托福基础阅读理解

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！托福基础阅读理解大概介绍三篇文章（600-70039个问题，60分钟，计30分如由常规的三篇变成四篇，都要做；其中任意三篇计分除每篇文章最后一道篇章应用题分值可能为2分，3分，或者4分，其余每道题均为1分考题八大题型：词汇，指代关系，句意理解，句子插入，细节，推理，修辞目的，总体结构策略1，考试说明提前熟悉，考试时节省时间；所有题目在文章中都有标明，难度降低；任何题目都要阅读前后文章，以助理解把握2，不要花过多时间阅读文章，快速阅读以抓住文章大意和总体结构；如果带着弄清细节的目的，则是浪费时间3，不要在完全没有把握的问题上花费过多时间；在答题时间之内，给不会的题目猜上答案，因为选错不倒扣分Readingskills1,词汇及推论vocabularyandreference生词毋慌张，文章会给出明确提示老词毋匆忙，可能考的是生僻词意排除法：认识的三个选项都确定无疑可以排除，方可以选择最后一个不认识的选项；如果简单排除后还剩下两个不认识的选项，则可能排除法失效，正确选项可能在认识的选项上。如何通过上下文猜得词义方法要义：通常问题：thewordorphrase---isclosestinmeaningto----单词在意思上和最接近Thewordorphrase---couldbebestreplacedby单词---被替代最合适本身所在的句子非常重要(p,10)Theword“encompasses”inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningtoAcontainsBsearchesC（环绕）DdirectsIbelievethattheirfreetimeshouldbeguided/directedtointelligence-improvingandstrength-buildingactivities.themantleistheregionoftheEarththatextendsfromtheouteredgeofthecorealmosttothesurface;itis2,900kilometersthickandencompassesabout84%ofthetotalvolumeoftheearth.Thecrust,ontheotherhand,isthethinouterlayeroftheearth.Theterm“Moho”isusedtoindicatewherethemantleendsandthecrustbegins.Theword“draw”inparagraph2couldbestbereplacedbyA（素描）BpullC（草案）DmakeUsingthereflectionofseismicwavesatthousandsofdifferentlocations,scientistshavebeenabletodrawsomeinterestingconclusionsabouttheMoho.Firstofall,thecrustisverythin,averagingonlyabout15to20kilometersinthickness,comparedwithtensofthousandsofkilometersinwidth.Thephrase“toaconsiderabledegree”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningtoAgrandlyBsignificantlyCgeometricallyDconsideratelyInaddition,theMohovariestoaconsiderabledegreeindepthandisdeepestbelowthehighestmountainrangesandshallowerbelowregionswithlowersurfaceelevations.TheMohoreachesdepthsofabout70kilometersbeneathmassivemountainranges重点知识ThemantleistheregionoftheEarththatextendsfromtheouteredgeofthecorealmosttothesurface.Itis2900kilometersthickandencompassesabout84%ofthetotalvolumeoftheearth.地幔是从地核外边延伸至地表的部分，有2900公里厚，占到了地球的。extendfrom---to从---延伸至---=stretchfrom---to----theouteredgeofthecore地核的外边volume容量，体积，容积encompass包括，包含attheedgeofdeath/dyingout//extictiontoaconsiderabledegree在相当的程度上ascend/descendconsiderably=significantly=remarkably=markedly大量地everyonecanbesignificant每人都举足轻重=everyonehasagift天生我材必有用Theterm“Moho”isusedtoindicatewherethemantleendsandthecrustbeginsIndicate显示，表明，表示crust地壳Thebudsindicatetheendingofwinterandcomingofspring蓓蕾显示了冬去春来Usingthereflectionofseismicwavesatthousandsofdifferentlocations------Firstofall,thecrustisverythin,averagingonlyabout15to20kilometersinthickness,comparedwithtensofthousandsofkilometersinwidth.