大学英语智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年沈阳农业大学

第一章测试Inthelate1990s,America’straditionaloptimismaboutthecountry’scontinuedeconomicprogressseemedverywell-placed.Theeconomywasexpandingrapidly,unemploymentreachedrecordlows,andthestockmarketseemedtohitthestratosphere(平流层)onaregularbasis.B)Butaswe’veseenduringthefirstdecadeofthenewmillennium(千年),youcan’texpectthefavorableclimatetocontinueindefinitely.Commonsensetellsusthatatsomepoint,wealwayshavetopreparefortheinevitableslowdown.What’smore,eveniftheeconomyisdoingwellonanationalbasis,there’snoguaranteethatthelocaleconomyinyourareawillfollowsuit,orthatyourpersonaleconomicconditionswon’tbesubjecttoupsanddownsduetoindividualcircumstances.C)Theprocessoftranslatingastableandadequateincomesupplyintotheachievementofyoureconomicgoalsbeginswithfinancialplanning.Throughthedevelopmentofyourpersonalfinancialplan,youwillbeabletoidentifyandreachyourmonetary(货币)goals.Throughthisfinancialplanningsystem,we’llguideyouthroughthefollowingstepstoallowyoutocreateyourownindividualizedfinancialplan:D)

Identifyingwhatyouhavenow:thefirststepistakingstockofyourwealth,incomeandexpenses,andexistingplanningdocuments.

Ajourneyofathousandmilesmaybeginwithonestep,butchancesarethatyouwon’tknowthedirectiontogounlessyoufirstknowwhereyouarestanding.Inmuchthesameway,creatingawealth-buildingplanshouldstartwithalookattheassetsyouhavenow.Thismaybesomethingthatyouwouldjustassoonavoid.Maybeyou’drathernotthinkaboutthemoneyyouknowyoushouldhavesaved,butdidn’t,oraboutsomeofyourinvestmentsthathaven’tturnedoutasplanned.E)Whileanyplantomaximizeyourwealthwillfocusprimarilyonthefuture,youcan’tcompletelyignoreyourfinancialpast.Evenifyoudon’thavetomakemajoradjustmentsinhowyouhandleyourpersonalfinances,you’llneedtohaveanaccuratepictureofwhatyourfinancesarenow,iffornootherreasonthantogauge(估计)howmuchmoremoneyyou’llneedtomeetyourvariousfinancialgoals.F)Decidingwhatyouwant:next,youhavetosetyourgoalsandquantifythemintermsofdollaramounts,andthetimeyouhavetoachievethem.

We’veallheardtheadage(谚语):“Becarefulwhatyouwishfor,youmaygetit.”Amorerealisticstatementaboutattainingfinancialsecuritymightbe:“Becarefulwhatyouwishforand

howyouplantogetit,oryouwon’t.”Thismaysoundpessimistic,butit’sreallynot.You

cansucceedinreachingyourgoalsforbuildingwealthforyourlifetimeuseandpassingitalongtoyourheirs(继承者).

Ifyouaskseveralpeoplehowwealthypeoplegotthatway,youmayhearseveralexplanations:“theywerelucky,”“theyweretruefinancialgeniuses,”or“theyinheritedit.”Whileanyorallofthesestatementsmaybetrue,theywon’thelpmostofus,whoarenotthatlucky,thatfortunateinpickingourrelatives,or

thatsmart.G)Determininghowtogetthere:thisisheartofthefinancialplan.Youneedtofigureoutwhatyoumustdotoachieveyourgoals,orreadjustthemsotheybecomeattainable.

Inordertoconstructyourpersonalwealth-buildingplan,youneedtocarefullyconsiderwhatyouhavenowandwhatyouwantinthefuture.Asanecessarypartoftheprocessofsettingagoal,you’llwanttomakethegoalmeasurablebyreducingittoamonetaryamountandsettingadeadlineforattainingit.Althoughanyplantomaximizetheirwealthwillconcentratemainlyonthefuture,peopleshouldn’ttotallyignoretheirpastfinancialplan.

____Amonetaryamountandadeadlineareverynecessaryforsettingagoalasyouaresuretomakethegoalmeasurable.

____Whilepeoplecreateawealth-buildingplan,thefirststeptheyshouldtakeistoknowhowmanyassetstheyhave.____Weknowpersonaleconomicconditionsmaybesubjecttoupsanddowns.____Youshouldmakefinancialplanningifyouwanttoachieveyoureconomicgoalswithyourincomesupply.

____

答案:Decidingwhatyouwant:next,youhavetosetyourgoalsandquantifythemintermsofdollaramounts,andthetimeyouhavetoachievethem.

