelowpopulationdensities.Sincethemid1950s,populationoutbreaksatdensitiesfourtosixtimesgreaterthannormalhaveoccurredatthesametimeinplacessuchasHawaii,Tahiti,Panama,andtheGreatBarrierReef.Theresulthasoftenbeenthelossofafiftypercenttonearlyonehundredpercentofthecoralcoveroverlargeareas.AsingleAcanthastercanconsumefivetosixsquaremetersofcoralpolypsperyear,anddensepopulationscandestroyuptosixsquarekilometersperyearandmoveonrapidly.Acanthastersshowapreferenceforbranchingcorals,especiallyAcroporids.Afteranoutbreakinaparticulararea,itiscommontofindthatAcroporidshavebeenselectivelyremoved,leavingamosaicoflivinganddeadcorals.InplaceswhereAcroporidspreviouslydominatedthecommunitydevastationcanbealmostcomplete,andlocalareasofreefshavecollapsed.Areasofdeadcoralareusuallycolonizedrapidlybyalgaeandoftenarelatercolonizedbyspongesandsoftcorals.Increasesinabundanceofplanteatingfishanddecreasesinabundanceof-feedingfishaccompanythesechanges.Corallarvaesettleamongthealgaeandeventuallyestablishflourishingcoralcolonies.Intentofifteenyearsthereefsoftenreturntoaboutthesamepercentageofcoralcoverasbefore.Developmentofafour-speciesdiversitytakesabouttwentyyears.Twoschoolsofthoughtexistconcerningthecauseoftheseoutbreaks.Onegroupholdsthattheyarenaturalphenomenathathaveoccurredmanytimesinthepast,citingoldmen'srecollectionsofearlieroutbreaksandevidencefromtraditionalcultures.Theothergroupmaintainsthatrecenthumanactivitiesrangingfromphysicalcoraldestructionthroughpollutiontopredatorremovalhavetriggeredtheseevents.Onetheory,theadultaggregationhypothesis,maintainsthatmostspeciesismoreabundantthanwerealizewhenastormdestroyscoralandcausesafoodshortage.TheadultAcanthastersconvergeonremainingportionsofhealthycoralandfeedhungrily.CertainlytherehavebeenoutbreaksofAcanthasterfollowinglargestorms,butthereislittleevidencethatthestormshavecausedtheenoughreefdamagetocreateafoodshortageforthesestarfish.TwootherhypothesesattempttoexplaintheincreasedabundanceofAcanthasterafterepisodesofhighterrestrialrunofffollowingstorms.Thefirsthypothesisisthatlowsalinityandhightemperaturesfavorthesurvivalofthestarfishlarvae.Thesecondhypothesisemphasizesthefoodwebaspect,suggestingthatstrongfreshwaterrunoffbringsadditionalnutrientstothecoastalwaters,stimulatingphytoplanktonproductionandpromotingmorerapiddevelopmentandbettersurvivalofthestarfishlarvae.Thosefavoringanthropogenic(humaninfluenced)causeshavepointedtothelargeproportionofoutbreaksthathavebeennearcentersofhumanpopulations.Ithasbeensuggestedthatcoralpolypsarethemainpredatorsofthestarfishlarvae.DestructionofcoralbyblastingandotherbadlandusepracticeswouldreducepredationonthestarfishlarvaeandcauseafeedbackinwhichincreasesinAcanthasterpopulationscausestillfurthercoraldestruction.Unfortunately,therearetoofewdocumentedinstancesofphysicaldestructionofcoralbeingfollowedbyoutbreaksofAcanthasterforthesehypothesestobefullysupported.AnothergroupofhypothesisfocusesonremovalofAcanthaster'spredators.SomehavesuggestedthatthepredatorsmighthavebeenkilledoffbypollutionwhereasothershavesuggestedthattheharvestingofvertebrateandinvertebratepredatorsofAcanthastercouldhavereducedmortalityandcausedincreasedabundanceofadults.TheproblemwiththisgroupofhypothesisisthatitisdifficulttounderstandhowreducedpredationwouldleadtosuddenincreasesinAcanthasternumbersinseveralplacesatthesametimeinspecificyears.Itseemsprobablethatthereisnosingleexplanationbutthatthereareelementsofthetruthinseveralofthehypotheses.Thatistherearenaturalprocessesthathaveledtooutbreaksinthepast,buthumanimpacthasincreasedthefrequencyandseverityoftheoutbreaks.3.DorsetCulture格林兰岛DorsetCulture下来的人创立了文明。这些人发明了工具来面对寒冷气候，后来气候变暖了，另一部落的人迁移过来消灭了这个文明。词汇题补充：allowedfor=madepossibleharsh=severedurationofseaice=lengthoftimetheicelastsannihilated=destroyed4.ChangesintheAmountofForestontheGreatPlains旧题重复：20XX年9月25日文章;建议大家多多了解相关的背景知识，比如TPO09TheArrivalofPlantLifeinHawaii;TPO25：TheEvolutionaryOriginofPlants，从这些文章中我们可以知道的产生和进化原理，并且之后背后的原因。每物的生长和进化套路相似，所以大家可以仔细分析一下这两篇文章的结构，总结类似的文章结构规律和出题特征。文章内容：最初被常绿林覆盖的森林，由于气候变得温暖干燥，变成了落叶林，最后成了草地。在一些山脊之类的地方树木比较占优势，一方面山顶气候凉爽并且接收到更多的降水(precipitation)，另一方面，山脊是天然的防火地带(naturalfirebreak)，但草原被烧毁后依旧能够拥有野火烧不尽的势头逆袭，数量开始增多，具体的原因主要在于人类的活动，随着农牧业的发展，草原数量逐渐减少，火灾频率也随之降低，所以，森林又得以。词汇题补充：dense=thickeasedinto=slowlyenteredretain=keepinevitable=certain5.HowPlantsandAnimalsArrivedintheHawaiianIslands旧题重复：20XX年12月27日文章6.EarlyModernIndustrialization旧题重复：20XX年3月11日文章词汇题补充：determinants=causeshastened=rusheddiffusion=dispersalperfected=completed7.BirdsandFoodShortage旧题重复：20XX年12月20日文章文章内容：这篇是讲鸟类储存能量的。鸟类通过储存食物或者脂肪来度过食物不充足的时期，但储存能量难度也更大，特别举了一个例子是蜂鸟需要不停的进食：大的鸟储存能量多，并且不需要消耗太多能量去生长，所以储存的能量可以撑很长时间，但是大鸟有时候需要储存能量来迁徙或者繁殖。还说了有一些鸟会通过降低新陈代谢速率来减少能量消耗，类似于一种哺乳冬眠的状态，蜂鸟可能每天晚上都会这样。词汇题补充：durationof=lengthofenables=allowsinsomedegree=toacertainextent8.古埃及金字塔那些法老，对各个法老的记录来研究埃及9.恐龙的讨论10.北极圈的居民11.农业变迁12.植物的自我保护机制13.昆虫的一种群居行为14.密西根和埃及的乡村建设，一个分布均匀，一个分布紧密托福词汇词以类计之场景类政治类Government监督n.scrutiny监督v.scrutinize/monitor为……拨款allocatemoneytosth./beapatronof/investin/fund/dedicatemoneytosth.预算n.budget政府开支thegovernmentspending/expenditureonsth.削减v.curtail增加v.augment废除、制度等)vt.abolish实施vt.implement使……合法化vt.legalize首要任务n.priority建立vt.establish减轻、缓解vt.alleviate=ease=relieve当局theauthorities禁止vt.forbid/prohibit立法n.legislationtaxrevenue民主的adj.democratic高效率的adj.efficient优化资源分配optimizethedistributionofresources稳定n.stability解决vt.Combat=tackle=resolve=address=grapplewith严厉的，严格的adj.stringent短视的adj.shortsighted支出，花费n.expenditure社会socialsecurity老百姓n.citizens/thecitizenry规范，管理v.regulate/monitor/oversee严禁strictlyprohibit/banaltogether严格的法律stringentlaws/legislation强制性的，按照法律或者规定必须做的adj.mandatory/compulsory当务之急n.priority失业n.unemployment/joblessness基础设施n.infrastructure公共交通系统publictransportation/transitsystem电网powergrid石油天然气管线pipelines给排水系统watersupplyanddrainagesystem民主与开明的政府ademocraticandprogressivegovernment临时的应急asto