通过利用数千处不同地点的地震波反射首先，地壳很薄，平均厚度为15到20公里，相比较而言，宽度可达数万公里Reflection（光，声，热的）反射seismicwaves地震波seismicactivities地震活动Location地点TheMohovariestoaconsiderabledegreeindepthandisdeepestbelowthehighestmountainrangesandshallowerbelowregionswithlowersurfaceelevations.TheMohoreachesdepthsofabout70kilometersbeneathmassivemountainrangesMoho在深度上有很大差异，在高大的山脉之下最深，在没有山丘高地的地表区域之下最浅。在巨大山脉之下，Moho的深度可达70公里Varyconsiderably/significantlyindepth在深度上有很大的差异=differconsiderablyindepthVary/differfrompersontoperson,countrytocountry因人，因国而异Differentfolks,differentstrokesMountainranges山脉massive巨大的，大而重的elevation高地elevate提升，提到高度passageoneSmog(p,13)1,theoxidationofexhaustgasesisoneoftheprimarysourcesoftheworldspollution.Thebrownhazethatispoisedoversomeoftheworldslargestcitiesisproperlycalledphotochemicalsmog;itresultsfromchemicalreactionsthattakeplaceintheair废气的氧化是地球污染的主要原因之一。世界一些大城市上方悬浮的棕色烟雾称作光化烟雾才比较准确。光化烟雾源于空气中的化学反应。Oxidation氧化photochemical光化学的haze雾霭，烟雾smog烟雾bepoised悬着不动的cylinderofvehicleengines车辆引擎的气缸oneoftheprimarysourcesofsth某物重要的来源之一oneoftheprimarycausesofsth某物的重要原因之一resultfrom源于，来自resultin导致oxygen氧气nitrogen氮气fuel燃料nitricoxide一氧化氮nitrogendioxide二氧化氮brownishhue棕色色调，hue色彩，色调Thisnitrogendioxideplaysaroleintheformationofacidraininwetterormorehumidclimatesandtendstodecomposebackintonitricoxideasitreleasesanoxygenatomfromeachmolecule;thereleasedoxygenatomsquicklycombinewithoxygen(O2)moleculestoformozone(O3).Theozoneisthetoxicsubstancethatcausesirritationofeyes.二氧化氮对于潮湿和湿润气候下酸雨的形成起到了作用，并且如果每个分子释放一个氧原子的话，可能还原成一氧化氮。释放的氧原子迅速与氧气分子结合，形成了臭氧。臭氧是有毒物质，能导致眼睛疼痛Playaroleinsth在---中起到作用combinewithsth与结合combineAwithB将A与B结合Formation形成acidrain酸雨humidclimate潮湿的气候Decompose分解release释放molecule分子atom原子ozone臭氧ozonelayer臭氧层Toxic有毒的Irritationofeyes眼睛疼痛空气有毒了，窒息了行人，促使他们躲进车内，从而又恶化了交通；山秃了，导致了山体滑坡和洪流爆发；水脏了，不适合动物的生存和人类的饮用。的确，污染已经到了危害人类健康和损害人类财物的地步了Theairispoisonous,suffocatingthepedestriansandforcingthemtohideinsidecars,thusworseningtheroadtraffic;themountainsarebald,leadingtosuchterribledisastersaslandslideandtorrents;thewateriscontaminated,notfitforanimalsurvivalandhumandrinking.，pollutionhasreachedalevelwhichisharmfulanddestructivetohumanhealthandproperty.Autism自闭症（p,14）Autism孤独症，自闭症mentalbreakdown精神崩溃Disorder身心，机能紊乱，失调stomachdisorder胃痛Abnormality不正常abnormal不正常的onset开始，发生；发病Syndrome综合症pattern形式，样式characteristic特征Multiple复杂的，多重的，多个的etiology病因=causativefactorControversial有争议的withrespectto至于diagnosis诊断treatment治疗********Parasiticplants寄生植物（）Parasitic寄生的survive(vi)存活，幸存umbrageous多阴的Stem茎，干haustoria吸器channel渠道absorb吸取nutrient营养物质Beexposedtosunlight暴露在阳光下attachthemselvestohostplants将自己附在宿主身上Theworldsheaviestflower,aspeciesofrafflesia,isaparasitethatflourishesamong,andlivesoffof,therootsofjunglevines.Eachoftheseponderousbloomscanweighupto15poundsandcanmeasureupto3feetacross世界上最重的花（一种大王花）也是寄生植物，它生活在丛林藤蔓根系中间，依靠这些藤蔓兴盛。