G)Determininghowtogetthere:thisisheartofthefinancialplan.Youneedtofigureoutwhatyoumustdotoachieveyourgoals,orreadjustthemsotheybecomeattainable.Inordertoconstructyourpersonalwealth-buildingplan,youneedtocarefullyconsiderwhatyouhavenowandwhatyouwantinthefuture.Asanecessarypartoftheprocessofsettingagoal,you’llwanttomakethegoalmeasurablebyreducingittoamonetaryamountandsettingadeadlineforattainingit.H)Mostfinancialplansarefocusedongoalsoreventsthatwillhappeninthefuture,suchassavingforyourchildren’scollegeeducationorsavingforretirement.Becausemostcostsgoupovertime,andbecauseyou’llwanttoinvestyoursavingsinsuchwayastheywillincreaseinvalueastimemoveson,determininghowmuchtosetasideeachmonthisabitmorecomplicatedthanjustdividingthecurrentcostoftheitembythenumberofsavingsperiodsyou’llhavebeforeyoureachthedeadlinethatyousetforattainingthegoal.I)Implementingtheplan:thismaybethemostimportantstepforyoutotake.Manyplan,fewerimplement.Nowyouhavegonethroughtheimportantstepsofidentifyingwhatyouhavenow,settinggoalsandplanninghowtoreachyourgoals.But,asimportantaseachofthesestepsis,noneofthemisasvitalasthestepofcarryingtheplanforwardandmakingitwork.J)Monitoringtheplan:evenagoodplancansourwithage.Youneedtokeepyourplanuptodatebymakingsureyourinvestmentsperformasexpected,andbyadjustingyourplanforchangedcircumstances.Ifyouhaveinvestedthetime,effort,andmoneyneededtoimplementyourfinancialplan,youdefinitelydon’twantchangedcircumstancestomakeyourplanobsolete（过时的).K)Manychangescanhappeninlifethatmaymakeitadvisableforyoutochangeoneormorepartsofyourpersonalfinancialplan.Whenyouareconfrontedwithsuchachangeincircumstances,thefirstruleis:Wedon’tsaythistolull(麻痹)youintoafalsesenseofsecurity,butonlysoyou’renotsodiscouragedthatyouignorethechangeandhopethatitdoesn’thaveanadverseeffectonyourplan.L)Ifyoufeeluneasyaboutimplementingtheplan,don’tforgetthoseprofessionaladvisorswhostandreadytohelpyou:lawyers,accountants,financialplanners,stockbrokers,bankers,insuranceagents.Youcanseekhelponaparticularpartoftheplan,oraparticularquestion,oraskforageneralreviewofyourplan.Ifyoudoso,don’tworryaboutaskingthequestionsthatareonyourmind.1.Ifpeopleareanxiousabouthowtocarryouttheplan,theycanturntothoseprofessionaladvisorsforhelp.

____2.Ifpeoplehaveinvestedthetime,effort,andmoneyrequiredtoimplementtheirfinancialplan,theythinktheirplanisuptodate.

____3.Don’tbefrightenedbythechangesinyourlife,yourplanwillbeasgoodasyouexpect.

____4.Expensesofeducationorretirementshouldbeconsideredinadvanceasmostcostsincreasewithtimegoingby.

____5.Allthestepsarevitalbutthemostimportantstepistoimplementtheplanandmakeiteffective.

____

答案:第二章测试Inmanycases,identitytheftnotonlycausesthevictims‘immediatefinanciallossesbutcoststhemalottorestoretheirreputation.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AIdentitytheftisaminoroffenceanditsharmhasbeensomewhatoverestimated.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AItisimportantthatyourresumenotstayonlinelongerthanisnecessary.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AOfthethreeoptionsofferedbyCareerBinSuggestion2,thethirdoneisapparentlymoststronglyrecommended.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AEmployersrequireapplicantstosubmitverypersonalinformationonbackgroundchecks.（）

A:错

B:对

答案:AApplicantsareadvisedtousegenericnamesforthemselvesandtheircurrentemployerswhenseekingemploymentonline.（）

A:对

B:错

答案:AUsingaspecialemailaddressinthejobsearchcanhelppreventyourfromreceiving____.

答案:Toprotectyourreferences,youshouldnotpostonlinetheir____

答案:Accordingtothepassage,identitytheftiscommittedtypicallyfor____

答案:第三章测试Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把….按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.1、Inthepassagetheauthor’sattitudetowards“mixed-abilityteaching”is_________（）.

A:critical

B:approving

C:Objective

D:questioning

答案:BWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把….按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.2、By“heldback”(Line1)theauthormeans_________（）.

A:forcedtostudyinthelowerclasses

B:drawntotheirstudies

C:madetoremaininthesameclasses

D:preventedfromadvancing

答案:DWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把….按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.3、Theauthorarguesthatateacher’schiefconcernshouldbethedevelopmentofthestudent’s_________（）.