这些大花朵重达15磅，直径3英寸Rafflesia大王花flourish（）兴盛，繁荣vine藤蔓ponderous沉重的，笨重的bloom花朵EdnaFerber(p,16)再有选项说得通的情况下，特别陌生的选项不要考虑，风险较高；如果认识选项中都说不通，则可以尝试陌生选项sheembarkedonhercareerbyworkingasanewspaperreporterandsoonbeganwritingnovels她职业生涯之初是报纸记者，很快就开始写小说embarkonsth开始，着手beawardedthePulitzerPrize获得普利策奖Themainconflictinthenovelisbetweenamotherwhoplacesahighvalueonhardworkandhonorandasonwhorepudiateshismothersvalues,insteadpreferringtheeasierpathtofortuneandcelebrity主要矛盾在一对母子之间展开，母亲高度重视勤奋和荣誉感，儿子拒绝接受母亲的价值观，更倾向于寻找捷径通向财富和地位Celebrity名声，名誉Repudiate拒绝接受，否认Thisnovelfeaturesatenaciousfemaleprotagonistwithstrongcharacterwhostrugglestodealwithethicaldilemmasabouttheimportanceofstatusandmoney这个小说讲的是一个顽强的女主角她性格坚强，在金钱和地位重要性的道德困境中费力应付。Tenacious顽强的，坚韧的protagonist主角dilemma左右为难，困境ethical道德的Charismatic有魅力的，由感召力的enduretothepresent延续至今TherewereepicnovelsaboutthesettlementandgrowthoftheWest,centeringonstrongfemaleleadcharacterswhomarrymenlackingthesamestrengthofcharacter.这些史诗般的小说讲述的是西部的殖民和开发，女主角都是性格坚强，但是丈夫们都不具备同样的强悍个性Epic史诗leadcharacters主角lack缺乏rousing激动的，激动人心的Readingskill2:recognizereferents确定所指)考察词汇种类很多，以代词和关系代词居多，需要研读上下文。如何识别此类问题：theword---refersto单词意思为)如何寻找答案：指代内容一般在该词汇之前猜测的时候一定要注意中心词，而不是修饰词汇（p,17）Theword“it”inparagraph1referstoAwayBwaterCsinkDdrainTherisingairpushesagainstthecolderair,andtherotationoftheearthcausestheairtospin,inmuchthesamewaythatwaterinasinkspinsasitgoesdownadrain.Theword“”inparagraph2referstoApressureBcenterCtornadoDairThepressureatthecenterofatornadoismuchlowerthanthatintheairsurroundingthetornado.Thelowpressurecreatesafunnelinthemiddleofthetornado,whichcausesdestructionbyactingmuchlikeavacuumcleanerandsuckingupwhateverisinitspath.Thewordwhich”inparagraph2referstoAfunnelBmiddleCtornadoDvacuumcleanerThelowpressurecreatesafunnelinthemiddleofthetornado,whichcausesdestructionbyactingmuchlikeavacuumcleanerandsuckingupwhateverisinitspath.重点知识Therotationoftheearthcausestheairtospin,inmuchthesamewaythatwaterinasinkspinsasitgoesdownadrain.地球的旋转使得空气旋转，就好像洗手池的水从下水管道流下去的时候那样的旋转。rotationspin（drain下水管道drainoffthewater///braindrain人才流失bedrainofideas/energy黔驴技穷Moist潮湿的，湿润的amassofcolderair一团冷空气Rotate旋转aroundsth/centeraroundsth两代人围着孩子们转，毫不吝啬给与关爱，想方设法满足他们的想法乃至怪诞念头Twogenerationsrotatearoundthekids,lavishingtheirloveonthemandplottingtosatisfytheireverywhishandevenwhimBedrainedofhopes一点希望都么有了Thepressureatthecenterofatornadoismuchlowerthanthatintheairsurroundingthetornado.Thelowpressurecreatesafunnelinthemiddleofthetornado,whichcausesdestructionbyactingmuchlikeavacuumcleanerandsuckingupwhateverisinitspath.龙卷风中心的压力比周围空气的压力要低。低压在龙卷风的中心造就了一个漏斗，就像真空吸尘器一样，在龙卷风行进的过程中碰到什么都从地面吸起，从而造成破坏Funnel漏斗destruction破坏vacuumcleaner真空吸尘器That指代的精妙用法：冬天的用电量是夏天的两倍theelectricitydemandinwinterisalmosttwicethatinsummer=theelectricitydemandinwinterisalmosttwiceasmuchasthatinsummerAnimalcongregation(p,19)Congregation集合，群集association联系，交往，结合Beescongregateinhives;somefishmoveinschools;antsgatherinmounds;wolvesliveinpacks;deerassociateinherds蜜蜂在蜂群中聚集，有些鱼类在鱼群中游动；蚁以堆集，狼以群居，鹿以群系Hive蜂群mound一大堆school鱼群pack一群，一伙herd兽群跟风followtheherdfollowthefashion/trendAlargegroupofpreymaybeeasierforapredatortofindatanygivenpointthanisasmallone,andapredatormaythinktwicebeforetakingonsuchagroup.群猎物容易发现。而面对一大群猎物，捕食者要三思而后才能决定是否进攻一个普通的英国家庭在冬天消耗的电量比夏天消耗的电量多一倍AnaverageEnglishfamilyconsumestwiceasmuchelectricityinwinterasitdoesinsummerIfapredatordoesdecidetochallengealargegroup,itmaymerelyencounteraconfusingmassofmovingbodiesandpossiblymaynotsucceedinitsprimarygoal到令人迷惑的一大群移动的身体，可能捕食不会成功Mass群，堆，块encounter遭遇（意料之外）Chromiumcompounds（p,20）在涉及定语从句的情况下，注意谓语动词和中心词（有混淆的中心词）的搭配：如果谓语动词复数，那么中心词也是复数。Chromium铬compound化合物agent媒介，化学剂pigment颜料，天然色素paint油漆，涂料particle微粒Beappliedtosth被涂到什么上apply敷，涂Opaque不透明的blend（）混合otherperfectly融合到一起solvent溶剂binder黏合物Derivefrom从—中获得，得到petroleum石油evaporate蒸发deposit沉淀物Newworldepidemics(p,21)Ahugelossofliferesultedfrom大量的人员死亡，原因在于----Inhabitant居民，住户beseparatedfrom被从分离beisolatedfrom被从---孤立therisingoceansfollowingtheIceAges冰河时期之后上升的海平面waterybarrier水障碍barrier障碍，屏障numerous无数的virulent剧毒的，致命的epidemic流行病，流行病的measles麻疹pneumonia肺炎malaria疟疾Pre-ColumbianAmericanshadarelativelydisease-freeenvironmentbutalsolackedtheantibodiesneededtoprotectthemfrombacteriaandvirusesbroughttoAmericabyEuropeanexplorersandcolonists.哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人身处相对无病的环境，但是也缺乏抗体来保护他们不受欧洲殖民者和探险家所带进来的疾病和病菌的伤害。Devastating毁灭性的outbreak爆发virginsoil处女地VirginsoilepidemicscontributedtoanunbelievabledeclineinthepopulationofnativeinhabitantsoftheAmericas,onethathasbeenestimatedatasmuchasan80%decreaseofthenativepopulation净土之疫导致了美洲土著居民人口大量的下降，据估计土居居民减少了，这令人难以置信Contributetosth导致了，促成了----decline下降Estimate估计（）*********HoratioAlger,Jr.(p,22)Morethan100booksforboysinthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturythatfocusedonthethemeofsuccesscomingtothosewhoworkhardtoachieveit.在19世纪下半期超过100力奋斗着获得成功这样的主题Theme主题variation变奏Variationsonthetheme大同小异HecamefromaprominentMassachusettsfamily.HegraduatedwithhonorsfromHarvardin1852.他来自马萨诸塞州的一个名门望族，1852年哈佛优秀毕业。Prominent杰出的，卓越的graduatewithmerits优秀毕业生HeservedasaministerforashorttimebeforemovingtoNYCityin1866todevotehistimetowritinginspirationalbooksforboys.他在做了一段时间的牧师，然后于1866年前往纽约，致力于为男孩子们写激励书籍Minister牧师devote奉献（时间，精力）献身于…inspirational有启发的，有激励的Inmanyofhisbooks,hewroteaboutthepoorandhomelesschildrenoftheslumsofNYCity,seeingthemasunfortunatepawnsofsocietywho,ifonlygiventheopportunity,couldimprovetheirlot在很多书中，他描写纽约贫民窟穷困，无家可归的孩子们，将他们视为社会上的无名小卒，只有给于机会，方能改善名运。Slum贫民窟pawn卒，被人利用的人lot命运，运气Ageneralplotlinethathefollowedoftenwasofapoorboywhomanagedtoachievearespectableandsuccessfullifebyworkinghardandtakingadvantageofopportunitiespresented.他在写作中的思路通常是一个穷困的小男孩依靠勤奋，和把握机会最终成功的获得了令人尊敬的生活Hiswritingstylewascharacterizedbysimplicityandrepetition,itwaswellreceivedbyhistargetaudience.Hisbookswereenormouslypopular,sellingmillionsofcopieswellintothefirstfewdecadesofthetwentiethcentury.