A:intellectualability

B:learningabilityandcommunicativeskills

C:personalqualitiesandsocialskills

D:totalpersonality

答案:DWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把….按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.4、WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthethirdparagraph?（）.

A:Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapableorganizers.

B:Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipateinteachingactivities.

C:Groupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothers.

D:Pupilsalsolearntodeveloptheirreasoningabilities.

答案:BWefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackbymixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreaming(把….按能力分班)pupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!Besides,itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonlyoneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilstothefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups:thisgivesthemtheopportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskill.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewithpersonalproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toanalyzeandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromtheteacher.Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs;sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisisappropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedinordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork,itdoesnotmatterwhatagethechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest，nottheirleast,andwegivethemeveryencouragementtoattainthisgoal.5、Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageisto_________（）.

A:emphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroomteaching

B:argueforteachingbrightandnot-s0-brightpupilsinthesameclass

C:offeradviceontheproperuseofthelibrary

D:recommendpairworkandgroupworkforclassroomactivities

答案:BMaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim’sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions.ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople’ssubjectivebeliefs,attitudes,values,andmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodernerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations.Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld.1、Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith______（）.

A:presentingthesociologicaltheoryofMaxWeber

B:explainingtheimportanceoftheterm“verstehen”inWeber’stheory

C:showingseveralareasofsociallifeinWeber’stheory

D:givingabriefbiographyofMaxWeber

答案:AMaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim’sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions.ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople’ssubjectivebeliefs,attitudes,values,andmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodernerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations.Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld.2、TheauthorimpliesthatMaxWeberwasdifferentfromDurkheiminthat______（）.

A:Weberbelievedsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudieddifferently

B:inWeber’sviewthesocialchangesmustbestudiedcarefully

C:Weberplacedmoreemphasisonthemotivationofpeople’sactions

D:Weberthoughtindividualactionsaretheresultofsociety

答案:CMaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim’sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeanalyzedusingscientificmethods,buthearguedthatsocialfactsarethetotalresultofindividualactions.ThestressonindividualactionledWebertolookbeyondobjectivebehaviorandtofocusonpeople’ssubjectivebeliefs,attitudes,values,andmotives.AccordingtoWeber,sociologistsmustinterpret,notjustobserve.Theymusttrytoseeactionsfromthepointofviewoftheactor.Thisapproachhecalledverstehen,whichinGermanmeansemphaticunderstanding.Weberstressedthatverstehencouldbesystematic.Itdidnotreducesociologicalknowledgesimplytomatterofopinion.Butexplanations,inhisview,hadtogobeyondtheobjectivecountingofwhoinsocietyhaswhichsocialattributes(社会属性).Explanations,accordingtoWeber,mustconsiderthesubjectivethoughtsandfeelingsthatleadtoparticularactions.LikeMarxandDurkheim,Weberwantedtounderstandtherapidsocialchangesoccurringinhistime.ToWeberthemostfundamentaltrendinthemodernerawasanincreasingrationalization(理性化)ofsocialactionandsocialinstitutions.Morespecifically,WebersawthehistoryofWesternsocietyintermsofashiftfromtraditionalorientations,tomorerationalorientations.Weberbelievedthatthegeneraltrendtowardincreasedrationalizationcouldbeseeninmanyaspectsofsociallife.Onewastheriseofscienceastheprincipalmethodofacquiringknowledge.Bytheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiespeoplewereincreasinglycomingtobelieveinscience,toconsideritsrational,systematicmethodssuperiortosimpleintuitionandcommonsense.Increasedrationalizationcouldalsobeseeninthegrowthofgovernmentbureaucracies(官僚制度),wherelawsarethebasisofauthority.Athirdareawheretheriseofrationalizationcouldbeseenwasinthedevelopmentofcapitalism.Capitalismrequirespeopletoanalyzemarkets,maximizetheefficiencyofproduction,calculatereturnsoninvestments,andcreatefinancialinstitutionstosupporteconomicexpansion,allthingsthatdemandalogical,reasonedapproachtotheworld.3、AccordingtoWeber,explanationsofindividualactions______（）.

A:shouldrelatewithnoneotherthansocialattributes

B:shouldconsidertheperson’sthoughtsandfeelings

C:shouldbecarriedonatdifferentlevelsofstudy

D:shouldinvolvealotofsystematicobservation

答案:BMaxWeberwasoneofthemostimportantGermanintellectualsofhisday.Hebelievedthatsociologicalexplanationsmustderivefromanunderstandingofwhypeoplechoosetheactionstheydo.ThisbeliefdifferedsharplyfromDurkheim’sviewthatsocietyandindividualsshouldbestudiedatdifferentlevels.Weberacknowledgedthattherearesocialfactsthatmustbeana