尽管他的文风简单，重复，但是受到目标读者群好评。他的作品异常畅销，一直到20世纪的头几十年，卖了上百万本Becharacterizedbysth有什么特征，特色bewellreceivedbyaudience受到读者好评Readingskill3simplifymeaningsofsentences简化句子意思何处找到答案：基本上限于标志出来的那句话的字里行间(P26)Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,thedensityoftheGreatRedSpotismuchhigherthanthatoftheEarthB,ifthediameteroftheGreatRedSpotweredoubled,itwouldequalthatoftheEarthC,byplacingtheEarthnexttotheGreatRedSpot,onecouldseethattheEarthhasamuchsmallerdiameterD,becausetheEarthisclosetotheGreatRedSpot,Earthisinfluencedbyitshugesize.JupiteristheGreatRedSpot,amassiveovalofswirlingreddish-brownclouds.WereEarthtobejuxtaposedwiththeGreatRedSpot,ourplanetwouldbedwarfedincomparison,withadiameterlessthanhalfthatoftheGreatRedSpot.信号：WereEarthtobejuxtaposedwiththeGreatRedSpot,ourplanetwouldbedwarfedincomparison,withadiameterlessthanhalfthatoftheGreatRedSpot.(p,27)Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,thesouterwindsmoveadistanceequaltothecircumferenceoftheGreatRedSpotB,theouterwindsoftheGreatRedSpotmovemorequicklythandothoseonearthC,thewindsmovingacrosstheGreatRedSpotfinallychangedirectioneverysixEarthdays.D,thefactthatthewindstakesolongtomovearoundtheGreatRedSpotproveshowbigitis.TheouterwindsrequiresixEarthdaystocompletethecircumferenceoftheGreatRedSpot,alengthoftimeindicativeofthevastnessoftheGreatRedSpotTheouterwindsrequiresixEarthdaystocompletethecircumferenceoftheGreatRedSpot,alengthoftimeindicativeofthevastnessoftheGreatRedSpot重点知识OnedistinctivefeatureoftheplanetJupiteristheGreatRedSpot,amassiveovalofswirlingreddish-brownclouds.WereEarthtobejuxtaposedwiththeGreatRedSpot,ourplanetwouldbedwarfedincomparison,withadiameterlessthanhalfthatoftheGreatRedSpot.木星的一大特色就是大红斑，这是由红棕色的旋转云团组成的巨大椭圆。如果地球放在大红斑边上，那么我们的地球就相形见绌了，因为地球的直径只有大红斑的一半不到Distinctive有特色的，与众不同的feature特征，特色Mercury水星Venus金星Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Pluto冥王星Massive大而重的oval椭圆形diameter直径circumference周长Bejuxtaposedwithsth与放在一起，并排swirl旋转，打转（）Dwarf矮子，侏儒—〉使相形见绌(Shame/shadow使---相形见绌)theoilconsumptionoftheMiddleEastisverymuchdwarfedbyitsproduction中东的石油消耗与其石油产量相比较，相形见绌TheSpotsclouds,mostlikelytintedredasaresultofthephosphorusthattheycontain,circulateinacounterclockwisedirection.大红斑的云层逆时针转动，很可能是红色的，因为云层中有磷的成分Tint染色，着色betintedred被染成红色Phosphorus磷redphosphorus赤鳞Circulate循环(vi)，counterclockwise逆时针的clockwise顺时针的ina---direction朝---方向Sbismostlikelytodosth某人很可能会作某事itismostlikelythat很有可能如何学校任务减负后，繁重的作业消失了；与此同时老师的监管和引导也消失了。Asaresultoftheschooltaskreliefeffort,theheavyworkloadisgone;andgonetooisthesupervisionandguidanceoftheteachers.随着工业化和城市化的进展，我们的青山绿水遗失了。与此同时，我们和谐，无忧无虑的简单生活也丢失了。越来越多的压力，昂贵的生活成本让人们挣扎呻吟。Amidsttheindustrializationandurbanization,ourcleanmountainsandclearriversarelost.Losttooisourharmoniousandcarefreelife.Peoplestruggleandmoanunderthemountingpressureandtheincreasinglivingexpenditure.Camouflage(p,28)1,Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,oppositeconditionsinsummerandinwinternecessitatedifferentprotectivecolorationforArcticanimalsB,thecolorationofthesummerandwinterlandscapesintheArcticfailstoprotecttheArctictundraC,inasingleseason,protectivecoloringschemesareineffectiveinthetreelessArcticD,formanyanimals,asingleprotectivecoloringschemeeffectivelyprotectsthemduringsummerandwintermonthsCamouflageisoneofthemosteffectivewaysforanimalstoavoidattackinthetreelessArctic.However,thesummerandwinterlandscapestherearesodiversethatasingleprotectivecoloringschemewould,ofcourse,proveineffectiveinoneseasonortheother.信号：However,thesummerandwinterlandscapestherearesodiversethatasingleprotectivecoloringschemewould,ofcourse,proveineffectiveinoneseasonortheother.2,Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,thearcticfoxisunusualinthatthecolorofitscoatchangesfornoreason.B,thearcticfoxlivesinanenvironmentthatisbrownishgrayinthesummerandwhiteinthewinterC,itisaphenomenonthatthecoatofthearcticfoxturnswhiteinthespringtimeandgrayinthefallD,thearcticfoxdemonstratesthatprotectivecolorationcanchangeduringdifferentseasonsThearcticfoxisaclear-cutexampleofthisphenomenon;itsportsabrownish-graycoatinthesummerwhichthenturnswhiteascoldweathersetsin,andtheprocessreversesitselfinspringtime.Itsbrownish-graycoatblendsinwiththebarrentundralandscapeinthemonthswithoutsnow,andthewhitecoatnaturallyblendsinwiththelandscapeofthefrozenwintertimetundra.信号：Thearcticfoxisaclear-cutexampleofthisphenomenon;itsportsabrownish-graycoatinthesummerwhichthenturnswhiteascoldweathersetsin,andtheprocessreversesitselfinspringtime重点知识CamouflageisoneofthemosteffectivewaysforanimalstoavoidattackinthetreelessArctic.However,thesummerandwinterlandscapestherearesodiversethatasingleprotectivecoloringschemewould,ofcourse,proveineffectiveinoneseasonortheother.保护色是无树的北极地区动物躲避攻击的最有效途径之一。然而，极地的冬夏地理景观如此各异，单一的保护色方案不足以应付两个季节Camouflage伪装，保护色dosthundercamouflageof在的幌子之下做---arctic北极的，北极地区Landscape地形，景观diverse各种各样的，多样的adiversityofpeoplefromdifferentprofessions,agesandupanddownthecountry一群形形色色的人，职业不同，年龄不同，地区不同scheme计划，方案rescuescheme抢救方案Thearcticfoxisaclear-cutexampleofthisphenomenon;itsportsabrownish-graycoatinthesummerwhichthenturnswhiteascoldweathersetsin,andtheprocessreversesitselfinspringtime.北极狐正好是这种现象的典型例子，夏天其由白色变成灰棕色。当冬天来临时，这个过程又会逆转Typicalexample=clear-cutexample典型的例子---isatypicalcaseinpoint.Theenvironmentisworseningandthenatureistakingitsrevenge.Sandstormandtornadoaretypicalcasesinpoint.Sport炫耀，给人看reverse逆转，翻转Reversetheprocess逆转过程thereverseisthecase情况正好相反=thecaseisreversed7个地区大概分为两组。第一组是生产超过消费的，第二组情况正好相反Roughlythe7regionscanbedividedinto//fallintotwogroups:onewhereproductionoutpacedconsumption,andtheotherwherethereversewasthecase//thesituationwasquitetheopposite//thesituationwasreversed.Itsbrownish-graycoatblendsinwiththebarrentundralandscapeinthemonthswithoutsnow在没有雪的月份，棕灰色的皮毛与极地苔原的光秃的景色融为一体Blend融合，协调，融洽blendinwithsth环境)与---融为一体theinhabitantsoftheArctictundra北极冻土带的动物barren贫瘠的Tundra北极圈的)冻土带，苔原baldmountains光秃的山脉Post-itnotes(p,29)1,Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,ofthemanyadhesivesthatwerebeingdevelopedat3M,onewasnotaparticularlystrongadhesiveB,researchersat3Mspentmanyyearstryingtodevelopareallyweakadhesive.C,numerousweakadhesivesresultedfromaprogramtodevelopthestrongestadhesiveofall.D,researcherswereassignedtodevelopdifferenttypesofusesforacrylatecopolymermicrospheres.Post-itNoteswereinventedinthe1970satthe3McompanyinMinnesotaquitebyaccident.Researchersat3Mwereworkingondevelopingdifferenttypesofadhesives,andoneparticularlyweakadhesive,acompoundofacrylatecopolymermicrospheres,wasdeveloped.信号：Researchersat3Mwereworkingondevelopingdifferenttypesof---,andoneparticularlyweak---wasdeveloped.2，Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,the3Mcompanysuggestedapplyingforapatentontheproductinareportpreparedbyacolleague.B,oneunexpectedly-discoveredusefortheadhesivewasinsendingandreceivingnotesattachedtothedocumentsC,anotewasattachedtoareportaskingforsuggestionsforusesofoneofsproductsD,acolleaguewhodevelopedthenewproductkeptnoteswithsuggestionsbyotherworkersAnotherusewasfoundwhentheproductwasattachedtoareportthatwastobesenttoacolleaguewitharequestforcommentsonthereport;thecolleaguemadehiscommentsonthepaperattachedtothereportandreturnedthereport.TheideaforPost-itNoteswasborn信号：Anotherusewasfoundwhentheproductwasattachedtoareportthatwastobesenttoacolleaguewitharequestforcommentsonthereport;thecolleaguemadehiscommentsonthepaperattachedtothereportandreturnedthereport.3,Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,the3McompanywasunfamiliarwiththeprocessofusingtestcitiestointroduceinnovativeproductsB,salesoftheproductsoaredeventhoughtheproductwasquiteunfamiliartomostcustomers.C,thenewproductdidnotsellwellbecausepotentialcustomersdidnotunderstandit.D,aftersellingtheproductforawhile,thecompanyunderstoodthattheproductwasnotinnovativeenough.Salesofthisinnovativeproductintestcitieswerelessthanstellar,mostlikelybecausetheproduct,whileinnovative,wasalsoquiteunfamiliar.信号：Salesofthisinnovativeproductintestcitieswerelessthan----,mostlikelybecausetheproduct----wasalsoquiteunfamiliar.4，Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,thecompanyimmediatelyunderstoodthepotentialoftheproductandbegantodevelopitfurther.B,thecompanyworkedovertimetodevelopitsnewproducts,initiallycreatingnumerousvarietiestomakeitsuccessfulC,thecompanyinitiallyintroduced400varietiesoftheproductandthenwatchedfordecadesassalesimproved.D,ittooksometimeforthecompanytounderstandhowimportantitsnewproductwasandhowmanyvariationswerepossible.Overtime,3Mcametounderstandthehugepotentialofthisnewproduct,andoverthenextfewdecadesmorethan400varietiesofPost-itproducts---indifferentcolors,shapes,andsizes---havebeendeveloped.信号：Overtime,3Mcametounderstand----overthenextfewdecades----重点知识Researchersat3Mwereworkingondevelopingdifferenttypesofadhesives,andoneparticularlyweakadhesive,acompoundofcopolymermicrospheres,wasdeveloped.3M公司的研究人员一直以来研究不同种类的粘合剂，他们开发出了一种特别微弱的粘合剂，这是一种微球体共聚物Adhesive粘合剂compound化合物，混合物，复合物copolymer共聚物microsphere微球体Attach贴上，附，系上attachsthtosth将某物附在上attachimportancetosth高度重视---ChineseschoolsattachgreatimportancetoschoollearningandacademicachievementsWhilewesternschoolsattachimportancetotheirpersonalitydevelopmentandproblem-solvingskills.Itwasdecidedwithinthecompanythattherewouldbeatestlaunchoftheproductin1977infourAmericancitiesSalesofthisinnovativeproductintestcitieswerelessthanstellar,mostlikelybecausetheproduct,whileinnovative,wasalsoquiteunfamiliar.公司内部决定1977年在美国四个城市进行产品试销。试销的结果并不如意，很可能是因为这个产品虽然是创新的，却也是陌生的Launch新产品投产innovative具有创新性的，革新的stellar星球的，星的；主要的，主角的3MsalesmengavedemonstrationsoftheproductinofficesthroughoutBoiseandgaveawayfreesamplesofthisproduct.----ahugepercentageoftheofficeworkerswereinterestedinpurchasingit.公司销售人员在Boise所有的办公室里展示如何使用该产品，并且给出免费样品。---很大一部分人对此感性趣，希望购买Demonstration展示，演示sample样品ahugepercentageof很大一部分的--themajorityoftheworkers绝大部分的工人asmallhandfuloftheworkers员工中一小撮Overtime,3Mcametounderstandthehugepotentialofthisnewproduct,andoverthenextfewdecadesmorethan400varietiesofPost-itproducts---indifferentcolors,shapes,andsizes---havebeendeveloped.逐渐，公司开始意识到这个新产品的广阔前景。在接下来的几十年里，开发了超过400多种不同颜色，形状，尺寸的该类产品********ThePulitzerPrize(p,31)1,Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,JosephPulitzergenerouslyofferedtodonatealargesumofmoneytoColumbiaUniversityfortwospecificpurposesB,in1903,anattemptwasmadebyJosephPulitzertohaltthemovementoftheschoolofjournalismandthejournalismprizesfromColumbiaUniversityC,JosephPulitzerrequestedthatColumbiaUniversitydonatealargesumofmoneytotheNYWorldandtheSt.LouisPost-DispatchforthepurposeofestablishingjournalismscholarshipsandprizesD,in1903,JosephPulitzerdecidedtogaveuphispositionasheadoftwonewspaperstotakeoverthedepartmentofjournalismatColumbiaUniversityPulitzer,theowneroftheNYWorldandtheSt.LouisPost-Dispatch,madeaproposalin1903toColumbiaUniversitytomakea$2millionbequesttotheuniversityforthedualpurposesofestablishingaschoolofjournalismattheuniversityandalsoestablishingprizesforexceptionalworkinjournalismandotherfields.信号：Pulitzer,theowneroftheNYWorldandtheSt.LouisPost-Dispatch,madeaproposalin1903toColumbiaUniversitytomakea$2million---forthedualpurposes–2，Whichof